Structural attributes,evolution and petroleum geological significances of the Tongnan negative structure in the central Sichuan Basin,SW China

The Tongnan secondary negative structure in central Sichuan Basin has controls and influences on the structural framework and petroleum geological conditions in the Gaoshiti-Moxi area.To clarify the controls and influences,the deformation characteristics,structural attributes and evolution process of the Tongnan negative structure were investigated through a series of qualitative and quantitative methods such as balanced profile restoration,area-depth-strain(ADS)analysis,and structural geometric forward numerical simulation,after comprehensive structural interpretation of high-precision 3D seismic data.The results are obtained in three aspects.First,above and below the P/AnP(Permian/pre-Permian)unconformity,the Tongnan negative structure demonstrates vertical differential structural deformation.It experiences two stages of structural stacking and reworking:extensional depression(from the Sinian Dengying Formation to the Permian),and compressional syncline deformation(after the Jurassic).The multi-phase trishear deformation of the preexisting deep normal faults dominated the extensional depression.The primary depression episodes occurred in the periods from the end of Late Proterozoic to the deposition of the 1st–2nd members of the Dengying Formation,and from the deposition of Lower Cambrian Longwangmiao Formation–Middle–Upper Cambrian until the Ordovician.Second,the multi-stage evolution process of the Tongnan negative structure controlled the oil and gas migration and adjustment and present-day differential gas and water distribution between the Tongnan negative structure and the Gaoshiti and Moxi-Longnüsi structural highs.Third,the Ordovician,which is limitedly distributed in the Tongnan negative structure and is truncated by the P/AnP unconformity on the top,has basic geological conditions for the formation of weathering karst carbonate reservoirs.It is a new petroleum target deserving attention.

Mining-induced movement properties and fissure time-space evolution law in overlying strata

Mining-induced fracture zone will be produced in the overlying strata after the coal was mined.In this article,the mining-induced deformation of overlying strata and the time-space evolution law of fissure were studied by the methods of physical simulation and field measurement.The results show that bed separation fissure and vertical fissure will appear in the overlying strata above mining face,which form the wedge-shaped fissure zone.The open degree of fissure depends on the size of uncoordinated deformation between neighbor layers,and the absolute strata sinking controls both the width of bed separation zone and the open degree of vertical breakage fissure.At last,the calculating formula was deducted based on theoretical analysis.

Experimental research on overlying strata movement and fracture evolution in pillarless stress-relief mining

In multiple seams mining, the seam with relatively low gas content （protective seam） is often extracted prior to mining its overlying and/or underlying seams of high gas content and low permeability to minimize the risk of high gas emission and outbursts of coal and gas. A key to success with this mining sequence is to gain a detailed understanding of the movement and fracture evolution of the overlying and underlying strata after the protective seam in extracted. In Zhuji mine, the No. 11-2 seam is extracted as a protective seam with the pillarless mining method by retaining goal-side roadways prior to its overlying No. 13-1 seam. An investigation has been undertaken in the panel 1111 （1） of Zhuji mine to physically simulate the movement and fracture evolution of the overlying strata alter the No. 1 I-2 seam is extracted. In the physical simulation, the displacement, strain, and deformation and failure process of the model for simulation were acquired with various means such as grating displacement meter, strain gauges, and digital photography. The simulation result shows that： （1） Initial caving interval of the immediate roof was 21.6 m, the first weighting interval was 23.5-37.3 m with the average interval of 33.5 m, and the periodic weighting interval of the main roof was in a range of 8.2-20.55 m and averaged at 15.2 m. （2） The maximum height of the caving zone after the extraction of No. 11-2 seam was 8.0 m, which was 4 times of the seam mining height and the internal strata of the caving zone collapsed irregularly. The mining-induced fractures developed 8-30 m above the mined No. 11-2 seam, which was 7.525 times of the seam mining height, the fracture zone was about 65° upward from the seam open-off cut toward the goaf, the height of longitudinal joint growth was 4-20 times of the mining seam height, and the height of lateral joint growth was 20-25 times of the mining seam height. （3） The ＂arch-in-arch＂ mechanical structure of the internal goaf was bounded by an expansion angle of broken strata in the lateral direction of the retained goaf-side roadway. The spatial and temporal evolution regularities of over- burden＇s displacement field and stress field, dynamic development process and distribution of fracture field were analyzed. Based on the simulation results, it is recommended that several goaf drainage methods, i.e. gas drainage with buried pipes in goaf, surface goaf gas drainage, and cross-measure boreholes, should be implemented to ensure the safe mining of the panel 1111 （1）.

The evolution of the coral reefs in the middle and north parts of the South China Sea and its relation with tectonic and eustatic movements

In this paper, the morphogenesis, stratigraphic sequences and dates of the coral reefs in the middle and north parts of the South China Sea are discussed, the position of the distributary regions of Cenozoic coral reefs in plate tectonics, the relationships of coral-reef evolutionary characteristics and dates with sea-basin spreading. Neogene sea-water transgression and Quaternary global climate-eustatic fluctuation are expounded and proved, and the latitudinal variation of the distribution of coral reefs in various geologic times are summed up.

A FINE HARVEST IN THE STUDY OF ENVIRONMENTAL EVOLUTION & WATER-AND-SOIL MOVEMENT IN THE YELLOW RIVER VALLEY

ThiS work was one of the key State-funded projects for natural sciences during the period from 1988-1992 under the joint sponsorship of the CAS,the State Planning Commission,the Institute of Geography and the Yellow River Harnessing Committee under the Ministry of Water Conservancy.The project involves some 140 scientists from 19 research units,such as institutes and universities.Its purpose is to make clear the vicissitudes of environmental evolution and water-and-soil changes in the Yel-

The Cenozoic activities of Yangjiang-Yitongdong Fault: insights from analysis of the tectonic characteristics and evolution processes in western Zhujiang(Pearl) River Mouth Basin

The Yangjiang-Yitongdong Fault (YJF) is an important NW-trending regional fault, which divides the Zhujiang (Pearl) River Mouth Basin (ZRMB) into western and eastern segments. In Cenozoic, the northern continental margin of the South China Sea (SCS) underwent continental rifting, breakup, seafloor spreading and thermal subsidence processes, and the Cenozoic activities of YJF is one part of this series of complex processes. Two long NW-trending multichannel seismic profiles located on both sides of the YJF extending from the continental shelf to Continent-Ocean Boundary (COB) were used to study the tectonic and sedimentary characteristics of western ZRMB. Using the 2D-Move software and back-stripping method, we constructed the balance cross-section model and calculated the fault activity rate. Through the comprehensive consideration of tectonic position, tectonic evolution history, featured structure, and stress analysis, we deduced the activity history of the YJF in Cenozoic. The results showed that the YJF can be divided into two segments by the central uplift belt. From 65 Ma to 32 Ma, the YJF was in sinistral motion as a whole, inherited the preexisting sinistral motion of Mesozoic YJF, in which, the southern part of YJF was mainly in extension activity, controlling the formation and evolution of Yunkai Low Uplift, coupled with slight sinistral motion. From 32 Ma to 23.8 Ma, the sinistral motion in northern part of YJF continued, while the sinistral motion in southern part began to stop or shifted to a slightly dextral motion. After 23.8 Ma, the dextral motion in southern part of YJF continued, while the sinistral motion in northern part of YJF gradually stopped, or shifted to the slightly dextral motion. The shift of the YJF strike-slip direction may be related to the magmatic underplating in continent-ocean transition, southeastern ZRMB. According to the analysis of tectonic activity intensity and rift sedimentary structure, the activities of YJF in Cenozoic played a regulating role in the rift extension process of ZRMB.

Relationships between Landslide Types and Topographic Attributes in a Loess Catchment,China

Topographic attributes have been identified as the most important factor in controlling the initiation and distribution of shallow landslides triggered by rainfall.As a result,these landslides influence the evolution of local surface topography.In this research,an area of 2.6 km 2 loess catchment in the Huachi County was selected as the study area locating in the Chinese Loess Plateau.The landslides inventory and landslide types were mapped using global position system(GPS) and field mapping.The landslide inventory shows that these shallow landslides involve different movement types including slide,creep and fall.Meanwhile,main topographic attributes were generated based on a high resolution digital terrain model(5 m × 5 m),including aspect,slope shape,elevation,slope angle and contributing area.These maps were overlaid with the spatial distributions of total landslides and each type of landslides in a geographic information system(GIS),respectively,to assess their spatial frequency distributions and relative failure potentials related to these selected topographic attributes.The spatial analysis results revealed that there is a close relation between the topographic attributes of the postlandsliding local surface and the types of landslide movement.Meanwhile,the types of landslide movement have some obvious differences in local topographic attributes,which can influence the relative failure potential of different types of landslides.These results have practical significance to mitigate natural hazard and understandgeomorphologic process in thick loess area.

Fractal growth kinematics abstracted from snowflakes:topological evolution

Based on the kinematic viewpoint, the concept of proportional movement is abstracted to explain the strange behaviors of fractal snowflakes. A transformation group for proportional movement is defined. Under the proportional movement transformation groups, necessary and sufficient conditions for self-similarity of multilevel structures are presented. The characteristic topology of snowflake-like fractal patterns, identical to the topology of ternary-segment fractal line, is proved. Moreover, the topological evolution of N-segment line is explored. The concepts of limit growth and infinite growth are clarified,and the corresponding growth conditions are derived. The topological invariant properties of N-segment line are exposed. In addition, the proposition that the topological evolution of the N-segment line is mainly controlled by the topological invariant N is verified.

The Evolution of the Quaternary Salt Lakes in the Qaidam Basin

The paper discusses the distribution of Quaternary sediments, occurrence of saline minerals and phases of neotectonic movements and their manifestations in the Qaidam basin. The formation of four successive lacustrine terraces in Tertiary anticlinal zones in the western part of the basin was related to the neotectonic movements that took place 100 Ka ago, and the distribution of such terraces discloses, in a way. the evolutionary history of the Quaternary salt lakes. According to the distribution of the terraces coupled with the distribution of Quaternary sediments and features of salt deposition, four periods of Quaternary salt lake evolution in the basin may be distinguished, which correspond to four stages of salt deposition respectively.

The historic evolution of Zhouyuan and the newest activity of the great Wei River fault

The rate of vertical differential movement of the great Weihe fault (west segment) in different periods is analyzed by using the data of the historic evolution of the Zhouyuan plateau surface. Results show that the rate reached a maximum in the Ming Dynasty, about 6. 4 mm/a, which corresponded well to the period of strongearthquake on the Wei River fault in the 15-16th centuries. Based on such a correspondence, the time separation between active periods of Ms=8. 0 strong earthquakes in the Wei River fault depression is investigated.

Sand barrier morphological evolution based on time series remote sensing images:a case study of Anhaiao,Pingtan

The morphological evolution of the sand barrier in the Anhaiao coastal zone of Pingtan from 1996 to 2018 was studied.Tidal correction was used to refine the location of the coastline.A standard deviation ellipse method was applied to further analyze the movement of the barrier head with the axis and rotation angle.A natural neighbor interpolation(NNI)method was carried out to calculate the terrain of the intertidal area,and the erosion and deposition characteristics were illustrated based on the terrain.The results showed that the northern part of the sand barrier facing the lagoon area was deposited over the whole studied period,while erosion has always occurred in the southern part of the sand barrier facing the open sea.The erosion and deposition were slightly different on both sides of the barrier head due to hydrodynamic turbulence.The middle sand barrier moved 102.60 m away from its original location in 1996,and the end of the barrier moved 65.45 m.The head of the sand barrier continued moving 379 m to the northwest.Consequently,the preliminary morphological evolution of the sand barrier corresponding to the distance and direction of movement was detected.

A Study of the Movement Path for NC-Electrochemical Machining of an Integral Impeller

Aiming at machining an integral impeller used by an aero-engine by NC-Electrochemical Machining （ NC-ECM） , we first describe the fitting of a distorted blade surface with a ruled surface. Then a four-axis NC-electrochemical machining process is analyzed and the movement of the impeller is studied by using an equivalent open-loop plane motion link, and every program segment＇s feed displacement of three axes is calculated by analytical solution. Through comparing two results which are obtained , respectively, from analytical solution and experimental result, the comparative effectiveness has proved that the analytical solution is useful in calculating the feed displacement. The study is helpful for the programming of the machining process.

The Research of Movement Simulation in Bianzhong Choreography

This paper introduces the process of producing movement database on a virtual model for the Bianzhong choreography.It focus-es on analyzing the movement taxonomy and corresponding relationship under the dancing syntax.We study the movement style identifica-tion theory based on the emotion model,present a movement connection method by defining the attributes of characteristically movement units and their related restriction,and give the application framework of the method in Movement Compilation System.

我国主要河川径流演变规律与归因及其区域特征

从径流演变规律主要分析方法和主要河川径流演变规律、径流主要归因方法和主要河川径流归因分析、案例分析、我国主要河川径流演变规律与径流归因分析区域分布特征4个方面系统总结和梳理了我国近年来在主要河川径流演变规律与归因及其区域特征研究方面取得的主要研究成果。结果表明:Mann-Kendall非参数趋势检验方法是较为常用的径流演变规律分析方法,水文模型法、统计分析方法和Budyko假设的流域水热耦合平衡方法是进行径流变化归因分析的常用方法,其中Budyko假设的流域水热耦合平衡方法应用较为广泛;我国主要河川径流量除西北诸河和西南河流源区部分河流呈增加趋势外,其他区域河川径流大多呈减少趋势;人类活动是引起我国主要河川径流变化的主要原因。

中国特大城市群PM_(2.5)污染及健康负担的时空演变特征

我国过去数十年经历了快速的经济发展和城市化过程,也面临着严峻的空气污染问题,探究重点城市群PM_(2.5)污染及其健康影响特征与趋势对于评估和优化污染控制政策具有重要意义.基于大气污染、人口特征等多源高分辨率数据,应用环境健康风险评估方法,分析和比较了2000-2020年京津冀、长三角、珠三角、成渝等四个特大城市群的PM_(2.5)污染及其健康负担.结果表明,过去的二十一年中,京津冀的PM_(2.5)污染最严重,长三角和成渝城市群次之,珠三角污染程度最轻;总体上四个城市群PM_(2.5)年均浓度先增后降,2020年较2000年分别下降35.6%,43.9%,34.6%和49.7%.2020年京津冀、长三角、珠三角和成渝城市群的PM_(2.5)归因死亡人数分别约为12.8万、14.0万、5.2万和9.0万,老龄化和人口增长是城市群大气污染健康负担增加的最主要原因,其中珠三角城市群人口因素贡献最大.PM_(2.5)污染减轻是健康负担下降的主要驱动力,表明城市群大气污染治理取得显著的健康效益.未来需要加强人群健康视角的城市群PM_(2.5)污染防控,特别要关注老年人群大气污染健康风险.

页岩气储层多期构造应力场反演与裂缝演化

川南泸州区块五峰组—龙马溪组的页岩气蕴藏量大,构造运动使地应力局部集中,从而引起裂缝和断层的产生,对页岩气的勘探开发有较大影响。为了优选页岩气勘探区,采用地震综合资料、古构造图和岩石力学参数测试等方法,运用神经网络算法和地质力学建模方法,对研究区多期古构造应力场进行反演,并对应力影响下的储层裂缝发育规律进行预测。研究结果表明:采用数值模拟和神经网络算法,可以进行多期构造作用下的地应力场反演。多期构造运动使地应力发生调整变化,地层背斜部位应力较为集中,背斜核部受到强烈构造作用而发生破裂,应力逐步释放;多期构造运动使储层岩石承受的应力逐步变化,易出现破裂带而形成断层,应力逐步减小;原有断层周边裂缝发育较为强烈,易出现应力衰减区域,从而出现多而短的小型裂缝。现今应力场受多期构造运动综合影响,分布较复杂,裂缝发育规律性不强,对页岩气钻井、开发等影响较大。研究成果对深层页岩气的勘探开发具有一定的指导意义。

含水溶洞对采煤工作面覆岩移动的影响规律

含水溶洞的存在使得煤层覆岩移动规律具有特殊性。为了研究含水溶洞对煤层覆岩移动的影响,以贵州松南煤矿作为工程背景,利用FLAC 3D进行数值模拟研究,对比分析溶洞有无含水作用下煤层覆岩移动规律。研究发现:随着采煤工作面的推进,含水溶洞围岩裂隙和煤层顶板裂隙不断扩展,当工作面推进至与溶洞水平距离小于10 m时,溶洞围岩裂隙和顶板裂隙贯通,形成导水裂隙;含水溶洞煤层开采情况下,溶洞围岩变形下沉量相较于无水情况增加了37.24%,随着推进距离的增加,溶洞靠近采空区侧底角出现明显的下沉现象,溶洞右帮出现向内挤压现象,溶洞围岩和煤层顶板应力集中区和破坏区逐渐贯通;相比于无水情况,覆岩运移在含水条件下得到加强,其中最大曲率增大了0.88 mm/m^(2)、最大水平变形增大了1.81 mm/m。建议该矿采煤工作面与溶洞水平距离需大于10 m。

构筑物下覆岩离层注浆控制地表变形模拟试验研究

为掌握离层注浆开采控制地表变形的规律,以数值模拟与相似模拟相结合研究了采空区形变及应力变化和覆岩运移演化规律,并进行现场工程试验。研究结果表明:(1)在离层注浆作用下,顶板压力增加,采空区被压实,采空区应力无明显变化;(2)离层上方关键层应力受到向上的注浆压力作用,内部应力在短距离范围内出现下降,随着向上远离离层,注浆压力作用影响下降,在巨大覆岩压力作用下,岩层向下的压力有所增加;(3)塑性区发育高度在离层注浆后基本不再向上扩展,转而变为横向扩展,关键层上方由于注浆充填作用未出现明显大面积破坏。由此可见,关键层下方离层空间注浆充填,对于关键层上方的岩层起到了很好的保护作用;(4)注浆区域的关键层及其上覆岩层下沉量较小,而注浆层位下方岩层和未注浆区域的岩层下沉量普遍明显较大,表明离层注浆对控制关键层及其上覆岩层的运移发挥了良好的作用。

面向需求响应的空调智能体:概念、构建和应用

园区内各变频空调(IAC)的运行特性、运行环境、用户行为和用户习惯千差万别,这给园区运营商引导大规模IAC参与需求响应(DR)带来了挑战。首先,对IAC的信息物理社会属性进行了分析,并提出了基于规则的社会属性刻画方法。其次,根据具身通用人工智能的概念,提出了面向DR的空调智能体概念。然后,从主动感知、主动交互、主动行动和主动演化的维度设计了空调智能体,其能在DR期间融合IAC的信息物理社会属性,使自身的负荷形状曲线接近被下发的目标形状曲线。进而,参考基于负荷准线的DR机制,提出了大规模空调智能体自下而上参与DR的方法,以实现聚沙成塔效应。最后,利用离散事件仿真框架SimPy对1万个空调智能体参与DR的情形进行仿真,从刻画社会属性的规则自演化、空调智能体性能和聚沙成塔效应这3个方面进行分析。结果表明,空调智能体在时效性、友好性、用户满意性和鲁棒性方面具有较大优势。

粤西北连州盆地构造演化对岩溶作用及岩溶塌陷的控制

目前对连州盆地中生代以来的形成演化及其与岩溶发育规律的响应关系尚缺乏系统性认识。基于最新地质调查、水文地质钻探、溶蚀试验和三维地质建模,结合已有地质资料,划分了盆地构造演化阶段并探讨了各阶段岩溶作用。前白垩纪,在地壳升降运动下沉积较强溶蚀能力碳酸盐岩,这为岩溶发育奠定了物质基础。印支运动促使垂向叠置地层形成EW向构造,燕山运动导致其横跨-斜跨叠加NE-SW向构造,这些地质构造控制碳酸盐岩地质结构和空间展布特征及溶蚀性能,山脉和水系分布确立,但岩溶整体不发育。白垩纪-古近纪发育陆内山间断陷汇流湖盆,地壳缓慢隆升加强了盆地周围岩溶作用,现保留早期岩溶台面。后期被冲洪积物埋藏-充填-固结成岩,岩溶基本停止发育,形成厚覆盖型红层盆地。新近纪以来,地壳快速抬升导致盆地四周山体不断抬高,河流深切,岩溶强烈发育,塑造多级岩溶台面。盆地内部分白垩系红层被剥蚀或切穿,岩溶作用复活,水系经多次变迁和贯通后,形成第四系浅覆盖型岩溶断陷盆地。构造演化控制岩溶发育规律,岩溶作用影响盆地内部结构,土体结构孕育岩溶地面塌陷。研究成果可为认识覆盖型岩溶区岩溶塌陷条件提供科学依据和指导。