Correlation between movement of tectonicblocks and earthquakes in groups

The Chinese mainland is divided into some tectonic blocks by nearly NE- and EW-orientated faults. Meanwhile strong earthquakes in the Chinese mainland usually cluster in time and space. We call earthquakes in groups. Tectonic blocks separated by faults and earthquakes in groups are prominent features of the tectonics of the Chi-nese mainland. Correlation between movement of tectonic blocks and groups of earthquakes is discussed in this paper. The results show that earthquakes in groups often occurred at one or several block boundary faults. The released elastic strain energy is built up in the same periods and around blocks. It means that strong earthquakes in groups are mainly caused by movement of blocks. Four types of block movement are identified based ongroup earthquakes: movement along a single boundary of a block (or a combined blocks), movement of a single block, movement of multi-blocks, and movement in block interiors. If we consider distribution of all strong earthquakes occurred in the Chinese mainland, the movement along a single boundary of a block is more popular one inducing strong earthquakes. But if we only consider earthquakes in groups rather than single earthquakesthe movement of a block dominates among four modes. Statistics with respect to group earthquakes show that the Taihangshan mountain and the North China block are much active in the eastern part of Chinese mainland, and in western part of Chinese mainland the active blocks are Sichuan-Yunnan and the Kunlun-Songpan ones.

Present-day Block Movement and Fault Activity on the Eastern Margin of the Tibetan Plateau

The geology and tectonics in the eastern margin of Tibetan Plateau are complex. The main tectonic framework is composed of blocks and faults. Using discontinuous global positioning system survey data for 2008–2014, the velocity field for the Eurasia reference framework was obtained. Based on the velocity field, the present-day velocities of the blocks and boundary faults were estimated. The results reveal that the movement rates of the Chuan-Qing, South China, Chuan-Dian and Indo-China blocks are（17.02±0.60） mm/a,（8.77±1.51） mm/a,（13.85±1.31） mm/a and（6.84 ± 0.74） mm/a, respectively, and their movement directions are 99.5°, 120.3°, 142.9° and 153.3°, respectively. All blocks exhibit clockwise rotation. The displacement rates of the Xianshuihe, Longmenshan, Anninghe, Zemuhe, Xiaojiang and Red River faults are（7.30±1.25–8.30±1.26） mm/a,（10.07±0.97–11.79±0.89） mm/a,（0.96±0.74–2.98±1.73） mm/a,（2.03±0.49–3.20±0.73） mm/a,（3.45±0.40–6.02±0.50） mm/a and（6.23±0.56） mm/a, respectively. The Xianshuihe, Anninghe, Zemuhe and Xiaojiang faults show leftlateral strike-slip movement, while the Longmenshan and Red River faults show right-lateral strikeslip. These characteristics of the blocks and faults are related to the particular tectonic location and dynamic mechanism.

Preliminary division of active block boundary in Chinese mainland based on recent vertical crustal movement

The characteristics of vertical crustal movement in Chinese mainland are studied, and the ideas and principles for dividing active blocks according to the map of recent vertical crustal deformation rate in China is proposed. As a result, Chinese mainland is divided into 2 first-grade blocks, the east and west block, 6 second-grade blocks, the Northeast China, North China, East China, Xizang (Tibet), Gansu-Qinghai-Xizang (Gan-Qing-Zang) and Xinjiang block, and 16 third-grade blocks. The boundaries of active blocks divided in this paper are generally consistent with the pattern of neotectonic movement with some local difference. It shows that the recent crustal activity in Chinese mainland inherits the neotectonic movement occurred since the Quaternary, while some new activity tendencies appear.

Experiment of Dividing the Active Blocks Based on Horizontal Crustal Movement Observed by GPS

In this paper, the discrepancy between the movements of intraplate blocks and plates isdiscussed, and the method to divide the intraplate active blocks is presented by selecting Bursaformula as the kinematic model for the intraplate blocks. Based on the data of three GPScampaigns in North-China network in l995, 1996 and l999, respectively, the northern area inNorth China is divided into eight small blocks with the mathematical model and methodpresented in this paper. The divided blocks based on tbe horizontal and vertical crustalmovements in the paper are consistent or approximate with each other in the area as a whole.The divided blocks in the paper is also basically accordant with the neotectonic movement,which indicates that the current movement of active blocks in this area is the succession anddevelopment of neotectonic movement. Moreover, some new activity characteristics in the areahave been revealed by the tectonic units divided with the horizontal crustal movement.

Basic Characteristics of Present Movement of Major Tectonic Blocks in China's Continent

In order to study the present crustal movement and geodynamics in China's continent, a countrywide GPS monitoring network consisting of 22 stations was set up evenly on major tectonic blocks in China's continent in the early 1990s. Three-phase observations using the network were carried out in 1992, 1994, and 1996, respectively. In this paper, the data processing and accuracy of the three-phase observations are examined and the basic characteristics of present block movement in China's continent are analyzed based on the data of three-phase repeated observations. The study result indicates that the accuracy of data obtained in three-phase observations on the GPS network reaches 10-8 ～ 10-9, which is adequate to the need of monitoring of crustal movement. A model for block movement in China's continent constructed based on the result of the three-phase observations has effectively tested the results of geological and geophysical studies. In global framework, China's continent as a whole shows its clear eastward motion and its regional movement relative to Siberian block is characterized by that the western China is mainly affected by northward subduction and pushing of Indian Plate. Qinghai-Xizang Plateau shows clear eastward lateral slip simultaneously with longitudinal compression. It is more favorable to the escape model for the continent. Block movement of eastern China is under the combined effect of Indian, Pacific,and Philippine plates, resulting in northeastern and eastern motions of eastern China up to southeastern coastal region where the effect of Philippine Plate strengthens.

Aseismic negative dislocation model and deformation analysis of crustal horizontal movement during 1999--2001 in the northeast margin of Qinghai-Xizang block

Through numerical simulation for GPS data, aseismic negative dislocation model for crustal horizontal movement during 1999~2001 in the northeast margin of Qinghai-Xizang block is presented, combined with the spatial distribution of apparent strain field in this area, the characteristics of motion and deformation of active blocks and their boundary faults, together with the place and intensity of strain accumulation are analyzed. It is shown that: a) 9 active blocks appeared totally clockwise motion from eastward by north to eastward by south. Obvious sinistral strike-slip and NE-NEE relative compressive motion between the blocks separated by Qilianshan-Haiyuan fault zone was discovered; b) 20 fault segments (most of them showed compression) locked the relative motion between blocks to varying degrees, among the total, the mid-east segment of Qilianshan fault (containing the place where it meets Riyueshan-Lajishan fault) and the place where it meets Haiyuan fault and Zhuanglanghe fault, more favored accumulation of strain. Moreover, the region where Riyueshan-Lajishan fault meets north boundary of Qaidam block may have strain accumulation to some degree. c) Obtained magnitude of block velocities and locking of their boundaries were less than relevant results for observation in the period of 1993~1999.

速度350km/h高速铁路长大下坡地段闭塞分区设置方法研究

通过分析长大下坡道闭塞分区长度对CTCS-3级和后备CTCS-2级列控系统的影响,指出二者对闭塞分区长度的需求完全相反,并针对CTCS-3级列控系统的行车许可回缩、速度突降等问题的产生原因进行分析。阐述坡度、闭塞分区长度与不同列控模式下列车运行速度、追踪间隔时间等要素之间的关系,制定闭塞分区设置的基本原则。检算典型坡度下闭塞分区长度设置的合理区间范围及相应追踪间隔时间,指出坡度超过-30‰后将无法兼顾不同列控等级下的运行速度。设计模拟退火算法,根据闭塞分区设置原则及闭塞分区取值规律,给出压缩求解空间、提高求解效率的方法。以郑万高速铁路长大下坡地段为例,对闭塞分区设置进行优化,在不考虑其他约束的前提下,与设计院优化方案相比,本求解优化方案在确保CTCS-3级控车模式下允许速度可达350 km/h的同时,将CTCS-2级控车模式下的允许速度提高30 km/h,追踪间隔时间压缩23 s。

高强度重复开采覆岩与地表移动机理

为了给神东等大型煤炭生产基地生态修复和“三下”开采提供理论和技术支持,以实测方式为基础,深入研究了高强度重复开采地表移动特征和机理。分别对老采空区下开采、工作面隔离煤柱下开采、跨老采空区和隔离煤柱下开采这3种工况布设地表移动观测线,开展快速密集监测,采集了丰富的地表移动数据。结合井下推进过程,通过数据分析,获得了不同时期下沉和水平移动值,绘制了地表移动曲线时序图。研究表明:隔离煤柱对地表下沉的发展过程具有阻碍性、带动性和活化性等特征,水平移动方向对井下推进方向具有追随性等现象。据此建立了高强度重复采动条件下形成的块体岩层结构模型,分析了块状岩体在井下推进过程中平衡—旋转平移—再平衡的运动过程,揭示了地表移动实测曲线形态背后的岩层移动机理。研究成果可为该矿区或类似矿区开采沉陷预计模型建立和生态环境修复治理提供参考。

基于离散元法的反倾边坡动力破坏模式及分区研究

在地震作用下,一旦诱发反倾路堑边坡的失稳破坏,将对高速公路的安全运行带来不可估量的损失。为研究反倾边坡的动力响应特征,利用UDEC离散元软件模拟了Scavia反倾边坡模型在双向地震作用下的位移过程,分析了块体的运动模式。结果表明:在双向地震作用下,反倾边坡各岩块从稳定状态到滑出坡体的运动状态是相互转换的,靠近坡体后缘岩块运动状态的相互转换更为剧烈;根据块体的运动状态,可以分为3个区域,其中位于坡体前端的岩块主要经历“滑动—倾倒—滑动-倾倒”的状态变化,坡体中部则在滑动-倾倒与滑动状态之间相互转换,且转换速度慢,而坡体后缘岩块运动模式为“滑动—倾倒—滑动-倾倒—滑动”状态,其中滑动-倾倒状态到滑动状态相互转换,且转换速度快。

不同浓度罗哌卡因在膈神经阻滞中的临床效果分析

目的:探讨不同浓度罗哌卡因在膈神经阻滞中的临床效果分析。方法:选择2022年1月—2023年5月于宜昌市中心人民医院行腹腔镜下行全子宫切除术的180例患者,采用随机数字表法将纳入患者分为六组:A组(0.125%罗哌卡因,n=30)、B组(0.25%罗哌卡因,n=30)、C组(0.375%罗哌卡因,n=30)、D组(0.5%罗哌卡因,n=30)、E组(0.75%罗哌卡因,n=30)和对照组(不行膈神经阻滞,n=30),其中A~E组患者均于术前行超声引导下右侧膈神经阻滞。评估各组患者术后肩痛视觉模拟量表(VAS)评分、膈肌运动幅度(DM)、术后恢复及不良反应发生情况。结果:在术后肩痛方面,C组[(2.47±1.14)分vs (4.03±1.77)分]、D组[(2.53±1.22)分vs (4.03±1.77)分]、E组[(2.50±1.22)分vs (4.03±1.77)分]患者VAS评分明显低于对照组(均P<0.05);在DM方面,D组、E组患者膈神经阻滞10 min的DM明显低于对照组(均P<0.05);在麻醉恢复时间方面,D组[(22.50±2.16) min vs (20.73±1.76) min]和E组[(22.80±2.63) min vs (20.73±1.76) min]患者的PACU停留时间较对照组明显延长(均P<0.05);在患者术后恢复质量方面,C组、D组、E组患者术后24 h的15项恢复质量(QoR-15)评分明显高于对照组(均P<0.05);E组患者总不良反应发生率明显高于对照组(43.33%vs 16.67%)。结论:采用0.375%罗哌卡因行右侧膈神经阻滞是安全有效的,能有效减轻腹腔镜全子宫切除患者术后肩痛并提高术后恢复质量,且不会影响膈肌功能恢复及PACU停留时间,值得临床推广应用。

星状神经节阻滞缓解睡眠剥夺大鼠海马兴奋性毒性与空间学习记忆损伤

目的:观察星状神经节阻滞(SGB)对快速眼动睡眠剥夺(RSD)大鼠空间学习记忆功能减退的保护作用与可能机制。方法:32只大鼠按对照组(Control)、RSD组、SGB组、星状神经节阻滞干预的快速眼动睡眠剥夺(RSD+SGB)组随机分配。RSD组与RSD+SGB组采用改良多平台水环境法(MMPM)进行造模,SGB组与RSD+SGB组大鼠通过SGB法进行干预。选用Morris水迷宫(MWM)评价各组大鼠的空间学习和记忆能力,选用Western Blot检测各组大鼠海马组织N-甲基-D-天门冬氨酸受体1(NR1)与caspase-3的表达水平,选用比色法检测各组大鼠海马组织谷氨酸(Glu)与天门冬氨酸(Asp)的表达水平。结果:与RSD组大鼠相比,RSD+SGB组大鼠经过SGB干预后逃逸潜伏期显著缩短(P<0.05),而穿越原平台位置的次数与原象限滞留时间占比均明显增加(P<0.05);同时,海马组织Glu、Asp、NR1与caspase-3的表达水平均显著降低(P<0.05)。结论:SGB通过降低RSD大鼠兴奋性氨基酸过度活化引起的海马组织兴奋性毒性与凋亡,来保护RSD引起的空间学习记忆能力损伤。

不同神经阻滞技术对全髋关节置换术患者术后镇痛效果及髋部运动的影响比较

目的:探讨髂腰肌平面阻滞(IPB)与髂筋膜间隙阻滞(FICB)对全髋关节置换术(THA)患者术后镇痛效果及髋部运动的影响。方法:将2022年1月—2023年12月在福州市第一总医院行THA的96例患者随机分为对照组与观察组,每组48例。麻醉诱导前,对照组行FICB,观察组行IPB,两组术后均予以静脉镇痛。记录两组神经阻滞操作时间和术中麻醉药物使用情况;于术后2、6、12和24 h,对患者疼痛评分分别进行记录;对两组术后24 h内镇痛情况进行记录;记录两组患者术后24 h内股四头肌肌无力发生情况;此外,记录两组术后恢复情况。结果:较于对照组,观察组神经阻滞操作时间更短(P<0.05),两组术中丙泊酚和瑞芬太尼用量差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。两组术后2、6、12和24 h各时间点疼痛评分、术后24 h内镇痛泵按压次数、舒芬太尼用量及补救镇痛率对比差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。较于对照组,观察组术后股四头肌肌无力发生率显著下降,且术后首次下床活动时间提前,术后住院时间缩短,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论:IPB应用于THA可为患者提供良好的镇痛效果,且相比FICB,对髋部运动能力无不良影响,有利于术后快速恢复。

Model of rigid and elastic-plastic motion in intraplate blocks and strain status of principal blocks in Chinese mainland

The model of rigid and elastic-plastic motion and strain in intraplate blocks is established in the paper. The unique of strain parameters and minimum root-mean-square error of velocity residual of blocks are tested in the model. Based on the velocity fields in Chinese mainland and its peripheral areas, the strain parameters of 8 blocks are estimated and their strain status analyzed. The estimated strain status of each block is well consistent with those derived by the methods of geology and geophysics. The principal direction of collision force from India plate to Eurasia plate estimated from the azimuth of principal compressive strain of Himalaya block might be N7.1°E.

湖南省印支运动应力场特征及其动力机制

长期以来,华南中部湖南印支运动的构造表现暨上古生界盖层褶皱的形成时代备受研究者关注,但至今仍存在显著的认识分歧。鉴此,本文在作者多年研究成果基础上,对湖南省印支运动早、晚两幕褶皱相关的区域应力场特征及厘定依据进行了系统总结和阐释,并探讨了应力场形成的动力机制以及印支运动的其他相关问题,取得以下主要认识:(1)印支运动早幕发生于中三叠世后期,区域最大主应力方向变化很大,省境中带,自湘西北往南东至湘中、湘东南东部,总体由NNW向—近SN向→NW向→NWW向弧形偏转;南西带,由湘西南的NW向→湘中南的EW向→湘东南西部的EW向变化;北东带,由湘东北的SN向转为湘东地区的NW向、NWW向。印支运动晚幕发生于晚三叠世,区域最大主应力为SN向,湘中局部地区为NNE向。(2)印支运动早幕区域挤压应力场主要与华北地块向南、思茅-印支地块向北以及古太平洋板块向北西的挤压有关,呈NE向—NNE向展布的各次级块体之间的继发性陆内汇聚、NW向基底隐伏断裂左行走滑以及加里东期越城岭和苗儿山花岗质岩体的阻挡等也具有重要的控制作用。印支运动晚幕SN向区域挤压应力场与华北地块向南的挤压、思茅-印支地块向北的挤压有关,局部NNE向最大主应力与NW向常德-安仁、郴州-邵阳基底隐伏断裂右行走滑有关。(3)古太平洋板块的NW向挤压或许是华南印支期NE向褶皱最好的动力学解释;湘中地区NE向褶皱发育程度远高于EW向褶皱,是前者早于后者的重要证据;湘中高挂山—四明山NE向构造隆起带是印支运动晚幕SN向挤压下,先期NE向构造软弱带横向压扁和垂向拉伸而形成。

Energy-optimal control model for train movements

In this paper, we propose a new cellular automaton （CA） model for train movement simulations under mixed traffic conditions. A kind of control strategy is employed for trains to reduce energy consumption. In the proposed CA model, the driver controls the train movements by using some updated rules. In order to obtain a good insight into the evolution behaviours of the rail traffic flow, we investigate the space-time diagram of the rail traffic flow and the trajectories of the train movements. The numerical simulation results demonstrate that the proposed CA model can well describe the dynamic behaviours of the train movements. Some complex phenomena of train movements can be reproduced, such as the train delay propagations, etc.

Recent crustal horizontal movement in the Chinese mainland

According to the results of careful re-proeessing of data obtained from two GPS survey campaigns of crustal movement monitoring network in Chinese mainland carried out in 1994 and 1996, the crustal horizontal movement characteristics in Chinesc mainland are studied in the paper.In the analysis, a relatively consummate deformation model in which the deformation is described by the relative movement between the tectonic blocks with interior strain and the corresponding analysis method are used. The magnitude of movement along the boundary zones between the tectonic blocks is calculated. And the characters and intensities between the main boundny zones are compared.

An estimation model for the fragmentation properties of brittle rock block due to the impacts against an obstruction

Mountain hazards with large masses of rock blocks in motion – such as rock falls, avalanches and landslides – threaten human lives and structures. Dynamic fragmentation is a common phenomenon during the movement process of rock blocks in rock avalanche, due to the high velocity and impacts against obstructions. In view of the energy consumption theory for brittle rock fragmentation proposed by Bond, which relates energy to size reduction, a theoretical model is proposed to estimate the average fragment size for a moving rock block when it impacts against an obstruction. Then, different forms of motion are studied, with various drop heights and slope angles for the moving rock block. The calculated results reveal that the average fragment size decreases as the drop height increases, whether for free-fall or for a sliding or rolling rock block, and the decline in size is rapid for low heights and slow for increasing heights in the corresponding curves. Moreover, the average fragment size also decreases as the slope angle increases for a slidingrock block. In addition, a rolling rock block has a higher degree of fragmentation than a sliding rock block, even for the same slope angle and block volume. Finally, to compare with others' results, the approximate number of fragments is estimated for each calculated example, and the results show that the proposed model is applicable to a relatively isotropic moving rock block.

Early Palaeozoic Evolution of the Zhen' an- Xichuan Block and the Small Qinling Multi-Island Ocean Basin

Based on studies of palaeogeography, palaeobiogeography, palaeomagnetism, geochemistry and volcanism, this paper proposes that the Zhen'an-Xichuan area was a small Early Palaeozoic block rifted away from South Qinling and suturing onto North Qinling earlier than the other parts of South Qinling. In the Early Palaeozoic Qinling was a small archipelagic ocean basin with 5 rows of islands including the Zhen'an-Xichuan block. The drifting of the Yangtze and North China plates and the islands between them in the same direction at different speeds caused their suturing process to be different from the classic plate collision, which is the major feature of the suturing of the multi-island Tethys ocean basin. This also explains the problem that the Caledonian collision did not result in orogeny in eastern Qinling.

Research on Hydraulic Block Scenarios in the Land Conservation Zone of the Headwaters Area of Jinshu Bay

[Objective] The aim was to study the hydraulic block scenarios in the water source land conservation zone in Jinshu Bay so as to ensure the water quality in the water sources in Jinshu Bay.[Method] By dint of one dimension water amount and water quality mode in the river net in Taihu,the water flow movement characteristics and pollutants transportation rules in the water sources areas in Jinshu Bay under five kinds of hydraulic block scenarios were compared and discussed.[Result] After demolishing the temporary soil dam in the water source conservation zone in Jinshu Bay,water amount and pollutants increased and water quality deteriorated.It was necessary to take certain hydraulic power to block and control the pollutants in the preservation area;after demolishing the dam,there was less water amount and pollutants.The water quality improved significantly.The hydraulic block facility in the preservation area and its surroundings were all releasing and not introducing;the one along the mouth of the river of Mentianji Gang,Jinshugang and Longtanggang were introducing and not releasing,which only restricted poor-quality water in Beijing-Hangzhou Canal and Huguang Canal flowing into the conservation zone.The water into the conservation zone was all from Gonghu.The water mobility within the conservation zone was good.The regional water quality improved to the largest scale.[Conclusion] Judging from the water flow movement characteristics and pollutants transportation rules in Jinshu Bay,the fifth proposal was more appropriate.

Characteristics of horizontal crustal movement in Weihe basin and adjacent zones by GPS observation

Based on the GPS data provided by CMONOC during 1999~2002 and observed by Seismological Bureau of Shaanxi Province during 2001~2002, we have obtained the crustal movement velocity field in Weihe basin and adjacent regions. The results show that the motion velocity in Weihe basin and adjacent zones is characterized by distinct NE-directional stripped variation. The south border of Ordos block seems to show an discontinuous anti-clockwise rotation on the whole with an average velocity of about 5.7 mma-1 relative to Yulin site on the Ordos block. There is a left-lateral shear belt on both sides of Binxian-Xi'an-Lantian zone in the central Weihe basin, and its northern area has a better corresponding relationship with the dense zone of small earthquakes in Tong-chuan-Jingyang-Lintong-Weinan.