Effects of Mowing Stubbles and Mowing Stages on Nutrient Contents of Forage Mulberry

[Objective]The paper was to study the effects of mowing on nutrients of forage mulberry.[Method]With forage mulberry as the research object,the effects of mowing stubbles and mowing stages on nutrient content of forage mulberry were studied.[Result]With the increase of mowing frequency,the crude protein and crude ash content of forage mulberry decreased,but the crude fiber content increased,and the quality of forage mulberry decreased correspondingly.The crude protein content decreased most obviously from 25.78%in the first stubble to 21.63%in the third stubble.In the first and third stubble,the nutrients at 28±1 d after the last mowing were higher than that at 38±1 d after the last mowing.That is,with the growth of forage mulberry,the accumulated nutrients were also used for their own growth.[Conclusion]From the perspective of nutrient content,the forage mulberry mowed earlier has higher nutritional value and better palatability.

Long-term effects of mowing on plasticity and allometry of Leymus chinensis in a temperate semi-arid grassland,China

Mowing is an important land management practice for natural semi-arid regions. A growing body of empirical evidence shows that different mowing regimes affect the functioning of grassland ecosystems. However, the responses of plant functional traits to long-term mowing and their allometric scaling under long-term mowing are poorly understood. For a better understanding of the effects of mowing on grassland ecosystems, we analyzed the allometric traits of leaves and stems of Leymus chinensis （Trin.） Tzvel., a dominant grass species in eastern Eurasian temperate grassland, at different mowing intensities （no clipping, clipping once every two years, once a year and twice a year）. Experiments were conducted on plots established over a decade ago in a typical steppe of Xilinhot, Inner Mongolia, China. Results showed that most of the functional traits of L. chinensis decreased with the increased mowing intensity. The responses of leaves and stems to long-term mowing were asymmetric, in which leaf traits were more stable than stem traits. Also significant allometric relationships were found among most of the plant functional traits under the four mowing treatments. Sensitive traits of L. chinensis （e.g. leaf length and stem length） were primary indicators associated with aboveground biomass decline under high mowing intensity. In conclusion, the allometric growth of different functional traits of L. chinensis varies with different long-term mowing practices, which is likely to be a strategy used by the plant to adapt to the mowing disturbances.

Do mowing regimes affect plant and soil biological activity in the mountain meadows of Southern Poland?

The soil biological activity of mountain meadows is a significant factor that determines the health and utility of these regions. The climax stage of this area is forest, but to maintain semi-natural grassland, which is characterised by high biodiversity,low-intensity land use(mowing or grazing) is necessarily required. To understand the effect of various mowing regimes on the soil biological activity and plants, the soil microbial activity(microbial biomass carbon, dehydrogenase activity and number of the cultivable fraction of soil microbial community),annelids community(density and species composition earthworms and enchytraeids) and plant species composition were investigated. The study area was located in the Pieniny National Park in the Carpathian Mountains, in a meadow belonging to the association Dactylis glomerata-Poa trivialis. The investigated variants were divided according to mowing regime:traditional scything – hand mowing(HM), mechanical mowing(MM), or the abandonment of mowing – nonmowing(NM). The microbial activities(expressed by,e.g. microbial biomass carbon and the number of phosphorus bacteria) were affected by the mowing regime. The density of earthworms was higher in the HM and MM than in the NM variants. The largest changes in plant species composition were caused by the abandonment of mowing(NM). The mean number of plant species was positively correlated with soil moisture, earthworm density, and microbial activity(expressed indirectly by dehydrogenases activity). The soil microbial community, such as vegetative bacteria forms and ammonifying bacteria,were positively associated with pH value, and the microbial and total organic carbon content. The results presented here indicate that there is no single form of optimal management for all living organisms.Decisions about mowing regimes, or abandonment of use, should be preceded by multi-aspect studies,including plants and soil biota.

Effects of Mowing Heights on N₂O Emission from Temperate Grasslands in Inner Mongolia, Northern China

Grazing and mowing are two common practices for grassland management. Mowing is now recommended as an alternative to the traditional grazing for grassland conservation in Inner Mongolia, northern China. Many studies have revealed that mowing may alter ecosystem properties in various ways. However, little attention has been paid to the effect of mowing on trace gas emissions, especially on N2O flux. We conducted an experiment to investigate the effects of mowing on N2O fluxes from the semiarid grassland in Inner Mongolia. The mowing experiment, which started in 2003, comprised four mowing intensity treatments, i.e. mowing heights at 2 cm, 5 cm, 10 cm and 15 cm above the soil surface, respectively, and a control (non-mowing), with five replicates. Gas fluxes were measured through a closed static chamber technique during the growing seasons (usually from May to September, depending on local climate at the time) of 2008 and 2009, respectively. Our results showed that mowing decreased N2O emissions, above-ground biomass and total litter production. N2O emissions were greater in May and June than in other sampling periods, regardless of treatments (P 2O fluxes were mainly driven by variations in soil moisture, except in July and August. In July and August, above-ground plant biomass and soil total nitrogen became the major drivers of N2O fluxes under the soil temperatures between 16 ° C and 18 ° C. Though there were some uncertainties due to the low frequency of N2O flux measurement, our study mainly indicated that 5 cm mowing height might decrease N2O emissions in grasslands during the growing season, and soil properties affected the magnitude of the reduction.

Rapid loss of leguminous species in the semi-arid grasslands of northern China under climate change and mowing from 1982 to 2011

Effects of mowing on the composition and diversity of grasslands varied with climate change(e.g.,precipitation and temperature).However,the interactive effects of long-term mowing and climate change on the diversity and stability of leguminous and non-leguminous species in the semi-arid grasslands are largely unknown.Here,we used in situ monitoring data from 1982 to 2011 to examine the effects of continuous mowing and climate change on the plant biomass and diversity of leguminous and non-leguminous species,and soil total nitrogen in the typical semi-arid grasslands of northern China.Results showed that the biomass and diversity of leguminous species significantly decreased with the increasing in the biomass and diversity of non-leguminous species during the 30-a period.Variations in biomass were mainly affected by the long-term mowing,while variations in diversity were mainly explained by the climate change.Moreover,the normalized change rates of diversity in leguminous species were significantly higher than those in non-leguminous species.Mowing and temperature together contributed to the diversity changes of leguminous species,with mowing accounting for 50.0%and temperature 28.0%.Temporal stability of leguminous species was substantially lower than that of non-leguminous species.Consequently,soil total nitrogen decreased in the 2000s compared with the 1980s.These findings demonstrated that leguminous species were more sensitive to the long-term mowing and climate change than non-leguminous species in the semi-arid grasslands.Thus,reseeding appropriate leguminous plants when mowing in the semi-arid grasslands may be a better strategy to improve nitrogen levels of grassland ecosystems and maintain ecosystem biodiversity.

Study on Weather Forecast Indicators during Mowing Grass Periods in Inner Mongolia

Based on ground observation and remote sensing monitoring data,regions appropriate for mowing herbage in the dog days and autumn were predicted and assessed quantitatively,and regions appropriate for mowing herbage were divided into comparatively suitable,suitable and optimum areas for mowing herbage. Servicing products can be spread to agricultural and pastoral areas via short message service,broadcasting,radio and network in time,and good service effect can be obtained. However,under the effect of precision rate of medium-term prediction areas,the prediction of some rainfall areas deviates from the actual rainfall areas. After timely correction of weather prediction in 24 and 48 hours,pastoral weather forecast service in mowing herbage regions is improved obviously. Herbage mowed in the dog days is rich in nutrients,but it is rainy in the period,which brings certain difficulties to herbage mowing and airing. Therefore,herdsmen in various regions should pay more attention to local weather prediction and regulate mowing herbage periods in time,and autumn herbage can be mowed if the weather is not suitable for mowing herbage in the dog days.

Mowing Height and Mowing Frequency Interactions on Turf Performance of Kentucky Bluegrass

The mowing height and mowing frequency are the key factors that affect the turf quality and turfgrass growing ability. The purpose of this study was to reveal the alternative effcient interaction between mowing height and mowing frequency in Kentucky bluegrass turf management. The Kentucky bluegrass cultivar ＇Kenblue＇ （Poa pratensis L.） was used to evaluate the interactions of mowing heights （H1, H4 and H7） and mowing frequencies （F2, F5 and F8） on the performance of turfgrass and turf physiological responses under the feld condition. The results showed that the treatment of H7×F8 had perfect infuence on the turf texture, root elongation, and also enhanced soluble sugar and free proline content in plants. While, the turf quality, color, uniformity and the increasing tiller numbers were performed more superior in the treatment of H4×F5 than other treatments. In all the interacting treatments, the relation between leaf green index and number of shoots （dm2） was positively correlated, thus, it could be speculated that the proper mowing height with frequency had a strong impact on the increasing of turfgrass tillers. On the whole, the interaction of H4×F5 on turf quality was the most excellent treatment in this experiment.

Ecological Planning of Spartina alterniflora Invaded Tideland Based on Mechanical Mowing and Hydraulic Reclamation: A Case Study of Xihu Port in Xiangshan County

Spartina alterniflora is a major invasive plant in the coastal tideland of China that has serious negative impact on local economy and ecology.This paper took Hugang New Town in Xiangshan County,Zhejiang Province for example,concluded the method of controlling S.alterniflora by integrating mechanical mowing and hydraulic reclamation in view of the threatening expansion of this species and serious land shortage in the local area.Moreover,it explored the ecological planning method of reclamation area based on this method.In view of the ecological sensitivity of the reclamation area,urban ecological planning concept was introduced into both processes of the development:penetrative reclamation and urban planning.The reclamation project has to meet such requirements as site selection,scope,water surface ratio etc.,the planning ensures the ecological sustainability in functional orientation,spatial structure,green space system and development intensity.

The Effects of Ground Cover Mowing Height on the Fauna of Ground-dwelling Arthropods in Olive Grove

Ground dwelling insects,spiders,and other arthropods play an important role in agroecosystems as predators and saprophytic organisms.Their presence on the soil surface helps the biological control of pests,enhances organic matter decomposition and promotes biodiversity.Soil disturbance,particularly tilling and mowing has greatly affected the assemblage and abundance of epigeic arthropods.This study aimed to determine the effects of herbaceous vegetation cover mowing height on arthropods abundance and structure in olive orchards.The experimental site was divided into three zones(Z1,Z2,and Z3)regarding mowing heights(0 cm,10 cm,and 15 cm).This research was done in 2019 from the beginning of May untill the end of September.During this research,1490 individuals were recorded belonging to 6 classes,11 orders and 13 families.The number of individuals was higher in the zones Z2 and Z3 comparing with Z1.The highest number of individuals showed woodlices(Isopoda)comprising 67,5%of all individuals collected.There were significant differences in the number of Carabidae,Bleteliidae and Forficulidae between the zones of research.Unlike Forficulidae,higher heights of mown positively affected the population of Carabidae and Blateliidae.

Assessing mowing intensity:A new index incorporating frequency,type of machinery,and technique

Background:Only a few decades ago,colorful,small-scale,heterogeneous,and species-rich hay meadows or extensive pastures were common,but have often been replaced by species-poor,uniform,large-scale multicut meadows.Technological advancements and improved efficiency in grassland management have come at the cost of biodiversity.Methods:In Germany,150 grassland plots have been investigated since 2006.Using these extensive data,we propose a new compound index for estimating the site-specific mowing intensity in order to facilitate assessment of the impact of mowing intensity on biodiversity and ecosystem processes.Our index integrates the various qualitative components of mowing machine type,mowing height and use of a conditioner,with the annual number of cuts.Results:The newly proposed index achieves a much finer gradation of mowing intensity compared to the previous quantification based on the number of cuts only.Furthermore,a decrease in plant and arthropod species was observed at higher mowing intensity.Conclusions:The proposed mowing intensity index offers enhanced precision in calculations and can easily be integrated into assessments of land-use intensity in grasslands.Further,it could serve as a basis for providing subsidies to farmers,who adopt low-impact mowing practices.

Effects of mowing and nitrogen addition on soil respiration in three patches in an oldfield grassland in Inner Mongolia

Aims Vegetation type is important in determining variations in soil carbon(C)efflux under grassland managements.This study was conducted to examine the effects of mowing and nitrogen(N)addition on soil respiration and their dependences upon vegetation types in an oldfield grassland of northern China.Methods Soil respiration,temperature,moisture and aboveground net primary productivity(ANPP)and belowground net primary productivity(BNPP)were examined in response to mowing and N addition among the three patches dominated by different species(named as grass,forb and mixed patches,respectively)in the growing seasons(May–October)from 2006 to 2008.Important Findings Across the 3 years,soil respiration in the grass patch was greater than those in the forb and mixed patches,which could have been ascribed to the higher soil moisture(SM)in the grass patch.Mowing had no impact on soil respiration due to unaltered SM and plant growth.Soil respiration was stimulated by 6.53%under N addition,and the enhancement was statistically significant in 2006 but not in 2007 or 2008 because of the limited water availability in the later 2 years.There were no interactive effects between mowing and N addition on soil respiration.Soil respiration showed positive dependence upon SM,ANPP and BNPP across plots.The results suggest that soil water availability and plant growth could be the primary factors in controlling the temporal and spatial variations in soil respiration and its response to different treatments.Our observations indicate that grassland managements(i.e.mowing for hay once a year)may have little influence on soil respiration of the oldfield grassland in northern China.

Effect of mowing on N2O and CH4 fluxes emissions from the meadow-steppe grasslands of Inner Mongolia

To assess the impacts of mowing on N2O and CH4 fluxes emissions from the meadow-steppe grasslands of Inner Mongolia, China, two regimes were investigated： unmown since 2005 （UM）, and mown once every three years since 2009 （M3）. On-site measurements were conducted continuously during a year-round period （August 2011 to August 2012）. During the observation period, three diurnal cycles were also measured. In addition, a targeted laboratory experiment was conducted to make up for the few measurements in winter. A large pulse of N20 emissions related to freeze-thaw cycles was observed at M3 during the spring thaw. Results showed that the meadow-steppes played a role as a sink for CH4 and a source for N2O. Significantly lower mean CH4 uptake at UM （40.3 gg C.m 2.hl） as compared to M3 （70.5 gg C .m-2.h-1） （p 〈 0.01）, and significantly higher mean N2O efftux at UM （6.3 gg N. m2. hI） as compared to M3 （4.3μg N.m2.h 1） （p〈0.05） were found. The laboratory experiment results revealed that mowing changed the soil conditions that favor the activity of denitrifiers during thawing periods. The CH4 and N2O fluxes were significantly correlated with soil temperature （p〈0.05）. Mowing affected CH4 uptake and N2O emission mainly through its effect on vegetation types and some soil properties, such as soil inorganic N content, soil temperature, and soil moisre content, while soil inorganic N and moisture were not leading factors. Our results also suggested that mowing could mitigate the potential global warming in terms of CH4 uptake and N2O emissions.

Effects of nitrogen addition and mowing on nitrogen-and water-use efficiency oi Artemisia frigida in a grassland restored from an abandoned cropland

Aims Competition among plants in a community usually depends on their nitrogen(N)-use efficiency(NUE)and water-use efficiency(WUE)in arid and semi-arid regions.Artemisia frigida is an indicator species in heavily degraded grassland,however,how its NUE and WUE respond to N addition in different successional stages is still unclear,especially with mowing,a common management practice in semi-arid grasslands.Methods Based on a long-term controlled experiment with N addition and mowing in an abandoned cropland from 2006 to 2013,we investigated the NUE and WUE oi A.frigida in two patches(i.e.grass and herb patches)in 2013 which represented two potential successional stages from herb to grass communities.The coverage of A.frigida was higher(about 50%)in the herb patch than in the grass patch(about 10%).Stable isotopic C(δ^(13)C)and N(δ^(15)N)as well as C and N pools were measured in plants and soils.NUE was calculated as leaf C/N,and leafδ^(13)C values were used as a proxy for WUE.Important Findings N addition did not affect WUE of A.frigida,but significantly decreased NUE by 42.9%and 26.6%in grass and herb patches,respectively.The response of NUE to N addition was related to altering utilization of different N sources(NH_(4)^(+)vs.NO_(3)^(-))by A.frigida according to the changed relationship between leafδ^(15)N/soil 615N and NUE.Mowing had no effect on NUE regardless of N addition,but significantly increased WUE by 2.3%for A.frigida without N addition in the grass patch.The addition of N reduced the positive effect of mowing on its WUE in grass patch.Our results suggested that decreased NUE and/or WUE of A.frigida under mowing and N addition could reduce its competition,and further accelerate restoration succession from the abandoned cropland to natural grassland in the semi-arid region.

Contrasting effects of N fertilization and mowing on ecosystem multifunctionality in a meadow steppe

There is little experimental field evidence on how multiple essential land use intensification drivers(LUIDs),such as nitrogen(N)fertilization and mowing,interact to control ecosystem multifunctionality.Here,we conducted a 4-year field experiment in a meadow steppe in northeast China and evaluated the direct and indirect effects of mowing and N fertilization on a range of ecosystemfunctions associated with nutrient cycle,carbon stocks,and organic matter decomposition during the past 2 years of the experiment(2017 and 2018).Mowing had negative effects on the ecosystem multifunctionality index(EMF),carbon(C)cycle multifunctionality index(CCMF),and N cycle multifunctionality index(NCMF)in 2 years of sampling.However,in general,the responses of multifunctionality to N fertilization were ratespecific and year-dependent.N fertilization had positive effects on EMF,CCMF,NCMF,and phosphorus(P)cycle multifunctionality index(PCMF)in 2017,with the higher precipitation rate during the growing season,which was likely associated with the strong monsoon season.However,in 2018,EMF,CCMF,and NCMF increased at the lower N fertilization levels(£10 g N m^(-2) yr^(-1)),but decreased at higher N rates.N fertilization had consistent positive effects on PCMF in the 2 years of sampling.The effects of land use drivers on multifunctionality were indirectly influenced by bacterial biomass,plant richness,and soil moisture changes.Our results also indicated that the impacts of land use drivers on multifunctionality played an important role in maintaining a range of functions at low levels of functioning(<50% functional threshold).Low N fertilization levels(£10 g N m^(-2) yr^(-1))were able to reduce the negative effects of mowing on ecosystem multifunctionality while promoting plant biomass(food for livestock)and C storage.These findings are useful for designing practical strategies toward promoting multifunctionality by managing multiple LUIDs in a meadow steppe.

混合办公废纸(MOW)脱墨技术研究

2021年国内废纸回收量达到6491万吨,而多年来废纸回收率仍低于其他发达国家回收率,因此,提高废纸回收率迫在眉睫。混合办公废纸(MOW)占可回收废纸总量70%~80%,回收较为困难,其中脱墨就是极为关键的第一步。本研究综述了MOW的基本性质、对比不同MOW脱墨技术以及对未来研究进行展望,以期能为MOW的脱墨技术的发展提供参考。

15Cr2Ni3MoW钢穿孔顶头的失效分析及改进

介绍了15Cr2Ni3MoW钢穿孔顶头在穿制27SiMn钢时发生的主要失效形式。对比了成品顶头和失效顶头的金相组织和显微硬度;利用Gleeble-1500型热模拟机对比了27SiMn钢和20钢在穿制温度下的变形抗力;通过扫描电镜和能谱分析研究了成品顶头表面氧化膜。结果表明:27SiMn钢在穿制温度下变形抗力大,钢中Si含量高,顶头工作温度高,顶头表面氧化膜组织疏松以及在顶头表面氧化膜下面存在一层粗大的铁素体软区,是造成顶头失效的主要原因。提出了提高穿孔顶头使用寿命的措施。

回火温度对15Cr2Ni3MoW钢组织与力学性能的影响

观察了15Cr2Ni3MoW钢在200～600℃区间回火处理后的力学性能和组织变化。结果表明,该钢经350℃回火后出现大量稳定化的M/A岛,在500～550℃回火后M/A岛大量分解,析出的碳化物沿晶界连续分布,出现了回火脆性。试验获得的最佳回火工艺为:350℃回火3h后空冷,该工艺可使15Cr2Ni3MoW钢的屈服强度提高37%,冲击韧性提高50%。

15Cr2Ni3MoW钢管穿孔顶头氧化膜制备工艺的研究

研究了15Cr2Ni3MoW合金穿孔顶头在900～1000℃、3～12 h、氧气气氛中氧化膜的生成行为。用OM、XRD、SEM、HV分析研究氧化膜的微观组织形貌、相组成及显微硬度的变化,并对氧化膜生成机理进行探讨。结果表明:在氧气气氛中合金生成内外两层氧化膜,外层氧化膜主要为Fe2O3和Fe3O4,内层氧化膜主要为(Fe、Cr)3O4;随氧化时间延长和氧化温度升高,氧化膜厚度不断增加,但内层与外层氧化膜之间的结合力以及内层氧化膜与顶头基体之间的结合力,不随氧化膜厚度的增加而增大,当氧化时间和温度超过个某个范围后,所生成氧化膜间的结合力反而降低。

20CrNi3MoW穿孔顶头组织分析

对20CrNi3MoW钢穿孔顶头的显微组织和硬度变化进行了研究。结果表明,顶头原始组织为粒状贝氏体组织,同时夹杂部分隐针马氏体和残余奥氏体;经正火处理后顶头组织改善,性能提升。顶头表面氧化膜应均匀、致密,因此应合理控制氧化条件,得到尽可能多的FeO层。最后结合生产实际提出了改进措施。

阳离子分散松香胶的制备及其在MOW脱墨浆中的应用

以乙醇为介质,用三乙胺、环氧氯丙烷和松香合成阳离子松香型乳化剂,用该乳化剂与阳离子和非离子表面活性剂复配作为乳化剂,采用常压逆转法可以制得性能稳定的阳离子分散松香胶。该施胶剂用于MOW脱墨浆时,在施胶剂用量1.5%、硫酸铝用量1.5%、pH值小于7时,具有较理想的施胶效果,能够实现近中性施胶,但对纸页的物理强度(抗张强度、撕裂强度、耐破度)有一定的负面影响。