基于EMD和Multi-fractal spectrum的BP水机故障诊断

为了准确判断水轮机组的故障,提高水轮机组诊断的精确性,建立了EMD-Multi-fractal spectrum和改进BP神经网络相结合的机组振动故障诊断模型.选取水轮发电机组不同工况下的轴系正常、轴承油膜涡动、转子部件不平衡、转子不对中等状态,采集各状态下的振动信号.经过经验模态分解得到振动信号波各种故障信号的EMD分量,根据信号波形趋势图由EMD系数提取出波形样本,再由多重分形谱算法提取波形样本的特征值alpha(q),f(q),将该特征向量作为BP神经网络的输入进行分类识别.将训练好的神经网络应用于全部样本,得到测试正确率为100%.该模型用波形提取信号特征代替了传统的频谱特性,并结合先进的多重分形谱进行诊断识别,为水轮发电机组故障诊断提供了一种新的思路.应用信号采集于水电厂运行的水轮机,根据诊断的结果对轴系各个部件进行局部校正,通过检测发现振动和摆度都大大减弱.该方法提高了检测精度,增强了人机交互性,具有重要的理论意义和实用价值.

Metallogenic mechanism of Pingguo bauxite deposit,western Guangxi,China:Constraints from REE geochemistry and multi-fractal characteristics of major elements in bauxite ore

Major and REE geochemistry and multi-fractal analysis of two types of bauxite(primary bauxite and accumulated bauxite) ores were studied in Pingguo bauxite orefield in western Guangxi,China.The results of geochemical data show that the accumulated bauxite has a feature of high Al_2O_3 whereas relative low Fe_2O_3 and SiO_2 contents compared to the primary bauxite.The similar chondrite-normalized rare earth element(REE) patterns illustrate that they have a cognate relationship.However,the negative Ce anomalies of primary bauxite and positive Ce anomalies of accumulated bauxite indicate that the ore-forming system changed from reducing environment to oxidation environment.The results of multi-fractal spectrum and parameters of Al_2O_3,Fe_2O_3 and SiO_2 between primary bauxite and accumulated bauxite show that the distinct multi-fractal spectrum parameters reflect the different grade distribution between accumulated and primary bauxite ores.Metallogenic process from primary bauxite to accumulated bauxite is accompanied by the loss of diffluent elements(e.g.,Si and S) and enrichment of stable elements(e.g.,Al and Fe) in the surface environment.Among the rest,the migration mechanism of iron during the evolutionary process from primary ore to accumulated ore can be described as combined leaching and chemical weathering action with participation of sulfur.

The geochemical multi-fractal characteristics and mineralization of the Dehelongwa copper-gold deposit

The spatial distribution of ore-forming elements is the result of interaction and influence among multiple factors in the process of mineralization, and is the specific embodiment of non-linearity and coupling of mineralization. The fractal theory has such functions as to characterize non-lineariry and coupling, and can find out the deterministic law from the complicated coupling process. The primary geochemical fractal distribution of metallogenic elements such as Cu and Au possesses the characteristics of multi-fractal distribution in the Dehelongwa copper-gold deposit. Copper follows 2-d fractal distribution, and Au follows 3- or 4-d fractal distribution. The primary geochemical fractal distribution has a certain similarity on the same prospecting line, and this similarity is not obvious among different prospecting lines. The secondary geochemical fractal distribution of Cu and Au is higher in similarity, and simpler than the primary geochemical fractal distribution. These results show that the mineralization of Cu and Au is out of sync and also is inconsistent in this deposit, and the mineralization of Cu mainly experienced two mineralization stages, while the mineralization of Au experienced three to four mineralization stages. Besides the mineralization of Cu and Au shows a certain direction and along the strike of vertical orebodies it is relatively balanced. While along the strike of the ore bodies the mineralization of Cu and Au shows a significant difference. The hypergenic geologic process has a certain effect on the balance of spatial distribution of Cu and Au. From these it can be seen that the mineralization process of this deposit is well characterized by the geochemical fractal distribution of Cu and Au.

The minimal spanning tree method for calculating seismic multi-fractal

There are many methods to calculate seismic fractal at present. However, there are still more or less questions to every method. In this paper, we introduce a new way to calculate seismic fractal-the minimal spanning tree. We make an important improvement for this method. By studying some seismic events of four regions including Wushi, Wusu, Tangshan and Haicheng, we obtain that before the strong earthquake occurrence, the multi-fractal spectrum of the space-time distribution of earthquakes changes from centralized to loose. The result shows that the complexity of fractal structure and the inhomogeneity of the space-time distribution of earthquakes are both increasing. By studying the numerical simulation of point sets, we draw the conclusion that the physical essence of multi-fractal spectrums before and after a strong earthquake occurrence is a changing process from homogeneous to inhomogeneous, from simple to complex.

Multi-scale Fractal Characteristics of Atmospheric Boundary-Layer Turbulence

The turbulence data are decomposed to multi-scales and its respective fractal dimensions are computed. The conclusions are drawn from investigating the variation of fractal dimensions. With the level of decomposition increasing, the low-frequency part extracted from the turbulence signals tends to be simple and smooth, the dimensions decrease; the high-frequency part shows complex, the dimensions are fixed, about 1.70 on the average, which indicates clear self-similarity characteristics.

The Precision Estimate of Multi-Fractal Methods of Time Sequence of Earthquakes

At present,there are many methods of calculating seismic time-fractal.However,there isn’t aquantitative result about the precision of every method.So,in this Paper,we use the digitalimitation of theoretic model to solve precision estimate problems of calculating the precision ofone dimension distribution of theoretic models with Cantor multi-fractal set,we obtained someresults as follows:(1)There exists many problems such as rules,numbers of samples,basicpoint selection,the diffence resulted from different methods and so on.(2)The fixed-massmethod(MAS)and the minimal spanning tree method(MST)can give good structure charac-teristics with different q value,while the counting-boxes method can’t.And the error of thefixed-radius method(RAD)in the range of-q is too big.(3)There are scale problems of rulesfor multi-fractal,it is objective reflection for non-rule area.(4)MST has the boundary prob-lem,while MAS and RAD don’t.(5)With increasing sample number,the precision of allfractal-dimension values

Multi-range Fractals in Materials

A new model of multi-range fractals is proposed to explain the experimental results observed on the fractal dimensions of the fracture surfaces in materials.The relationship of multi-range fractals with multi-scaling fractals has been also discussed.

The Multi-Fractal Singularity Value Decomposition and Its Application in Extraction of Gravity Anomaly Associated with Gold Mineralization in Tongshi Gold Field

Because of the complication of geological procedures,the recorded data have the feature of nonlinear.The multi-fractal singularity value decomposition (MSVD) was used to decomposed the gravity data.In this paper,the MSVD was utilized to extract the gravity anomaly associated with the gold mineralization in Tongshi gold field in the southwest of Shandong province.The results showed that the Tongshi complex with negative circular gravity anomaly is an important ore-controlling factor.And the positive ring gravity anomaly distributed

STUDY ON MULTI-RANGE FRACTALS IN FRACTURED SURFACE OF ROCK

Some profile of a rock section and some isopleth of a fractured surface of the rock were divided each into three parts. Then three parts were measured by dividers method and lattice method. It was discovered that the fractal dimensions of the three parts were remarkably different, so the fractured surface of rock was not simple fractal but multi range fractals.

Multi-Fractal Characteristics of Daily Runoff Series of Weihe River Watershed

Application of fractal theory on the evolution of nonlinear study of the hydrological system, which found its internal rules from the complex hydrologic system, could make us more fully understand the hydrodynamic characteristics of the complex motion of this system. Taking Weihe River as study area, this paper analyzes daily runoff series’ multi-fractal character and relative fluctuation feature by using the De-trended Fluctuation Analysis (DFA) method. Result shows that the daily runoff series of main channel and branches of Weihe river all shows multi-fractal characteristics clearly, and the turns of multi-fractal intensity of daily runoff series in Weihe river are: Xianyang station (1.388) > Yingge station (0.697) > Linjiacun station (0.665) > Zhangjiashan station (0.662) > Zhuangtou station (0.635). Rainfall, evaporation, water income and human activity and other factors affect the fluctuation character and multi-fractal intensity of daily runoff series through these factors’ superimposition and pining down mutually. This study could provide a theoretical supply for obtaining the quantitative indicators on multi-fractal characteristics about eco-environment situation of watershed, and for runoff forecasting.

Application of long-range correlation and multi-fractal analysis for the depiction of drought risk

By using the multi-fractal detrended fluctuation analysis method, we analyze the nonlinear property of drought in southwestern China. The results indicate that the occurrence of drought in southwestern China is multi-fractal and long- range correlated, and these properties are indifferent to timescales. A power-law decay distribution well describes the return interval of drought events and the auto-correlation. Furthermore, a drought risk exponent based on the multi-fractal property and the long-range correlation is presented. This risk exponent can give useful information about whether the drought may or may not occur in future, and provide a guidance function for preventing disasters and reducing damage.

Distinction of self-synchronous scrambled linear blockcodes based on multi-fractal spectrum

This study proposes a novel multi-fractal spectrumbasedapproach to distinguish linear block codes from its selfsynchronousscrambled codes. Given that the linear block codeand self-synchronous scrambled linear block code share the propertyof linear correlation, the existing linear correlation-basedidentification method is invalid for this case. This drawback can becircumvented by introducing a novel multi-fractal spectrum-basedmethod. Simulation results show that the new method has highrobustness and under the same conditions of bit error, the lowerthe code rate, the higher the recognition rate. Thus, the methodhas significant potential for future application in engineering.

Multiband Monopole Antenna with Sector-Nested Fractal

A kind of novel multi-frequency monopole antenna with sector-nested fractal is proposed and designed, which is nested with a series of similar circular sector elements. By means of the trapeziform ground plane with the tapered CPW (coplanar waveguide) feeder in the middle, the antenna’s radiation performance is greatly improved. The antennas can synchronously operate in three frequencies, covering the working frequency bands of WLAN/WiMAX, 2.44 GHz/3.5 GHz/5.2 GHz - 5.8 GHz. The pattern and impedance measurements of antenna show a good performance over the WLAN/WiMAX band;it possesses a near omni-directional characteristic and good radiation efficiency. Moreover, the antenna is miniature and its design idea can be easily applied into other types of nested structure, the features of which make the proposed antenna have a promising application in other fields.

煤孔裂隙多尺度表征及其对渗透率的影响分析——以中国14个大型煤炭基地为例

为探究煤体不同尺度孔裂隙特征及其对渗透率的影响,从我国14个大型煤炭基地分别取样,进行氮气吸附、压汞和CT实验,并将CT扫描后的煤样进行渗流实验。结果表明,各煤样中微孔和过渡孔多为封闭孔,连通性差,不利于渗流的进行。r=10 nm和r=100μm的孔裂隙体积占比相对较大,贡献了煤体大部分孔隙率,S2和S3中的大尺度平行板孔隙为渗流提供了充足的空间。通过划分3种实验表征的优势孔径段,提出了综合表征孔隙率和分形维数的方法,得到各煤样的孔隙率范围为1.62%~11.60%,分形维数范围为2.29~2.78。煤样渗透率在0.0002×10^(-15)~0.6525×10^(-15)m^(2)之间,以中低渗为主。r<50 nm、50 nm≤r≤8.5μm和r>8.5μm的孔隙率分量与渗透率的关系分别为y=0.2741x-0.0781、y=0.0674x+0.0237和y=0.0039x^(2.5986),其中r>8.5μm的孔隙率分量与渗透率的相关性最强。相对于氮气吸附和压汞实验,CT实验更适用于分析孔裂隙结构对水渗的影响。

Analysis of Multi-Scale Fractal Dimension for Image Interpolation

This article presents a novel image interpolation based on rational fractal fimction. The rational function has a simple and explicit expression. At the same time, the fi＇actal interpolation surface can be defined by proper parameters. In this paper, we used the method of ＇covering blanket＇ combined with multi-scale analysis; the threshold is selected based on the multi-scale analysis. Selecting different parameters in the rational function model, the texture regions and smooth regions are interpolated by rational fractal interpolation and rational interpolation respectively. Experimental results on benchmark test images demonstrate that the proposed method achieves very competitive performance compared with the state-of-the-art interpolation algorithms, especially in image details and texture features.

基于Hurst指数的严重段塞流多尺度分形特性

基于多尺度方法和Hurst分析方法,分析了严重段塞流的多尺度结构及其非线性特征。以空气、水两相混合物作为实验介质,利用高速数据采集板获得了集输立管内气液两相严重段塞流的压差波动信号。使用db4小波在1~8尺度下对压差信号进行分解和重构,提取不同尺度的系统动力学特征,发现严重段塞流气液喷发和液体回落的瞬态过程主要体现在d5~d8尺度的细节信号上。通过对压差波动信号不同尺度下的分解信号进行Hurst指数分析,发现严重段塞流存在显著的双分形特征,同时受正持久性和反持久性两种动力学因素的制约,但概貌分量和细节分量表现出截然相反的分形结构,概貌分量具有正持久性,而细节分量具有反持久性。d1尺度下的细节分量描述了微尺度的气泡与气泡之间的相互作用;d2~d5尺度下的细节分量描述了微尺度的液体与气泡之间的相互作用;d6~d8尺度下的细节分量描述了宏尺度的气液两相与管壁之间的相互作用。压差波动信号的能量主要分布于宏尺度上。

基于数字露头的多尺度裂缝模型建立及其对地下裂缝预测指导

塔里木盆地台盆区发育大面积的深层碳酸盐岩油气藏,构造裂缝是深层碳酸盐岩油气藏重要的储层渗流通道和储集空间,但受多种地质因素的影响其分布具有强烈的非均质性,目前无一套有效的技术方法解决储层多尺度裂缝定量化表征的难题。利用数字露头技术,建立露头区三维数字模型,并在此基础上开展露头裂缝识别及裂缝参数的定量描述。基于露头裂缝研究成果,对于不同尺度裂缝的发育特点采用不同的建模方法,针对大、中尺度裂缝,分别采用确定性建模方法和基于分维理论的优化融合建模方法;面对小尺度裂缝建模复杂的难题,利用多元信息融合方法融合断层走向模型、距断层距离模型以及地层构造曲率模型建立小尺度裂缝综合发育概率体,以裂缝综合发育概率体为约束,多元数据协同模拟构建小尺度裂缝网络模型。结果表明:在同一网格体系下,将多尺度裂缝模型及构造模型叠加获得露头原型地质模型。将露头原型地质模型研究成果应用于塔里木盆地跃满地区地下储层裂缝建模中,分尺度描述了裂缝产状、密度等主要建模参数,确定了裂缝发育主控因素,并结合井点裂缝分析成果,构建了储层多尺度裂缝网络模型,与单井裂缝解释、生产资料吻合度较好。实例研究表明露头原型地质模型研究成果可以为地下储层裂缝建模提供重要的研究思路和地质依据。

鄂尔多斯盆地延长组长72油层组陆相页岩纹层及裂缝分布特征的量化表征

为明确鄂尔多斯盆地延长组陆相页岩纹层及裂缝分布特征,运用高清摄像、超景深显微镜、IPP软件、分形几何学、蒙特卡罗模拟等多种手段对长72油层组陆相页岩试样纹层及裂缝进行了观测和表征。划分了亮色和暗色纹层两种类型,并通过XRD实验对亮色和暗色纹层矿物组分进行了比较。分别统计了亮色和暗色纹层在宏观、放大20倍和50倍三种观测尺度下的纹层厚度分布规律,分析了不同厚度级(1 mm以下、1~10 mm和10 mm以上)纹层平均厚度的分布规律。表征了裂缝宽度、间距和倾角的分布特征,并结合不同类型纹层分布规律,建立了陆相页岩二维细观结构模型。研究结果表明:(1)亮色纹层中矿物类型以石英、长石等脆性矿物(80%)为主,暗色纹层主要由40%的脆性矿物和40%的黏土矿物组成。(2)陆相页岩总纹层厚度与数量拟合满足指数函数关系,亮色纹层厚度与数量拟合满足幂函数关系,暗色纹层厚度与数量拟合满足对数函数关系。(3)随着观测尺度增大,薄纹层(1 mm以下)出现频率增高,中等纹层(1~10 mm)和厚纹层(10 mm以上)出现频率均降低,且不同类型纹层厚度级与相应纹层平均厚度的对数值间呈现出线性关系,纹层厚度分布具有分形特征。(4)裂缝宽度分布在细观尺度范围内,宽度均值和标准差分别为0.271 mm和0.114 mm,分布较集中,裂缝间距的均值和标准差为8.115 mm和8.448 mm,分布较均匀,裂缝倾角的绝对值与数量拟合满足对数函数。相关研究成果可为纹层状陆相页岩的地质结构模型建立提供基础数据和方法参考。

Fractal and its application to sedimentology

In the paper,the foundation,development,basic conception and general characteristics of fractal and the calculating method of the fractional dimension are expounded briefly, and the current situation and prospect of the fractal application in sedimentology are discussed stressly. Both sedimentary process and sedimentary record behave the fractal feature of the self similarity structure. External form and internal texture of the sediments and the distribution of the grain size of the sediments are of fractal feature very well, and the size of the fractional dimension is the quantitative index of the complexity of the background when they are formed. The further analysis on the multi fractal feature of the sedimentary body is the base of the fractal simulation and forecast, and it is the key of the application of the fractal theory to sedimentology.