Single Point Positioning with Sequential Least-Squares Filter and Estimated Real-Time Stochastic Model

To obtain higher accurate position estimates, the stochastic model is estimated by using residual of observations, hence, the stochastic model describes the noise and bias in measurements more realistically. By using GPS data and broadcast ephemeris, the numerical results indicating the accurate position estimates at sub-meter level are obtainable.

Single Point Positioning Using GPS, GLONASS and BeiDou Satellites

This paper introduces the Chinese BeiDou satellite system and its comparison with the actual completed American GPS and the Russian GLONASS systems. The actual BeiDou system consists of 14 satellites covering totally the Asia-Pacific area. A Single Point Positioning (SPP) test has been realised in Changsha, Hunan province, China, to show the advantage of using combined pseudorange solutions from these 3 satellite navigation systems especially in obstructed sites. The test shows that, with an elevation mask angle of 10°, the accuracy is improved by about 20% in horizontal coordinates and nearly 50% in the vertical component using the simultaneous observations of the 3 systems compared to the GPS/GLONASS solution. For the processing with an elevation mask angle of 30°, most of the time less than 4 GPS satellites were available for the GPS-only case and no solution was possible. However, in this difficult situation, the combined GPS/GLONASS/ BeiDou solutions provided an accuracy (rms values) of about 5 m.

On ionosphere-delay processing methods for single-frequency precise-point positioning

In single-frequency precise-point positioning of a satellite,ionosphere delay is one of the most important factors impacting the accuracy. Because of the instability of the ionosphere and uncertainty of its physical properties, the positioning accuracy is seriously limited when using a precision-limited model for correction. In order to reduce the error, we propose to introduce some ionosphere parameter for real-time ionosphere-delay estimation by applying various mapping functions. Through calculation with data from the IGS（ International GPS Service） tracking station and comparison among results of using several different models and mapping functions, the feasibility and effectiveness of the new method are verified.

An ERA5 tropospheric parameters-augmented approach for improving GNSS precise point positioning

Precise Point Positioning(PPP) technology has developed into a potent instrument for geodetic positioning, ionospheric modeling, tropospheric atmospheric parameter detection, and seismic monitoring.As atmospheric reanalysis data products’ accuracy and spatiotemporal resolution have improved recently, it has become important to apply these products to obtain high-accuracy tropospheric delay parameters, like zenith tropospheric delay(ZTD) and tropospheric horizontal gradient. These tropospheric delay parameters can be applied to PPP to reduce the convergence time and to increase the accuracy in the vertical direction of the position. The European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts Reanalysis 5(ERA5) atmospheric reanalysis data is the latest product with a high spatiotemporal resolution released by the European Center for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts(ECMWF). Only a few researches have evaluated the application of ERA5 data to Global Navigation Satellite System(GNSS)PPP. Therefore, this study compared and validated the ZTD products derived from ERA5 data using ZTD values provided by 290 global International GNSS Service(IGS) stations for 2016-2017. The results indicated a stable performance for ZTD, with annual average bias and RMS values of 0.23 cm and 1.09 cm,respectively. Further, GNSS observations for one week in each of the four seasons(spring: DOY 92-98;summer: DOY 199-205;autumn: DOY 275-281;and winter: DOY 22-28) from 34 multi-GNSS experiments(MGEX) stations distributed globally in 2016 were considered to evaluate the performance of ERA5-derived tropospheric delay products in GNSS PPP. The performance of ERA5-enhanced PPP was compared with that of the two standard GNSS PPP schemes(without estimated tropospheric horizontal gradient and with estimated tropospheric horizontal gradient). The results demonstrated that ERA5-enhanced GNSS PPP showed no significant improvement in the convergence times in both the Eastern(E) and Northern(N) directions, while the average convergence time over four weeks in the vertical(U)direction improved by 53.3% and 52.7%, respectively(in the case of pngm station). The average convergence times for each week in the U direction of the northern and southern hemisphere stations indicated a decrease of 16.3%, 12.6%, 9.6%, and 9.1%, and 16.9%, 9.6%, 8.9%, and 14.5%, respectively.Regarding positioning accuracy, ERA5-enhanced PPP showed an improvement of 13.3% and 16.2% over the two standard PPP schemes in the U direction, respectively. No significant improvement in the positioning performance was observed in both the E and N directions. Thus, this study demonstrated the potential application of the ERA5 tropospheric parameters-augmented approach to Beidou navigation and positioning.

Comparison of availability and reliability among different combined-GNSS/RNSS precise point positioning

With emergence of the BeiDou Navigation Satellite System(BDS), the Galileo Satellite Navigation System(Galileo), the Quasi-Zenith Satellite System(QZSS)and the restoration of the Global Navigation Satellite System(GLONASS), the single Global Positioning System(GPS) has been gradually expanded into multiple global and regional navigation satellite systems(multi-GNSS/RNSS). In view of differences in these 5 systems, a consolidated multi-GNSS/RNSS precise point positioning(PPP) observation model is deduced in this contribution. In addition, the performance evaluation of PPP for multi-GNSS/RNSS is conducted using a large number of the multi-GNSS experiment(MGEX) station datasets. Experimental results show that multi-GNSS/RNSS can guarantee plenty of visible satellites effectively. Compared with single-system GPS, PDOP, HDOP, and VDOP values of the multi-GNSS/RNSS are improved by 46.8%, 46.5% and 46.3%, respectively. As for convergence time, the static and kinematic PPP of multi-GNSS/RNSS are superior to that of the single-system GPS, whose reliability, availability, and stability drop sharply with the increasing elevation cutoff. At satellite elevation cutoff of 40 °, the single-system GPS fails to carry out continuous positioning because of the insufficient visible satellites, while the multi-GNSS/RNSS PPP can still get positioning solutions with relatively high accuracy, especially in the horizontal direction.

Modeling and Prediction of Inter-System Bias for GPS/BDS-2/BDS-3 Combined Precision Point Positioning

The combination of Precision Point Positioning(PPP)with Multi-Global Navigation Satellite System(MultiGNSS),called MGPPP,can improve the positioning precision and shorten the convergence time more effectively than the combination of PPP with only the BeiDou Navigation Satellite System(BDS).However,the Inter-System Bias(ISB)measurement of Multi-GNSS,including the time system offset,the coordinate system difference,and the inter-system hardware delay bias,must be considered for Multi-GNSS data fusion processing.The detected ISB can be well modeled and predicted by using a quadratic model(QM),an autoregressive integrated moving average model(ARIMA),as well as the sliding window strategy(SW).In this study,the experimental results indicate that there is no apparent difference in the ISB between BDS-2 and BDS-3 observations if B1I/B3I signals are used.However,an obvious difference in ISB can be found between BDS-2 and BDS-3 observations if B1I/B3I and B1C/B2a signals are used.Meanwhile,the precision of the Predicted ISB(PISB)on the next day of all stations is about 0.1−0.6 ns.Besides,to effectively utilize the PISB,a new strategy for predicting the PISB for MGPPP is proposed.In the proposed strategy,the PISB is used by adding two virtual observation equations,and an adaptive factor is adopted to balance the contribution of the Observed ISB(OISB)and the PISB to the final estimations of ISB.To validate the effectiveness of the proposed method,some experimental schemes are designed and tested under different satellite availability conditions.The results indicate that in open sky environment,the selective utilization of the PISB achieves almost the same positioning precision of MGPPP as the direct utilization of the PISB,but the convergence time of MGPPP is reduced by 7.1%at most in the north(N),east(E),and up(U)components.In the blocked sky environment,the selective utilization of the PISB contributes to more significant improvement of the positioning precision and convergence time than that in the open sky environment.Compared with the direct utilization of the PISB,the selective utilization of the PISB improves the positioning precision and convergence time by 6.7%and 12.7%at most in the N,E,and U components,respectively.

Stochastic Analysis of Low-Cost Single-Frequency GPS Receivers

Typically, dual-frequency geodetic grade GNSS receivers are utilized for positioning applications that require high accuracy. Single-frequency high grade receivers can be used to minimize the expenses of such dual-frequency receivers. However, user has to consider the resultant positioning accuracy. Since the evolution of low-cost single-frequency (LCSF) receivers is typically cheaper than single-frequency high grade receivers, it is possible to obtain comparable positioning accuracy if the corresponding observables are accurately modelled. In this paper, two LCSF GPS receivers are used to form short baseline. Raw GPS measurements are recorded for several consecutive days. The collected data are used to develop the stochastic model of GPS observables from such receivers. Different functions are tested to determine the best fitting model which is found to be 3 parameters exponential decay function. The new developed model is used to process different data sets and the results are compared against the traditional model. Both results from the newly developed and the traditional models are compared with the reference solution obtained from dual-frequency receiver. It is shown that the newly developed model improves the root-mean-square of the estimated horizontal coordinates by about 10% and improves the root-mean-square of the up component by about 39%.

Integrity monitoring scheme for single-epoch GNSS PPP-RTK positioning

Integrity monitoring for precise point positioning is critical for safety-related applications.With the increasing demands of high-accuracy autonomous navigation for unmanned ground and aerial vehicles,the integrity monitoring method of high-precision positioning has become an essential requirement.While high precision Global Navigation Satellite Systems(GNSS)positioning is widely used in such applications,there are still many difculties in the integrity monitoring method for the multi-frequency multi-GNSS undiferenced and uncombined Precise Point Positioning(PPP).The main difculties are caused by using the measurements of multiple epochs in PPP.Based on the baseline Multiple Hypothesis Solution Separation(MHSS)Advanced Receiver Autonomous Integrity Monitoring(ARAIM)algorithm,this paper discusses the feasibility of the pseudorange-based baseline ARAIM method on the single-epoch PPP based on Real-Time Kinematic(RTK)networks(PPP-RTK)framework to overcome these difculties.In addition,a new scheme is proposed to transfer the conventional PPP process into the single-epoch PPP-RTK framework.The simulation results using the proposed model are analyzed in this study.The Protection Levels(PLs)estimated by PPP Wide-lane Ambiguity Resolution(PPP-WAR)model with regional corrections can reach the meter level and the PLs estimated by PPP Ambiguity Resolution(PPP-AR)and PPP-RTK models are usually the sub-meter level.Given a horizontal Alert Limit(AL)of 1.5 m,the global coverage of availability above 99.9%for PPP-WAR,PPP-AR,and PPP-RTK can reach 92.6%,99.4%,and 99.7%respectively.The results using real kinematic data also show that tight PLs can be achieved when the observation conditions are good.

基于城市CORS的快速单点定位增强服务与应用

智慧城市建设中CORS位置服务的海量、隐私及高可靠性成为重要发展趋势。本文介绍了基于PPP-RTK技术体系的城市CORS增强定位服务,推导了城市CORS增强精密单点定位的公式,给出了城市CORS增强定位参数的可估形式及其在用户端的适用方法。结合广州CORS实时数据,验证了PPP-RTK服务的有效性。试验表明PPP-RTK用户端平面首历元即可收敛到厘米级,高程7个历元左右可收敛到厘米级,并且PPP-RTK增强定位参数SSR2OSR与短基线RTK性能大体相当,可支撑海量用户的监测需求。车载试验全程保持优于0.5 m车道级的三维精度,表明PPP-RTK定位能够满足多元化高可靠性定位。

低成本GNSS终端多普勒平滑伪距定位算法

随着低成本全球卫星定位(GNSS)终端硬件性能的不断提升,其在定位领域的应用也更加广泛,然而低成本GNSS终端在数据采集中常受观测环境的影响,使得载波相位观测值的高精度定位较为困难。伪距定位算法因其定位模型简单且实时性好的优势被广泛使用,因此本文利用多普勒平滑伪距方法,充分利用了多普勒观测值的作用,通过多普勒平滑伪距噪声来提升观测值的测量精度,利用多普勒平滑伪距模型对静态与多种动态环境下的平滑效果进行测试和分析。实验结果表明:在静态情况下,采用多普勒平滑伪距算法,伪距单点定位与伪距实时差分定位模型定位中平面精度较平滑之前分别提高了25%与31%;在动态环境下,有遮挡动态实验其精度提升30%以上,空旷情况下定位精度提升15%以上,快速运动过程中其提升能达到20%左右。表明通过多普勒平滑伪距算法可以显著提高低成本GNSS终端的定位精度。

六大定位系统在本土范围内定位性能对比分析

随着全球各领域对导航定位技术需求的日益增加,针对当前可用卫星导航定位系统在各自本土范围内定位性能问题,本文基于多测站数据,使用单频单点定位技术,初步评估了BDS-3、GPS、Galileo、GLONASS、QZSS、IRNSS在各自本土范围内多频伪距单点定位性能。实验结果表明,BDS-3在中国境内卫星可见数最多、PDOP值最低,GPS、Galileo、GLONASS卫星可见数和PDOP值相近,QZSS和IRNSS相对较差。BDS-3五个频率、GPS系统L1频率和L2频率、Galileo系统除E6频率外伪距单点定位精度最优,水平定位精度优于1 m,高程定位精度优于2 m,其次为G1频率,水平定位精度优于2 m,高程定位精度优于3 m,其余频率伪距单点定位精度略差。研究结果可以为今后选择哪种系统进行定位提供实际参考意见。

北斗系统GEO卫星伪距多路径误差改正

北斗系统地球静止轨道(GEO)卫星因相对于地面近似静止,其多路径误差相对于其他类型较为严重,且表现出系统波动现象。为提升定位精度,本文在GEO卫星伪距多路径误差特征研究的基础上,采用奇异谱分析方法对其进行修正,并通过伪距单点定位(SPP)验证伪距多路径误差修正效果。选取测站CUT0连续10d的静态观测数据进行修正试验。研究发现,GEO卫星伪距多路径误差序列表现出较强的天重复性,且多路径误差中的系统误差项越大,重复性也越强;在运用奇异谱分析方法修正GEO卫星伪距多路径误差各系统误差项后,多路径组合(MP)观测值和SPP的定位精度均有一定程度提升。

南海油气田在位FPSO限位方案设计

南海海上浮式生产储油轮(FPSO)定位型式均采用单点系泊系统,近年来偶尔出现系泊锚缆零件损坏,为了消除安全隐患,需要对FPSO限位情况下进行海上维修。以更换海洋石油 118FPSO的单点锚缆零件为例,基于限位作业条件,计算分析限位载荷,确定限位拖轮,设计了动态限位方案,并提出风险控制的提升措施,实践证明限位方案的可靠性和安全性。

远海环境低成本RTK接收机多路径效应与平滑伪距单点定位性能

低成本RTK接收机抗多路径性能较弱,导致远海环境中的单点定位性能显著下降。综合分析远海环境中载波相位平滑抑径算法对低成本RTK接收机单点定位性能的影响。结果表明,远海环境中RTK接收机的多路径效应为陆地环境的2~3倍,E5频点的抗多路径性能最强;平滑抑径效果与伪距多路径效应大小有关,采用平滑抑径算法后,RTK接收机SPP定位精度在远海环境提升62%,在陆地环境提升24%;平滑抑径后GPS/Galileo/BDS-3多系统SPP定位精度优于1 m,可满足海上较精细作业的需求。

在位FPSO限位维修方案设计和作业风险监控

南海浮式生产储卸油装置(FPSO)均采用单点系泊系统,基于生产和维修需要,为消除安全隐患,在海上维修FPSO。以更换海洋石油118FPSO的单点锚缆零件为例,基于限位作业条件,计算限位荷载,确定限位拖轮,设计动态限位方案,提出风险控制的提升措施。实践证明,限位方案具有可靠性和安全性。

基于Kalman滤波的实时电离层产品综合及精度分析

为了进一步研究实时全球电离层图(RT-GIM)产品在全球卫星导航系统(GNSS)实时精密定位、实时空间天气监测等领域中的应用,提出一种卡尔曼(Kalman)滤波结合球谐函数模型的实时电离层产品综合方法:对中国科学院(CAS)、武汉大学(WHU)以及国际GNSS服务组织(IGS)综合RT-GIM产品精度和可用性进行评估;并综合所评估的实时状态空间表述(SSR)数据流产品及欧洲定轨中心(CODE)电离层预报产品,分别生成实时综合产品(KRT-GIM)及预报综合产品(KPR-GIM)。实验结果表明,KRT-GIM可有效避免单一实时电离层产品数据流中断影响,与CAS RTGIM产品相比,综合后重建的垂直总电子含量(VTEC)估值精度平均绝对误差和均方根误差分别降低0.29个和0.38个总电子含量单位(TECU);与IGS RT-GIM相比,KRT-GIM在太阳活动活跃期实时单频精密单点定位的平面和高程方向定位精度分别提升13.9%和7.7%;在太阳活动平静期,KPR-GIM产品与IGS RT-GIM产品的精度较为接近,可用于实时数据流全部中断时为实时用户提供电离层产品连续服务。

GPS/BDS组合导航系统的精密单点定位模型

为了改善单卫星导航系统由于卫星数量较少,导致定位误差高的问题,设计全球定位系统(GPS)/北斗卫星导航系统(BDS)组合导航系统的精密单点定位模型:线性组合处理GPS与BDS的伪距和载波相位观测值,并构建GPS/BDS组合导航系统的组合观测值;接下来利用协方差成形自适应卡尔曼滤波方法,对组合导航系统导航过程中的卫星钟差、电离层延迟等误差实施滤波;再利用滤波处理后组合导航系统的广播星历,获取卫星轨道以及钟差;然后利用经验模型修正对流层延迟,获取相位观测值与伪距的综合改正数;最后利用综合改正数修正组合导航系统的观测方程,构建精密单点定位模型。实验结果表明,GPS/BDS组合导航系统采用所构建模型进行精密单点定位,不同方向定位误差均低于10 cm,证明了提出模型的有效性。

BDS-3不同频点双频组合伪距单点定位性能分析

北斗卫星导航系统(BDS)在进行双频单点定位时通常固定使用B1I和B3I频点组合。为充分探究BDS-3系统的定位潜力,针对BDS-3不同频点双频伪距单点定位(SPP)性能展开研究。推导了卫星差分码偏差(DCB)改正公式,并建立了BDS-3任意双频组合SPP数学模型。利用全球35个多模GNSS实验(MGEX)跟踪站121 d的实测数据,采用改进的RTKLIB软件进行了全球范围内BDS-3双频无电离层组合SPP解算实验。首先,对BDS-3的6种频点信号质量进行了全面评估,包括信噪比、多路径效应和数据可用率等指标。其次,对基于DCB改正的14种BDS-3双频伪距组合进行了性能对比。研究发现,在多路径误差、信噪比及数据完整率等多项指标上,B2ab信号质量最高,B2b与B2a其次,B3I与B1C次之,B1I表现较差。在BDS-3的14种不同双频组合SPP性能比较中,基于DCB改正的定位精度明显优于未加DCB改正的情况。DCB改正相对未改正可以将三维精度由14.9~31.2 m显著减小到1.7~15.5 m。受无电离层双频组合模型噪声放大系数的影响,最优组合为B1C&B2a,最差组合为B2a&B2ab,两者数值分别为1.7 m与15.5 m。以上结论可以为BDS-3伪距定位在车载导航等方面的应用提供参考。

基于GNSS精密单点定位和相对定位的天津港验潮站VLM信息获取与分析

GNSS技术是用于VLM信息获取的常见且重要手段,本文列举了天津港两个验潮站通过PPP和基线解决方案的GNSS观测数据。结果表明,精密单点定位的结果较相对定位结果误差稍大,但能得到独立的计算结果,两者解算得到的VLM信息在两个测站都是一致的。因此在使用GNSS获取VLM信息时,两种结束应同时使用并进行结果比较,则可得到更为可信的监测结果。

GNSS导航定位在石油物探中的应用探讨

在石油物探中,RTK测量方式一直是卫星导航定位的主要测量方式,但随着物探采集高效作业和勘探地形的复杂,RTK测量方式已影响到物探采集高效作业。GNSS伪距单点定位、PPK的应用,为石油物探的导航定位提供了一种全新的方式。为此本文详细介绍了北斗卫星导航系统以及北斗三号新增功能,将石油物探测量分离为放样和测量,重点介绍伪距单点定位的导航精度,通过原理和大量的数据验证了GNSS伪距单点定位的导航精度可用于石油物探物理点的放样。提出PPK+技术,采用伪距单点定位和北斗PPP-B2b作为物理点放样方式,PPK作为物理点测量方式。