UPPER BOUND METHOD FOR SINTERED POWDER MATERIALS IN PLANE STRAIN

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Prediction of central bursting defects in rod extrusion process with upper bound analysis method

The prediction of central bursting defects in the rod extrusion process through conical dies using the upper bound analysisis investigated. A kinematically admissible velocity field, including the radial and angular velocity components, is proposed. A newcriterion is presented to predict the occurrence of the central bursting defects. Parameter bobt, which represents the risk probability ofcracking, is proposed. It is calculated using the shape of the boundary at the entrance by minimizing the total power dissipationduring the extrusion process. When bobt is equal to or greater than bcr, central bursting occurs. Furthermore, the quantitativerelationships between central bursting defects and process parameters （semi die angle, reduction in area and frictional factor） arestudied. The results show that the central bursting defects are affected primarily by the reduction in area and the friction factor. Thepresented criterion is verified by comparing with the FEM simulation data and the results of the published paper.

The study of slip line field and upper bound method based on associated flow and non-associated flow rules

At present, associated flow rule of traditional plastic theory is adopted in the slip line field theory and upper bound method of geotechnical materials. So the stress characteristic line conforms to the velocity line. It is proved that geotechnical materials do not abide by the associated flow rule. It is impossible for the stress characteristic line to conform to the velocity line. Generalized plastic mechanics theoretically proved that plastic potential surface intersects the Mohr-Coulomb yield surface with an angle, so that the velocity line must be studied by non-associated flow rule. According to limit analysis theory, the theory of slip line field is put forward in this paper, and then the ultimate beating capacity of strip footing is obtained based on the associated flow rule and the non-associated flow nile individually. These two results are identical since the ultimate bearing capacity is independent of flow role. On the contrary, the velocity fields of associated and non-associated flow rules are different which shows the velocity field based on the associat- ed flow rule is incorrect.

OPTIMUMDESIGNOFSTREAMLINEDEXTRUSIONDIESBASEDONUPPERBOUNDMETHODANALYSIS

A more universal and flexible method of constructing the streamlined die surfaces is presented. The streamlined die surfaces are interpolated by the arbitrarily cross sectional shapes of the die entrance and exit. The boundaries of the die entrance and exit are represented by Ferguson curves with tension parameters. By adjusting the tension parameter, the cross sectional shapes of the die entrance and exit with line segments can be accurately constructed. The upper bound method is used to analyze the procedure of extrusion, the pseudo independent parameters in kinematically admissible velocity and die surface are computed by minimizing the extrusion load, so the optimum die surface is obtained. The effects of frictional condition, die length, area reduction and product shaped complexity are discussed in relation to the extrusion load.

Three Dimensional Simulation of Upset Forging by Using Variational Upper Bound Method

The variation principle is discussed and Rayleigh-Ritz method is proposed for construction of veloci ty field. A kinematically admissible velocity field based on polynomials was appIied to the determina tion of forging load and deformed buIge profile during upset forging of blocks. Simulation of upsetforging of rectangular blocks under various friction condjtions was performed. Comparison of the computed results with experiments and FEM shows good agreement. It is shown that this techniquecan be used for 3D simulation of metal forming process.

Upper Bound of Scalars in the Integer Sub-decomposition Method： The Theoretical Aspects

The focal point of this paper is to present the theoretical aspects of the building blocks of the upper bounds of ISD （integer sub-decomposition） method defined by kP = k11P ＋ k12ψ1 （P） ＋ k21P ＋ k22ψ2 （P） with max {｜k11｜, ｜k12｜} 〈 Ca√n and max{｜k21｜, ｜k22｜}≤C√, where C=I that uses efficiently computable endomorphisms ψj for j=1,2 to compute any multiple kP of a point P of order n lying on an elliptic curve E. The upper bounds of sub-scalars in ISD method are presented and utilized to enhance the rate of successful computation of scalar multiplication kP. Important theorems that establish the upper bounds of the kernel vectors of the ISD reduction map are generalized and proved in this work. The values of C in the upper bounds, that are greater than 1, have been proven in two cases of characteristic polynomials （with degree 1 or 2） of the endomorphisms. The upper bound of ISD method with the case of the endomorphism rings over an integer ring Z results in a higher rate of successful computations kP. Compared to the case of endomorphism rings, which is embedded over an imaginary quadratic field Q = [4-D]. The determination of the upper bounds is considered as a key point in developing the ISD elliptic scalar multiplication technique.

Upper bound analytical solution for surrounding rock pressure of shallow unsymmetrical loading tunnels

By combining the results of laboratory model tests with relevant flow rules, the failure mode of shallow unsymmetrical loading tunnels and the corresponding velocity field were established. According to the principle of virtual power, the upper bound solution for surrounding rock pressure of shallow unsymmetrical loading tunnel was derived and verified by an example. The results indicate that the calculated results of the derived upper bound method for surrounding rock pressure of shallow unsymmetrical loading tunnels are relatively close to those of the existing "code method" and test results, which means that the proposed method is feasible. The current code method underestimates the unsymmetrical loading feature of surrounding rock pressure of shallow unsymmetrical loading tunnels, so it is unsafe; when the burial depth is less or greater than two times of the tunnel span and the unsymmetrical loading angle is less than 45°, the upper bound method or the average value of the results calculated by the upper bound method and code method respectively, is comparatively reasonable. When the burial depth is greater than two times of the tunnel span and the unsymmetrical loading angle is greater than 45°, the code method is more suitable.

Upper bound analysis for hybrid sheet metals extrusion process through curved dies

The extrusion process of hybrid sheet metals through arbitrarily curved dies was analyzed by the method of upper bound. The material under deformation was divided into two deformation regions, bimetal and mono-metal regions, and the flow of the material in each region was assumed as plane strain state. The internal, shearing and frictional power terms were derived and they were used in the upper bound model. The extrusion forces for two types of die shapes, an optimum wedge shaped die and an optimum streamlined die shape for a hybrid sheet composed of copper as sleeve and aluminum as core were determined. The corresponding results for those two die shapes were also determined by using the finite element code, ABAQUS, and compared with the upper bound results. These comparisons show a good agreement.

Upper bound solution for active thrust of nonhomogeneous cohesive soil considering effects of intermediate principal stress

Considering the variation of cohesion along the depth,the upper bound solution of active earth pressure for a rough inclined wall with sloped backfill is formulated based on a log-spiral failure mechanism.For a more accurate prediction,the influence of intermediate principal stress is taken into consideration using the unified strength theory.Converting the search for the active pressure to an optimization problem,the most critical failure surface can be located by a natural selection-based gravitational search algorithm(GSA).The proposed method is validated compared with existing methods for noncohesive and cohesive cases and proved to be more accordance with the limit equilibrium solution.The influences of the variation of soil cohesion and intermediate principal stress on active earth pressure coefficient are then fully studied.It can be concluded that both the variations of soil cohesion and intermediate principal stress have a significant influence on the active earth pressure coefficient.

An upper bound analysis of rolling process of non-bonded sandwich sheets

Rolling process of symmetrical non-bonded sandwich sheets was investigated by the method of upper bound. A deformation model was proposed and the mathematical relations of the velocity components were developed. The internal, shear and frictional power terms were derived and used in the upper bound model. Through the analysis, the rolling force, mean contact pressure and final thickness of each layer were determined. The validity of the proposed analytical model was discussed by comparing the theoretical predictions with the experimental data found in the literatures. Effects of various rolling conditions such as the flow stress ratio, initial thickness ratio of the raw sheets and total thickness reduction upon the rolling torque were analyzed. The accuracy of the developed analytical model was very high.

Determination of processing power and optimum billet radius of modified backward extrusion by upper bound approach

A recently developed backward extrusion method entitled “modified backward extrusion” was presented using an upper bound analysis. For this purpose deformation area was divided into four distinct zones and a kinematically admissible velocity field for each of them was suggested. Total dissipated power was calculated for the deformation zones and the extrusion power wascomputed. The correlations of important geometrical parameters with extrusion force and dissipated powers were shown. Finding the initial billet size, a challenging area in the modified backward extrusion method, was discussed and the optimum billet radius was obtained, considering the minimum relative extrusion pressure. Finite element analyses were conducted and the results werecompared with the upper bound analysis. Finally, experiments were executed on commercially pure aluminium and a good agreement between upper bound and finite element analyses with experimental values was observed.

Upper bound analysis of thixotropic extrusion processes of semi-solid magnesium alloys

The methodology was used to conduct the upper bound analysis of thixotropic extrusion process of semi-solid metal. The calculated formulas of deformed power were derived. The relationship among relative stress, frictional factor and die semi-angle were obtained. The relative stress increases with increasing frictional factor, whose value increases with increasing area reduction ratio of a certain die semi-angle. The relative stress firstly decreases and then increases with increasing die semi-angle at a certain area reduction ratio. So, the optimal die semi-angle exists with the corresponding minimum relative stress. The calculated results are in agreement with the experimental ones, which are applied to directing technological practice of axis-symmetry forward extrusion of semi-solid magnesium alloys.

非线性破坏准则下浅埋隧道的稳定性分析

隧道围岩压力值是浅埋隧道设计计算的重要参数。为进一步提高围岩压力计算结果的可靠性,以传统浅埋隧道坍塌模型为基础,提出了圆弧滑移面破坏模式,同时基于非线性Mohr-Coulomb破坏准则,运用极限分析上限法推导了地震力作用下浅埋隧道围岩压力的计算公式,验证了计算结果的可靠性,并对影响因素进行了探讨。与实际工程和已有成果的对比分析证明了理论公式具有较高的可靠性和准确度。研究还发现:围岩压力受非线性系数和初始粘聚力的影响较为显著,非线性系数越大、初始粘聚力越小,围岩压力越大;随着待定参数K(水平围岩压力与竖向围岩压力的比值)的减小,水平围岩压力减小,竖向围岩压力增大;地震力对围岩压力的影响不容忽视,竖向地震力单独作用对围岩压力的影响最大,水平和竖向地震力共同作用的影响次之,而仅有水平地震力作用的影响最小。随着水平与竖向地震力系数的增大,围岩压力也在增大。分析结果对于大部分的隧道,尤其是易受地震影响的浅埋隧道研究具有较高的参考价值。

地震作用下双层土质边坡稳定性上限分析

为探究地震作用对双层土质边坡稳定性的影响,基于极限分析上限理论,建立了地震作用下双层土质边坡旋转破坏机构。采用拟静力法简化地震荷载作用,推导了双层土质边坡安全系数表达式。分析土体黏聚力比、边坡坡角以及地震作用对双层土质边坡稳定性及其滑动面参数的影响。研究结果表明:在水平地震作用下,随着黏聚力比的增大,边坡安全系数呈非线性增大且潜在滑动面变浅;当水平地震作用增强时,边坡失稳破坏范围显著加大;随着竖向地震系数及黏聚力比的增大,边坡安全系数略微降低;水平地震作用增强时,竖向地震作用对边坡稳定性的影响逐渐增大,此时需要考虑竖向地震的影响。

土质边坡的单元失效概率与失效模式研究

土质边坡系统失效概率与土体抗剪强度参数以及地下水位息息相关,在传统边坡可靠度分析中一般只考虑了土体抗剪强度参数的变异性,忽略了地下水位随机性带来的影响。该文将有限元离散技术、上限法理论、相关非高斯随机场模拟方法以及随机规划理论结合起来研究随机地下水位作用下考虑参数空间变异性的边坡系统失效概率。采用有限单元离散边坡土体,将边坡地下水位作为随机变量并考虑土体抗剪参数的空间变异性,基于塑性极限分析上限法构建边坡可靠度分析的随机规划模型;采用基于蒙特卡洛的迭代方法进行求解,得到边坡稳定性系数和速度场;根据边坡中单元的失效信息首次采用AP聚类分析方法来估算边坡的系统失效概率,发展了边坡系统可靠度分析理论。对一个经典的边坡算例进行了系统分析并与极限平衡分析方法、有限元方法结果进行对比,结果表明:随机地下水位作用下考虑参数空间变异性时,边坡存在多种失效模式,AP聚类分析方法可以根据失效单元的位置信息识别出边坡所有失效模式以及对应的失效概率;基于Matlab编制了高效的上限法并行程序,大大提高了计算效率。

矿井传感器风量最小平衡修正量研究

在智能化开采时代,高性能的实时通风网络解算对于矿山通风系统的安全管理至关重要,而初始迭代风量对解算性能具有显著影响。由于传感器难以避免地存在测量误差且布置稀疏,利用传感器监测数据难以分配全风网初始风量。首先,将矿井通风网络视为网络流模型,并对传统的有上下界网络流模型进行改进,以使之能够基于存在测量误差的传感器风量进行全风网风量分配。其次,用风量平差模型对传感器误差导致的节点风量不平衡进行最小平衡量修正。试验模拟和现场试验均表明了研究方法的可行性和有效性。在现场试验中,传感器分支的风量平均修正率为0.66%,平均风量修正值为0.09 m^(3)/s。该方法能够对任意位置布置且存在测量误差的传感器的风量进行全风网的风量初始化分配。

球形分层大地格林函数的理论推导和数值计算

目前球形分层大地格林函数在理论推导和数值计算方面还存在着较大的困难。首先,通过球形分层电磁理论推导无穷勒让德级数形式的格林函数,并提出勒让德级数权重函数的递推算法。在此基础上,提出求解球形分层格林函数的复镜像方法,将格林函数的无穷级数求和转化为复镜像位函数的叠加,并推导算法的误差上限计算公式,通过算例验证方法的准确性。针对地球尺度级别球形分层格林函数的数值奇异问题和极缓慢收敛特性,提出基于多精度算法的解决方案,进一步证明复镜像法在计算速度和精度上的优势。所提方法能够解决球形分层格林函数的理论和计算难题,为求解地球尺度级别球形分层格林函数提供有效解决方案。

数据驱动与机理耦合的冷轧电机功率智能预测方法

电机功率计算在保证生产安全、制定轧制规程以及发挥设备能力等方面起到了重要作用。为提高计算精度,本文提出一种机理模型与数据驱动方法相结合的电机功率预测模型。首先,机理模型部分采用上界法得到解析解,然后将部分功率解析解(塑性变形功率、张力功率和剪切功率)与相关变量输入长短时记忆(long short-term memory,LSTM)网络中训练,以提取变量数据之间的深度特征和时序相关性。结果表明:本文提出的时序耦合预测模型相对误差不超过±3.9%,且在相邻卷带钢轧制规程变化较大时,预测效果明显优于上界法和人工神经网络(artificial neural networks,ANN);从残差分布直方图中可以看到,上界法由于遗漏了摩擦系数和损失功率与其他参数间的强耦合关系,导致残差集中在±50 kW附近且不符合正态分布,而ANN和本模型均基本遵循正态分布,但本模型拟合精度更高;对比更广泛的模型评估指标,本模型具有更好的综合预测性能。此外,通过模型输出结果分析了电机功率与轧制长度、轧制速度之间的关系,表明本模型除具有高预测精度外,还与已知的参数间物理规律有较强一致性。

基于修正拟动力法的岩质边坡三维稳定性分析方法及应用

岩质边坡的抗震设计是岩土工程的重要课题,其稳定性直接关系到工程安全和社会经济效益。由于岩石的非线性强度特性,岩质边坡的破坏形式和机理与土质边坡有很大的不同,需要采用不同的分析方法和设计原则。此外,地震作用是导致岩质边坡破坏的主要因素之一,其对岩质边坡的稳定性有着显著的影响。为更好地确定基于Hoek-Brown强度准则下的岩质边坡抗震设计方法,在极限分析法上限定理的框架下,基于离散化技术构建了一种更加符合实际岩石边坡失稳破坏机制的三维对数螺旋破坏预测模型。通过广义切线技术将Hoek-Brown准则的参数转化为容易计算的Mohr-Coulomb准则参数再将其嵌入到预测模型中,提出一种更加准确的岩质边坡地震稳定性分析模型。该模型可以考虑岩石的非线性强度特性,并通过修正拟动力法引入地震加速度和阻尼比参数,提高了地震作用力的预测精度。然后,将重力增加法和多元宇宙优化算法相结合,获得一种边坡临界安全系数的确定方法,实现了岩质边坡在地震作用下的三维稳定性评估。与现有研究成果对比和工程案例应用表明,此方法可以较为准确地评估岩质边坡的地震稳定性,同时也能够反映岩质边坡的失稳破坏形态和范围,在岩质边坡地震稳定性分析中具有较好的有效性和可靠性。研究成果为进一步优化岩石边坡的抗震设计方法提供了新的思路和参考。

双金属板材异步轧制复合轧后层厚建模与分析

根据双层金属复合板材同径异速异步轧制复合问题,利用流函数法和上界法建立了异步轧制轧后层厚的数学计算模型。进行异步轧制有限元模拟,将有限元模拟结果与理论结果进行对比,所建立的理论模型误差范围为2.55%~4.17%。该模型不仅可以快速计算轧后复合板的层厚比,在单一工况下,还能快速掌握不同工艺参数(压下量、初始板厚、异速比、层厚比)对轧后层厚比的影响规律,对设置和优化生产工艺提供了重要参考。