Trade credit financing for supply chain coordination under financial challenges:a multi‑leader–follower game approach

This study is designed to solve supply chain inefficiencies caused by some members’financial problems,such as capital shortages and financing restrictions in a stochastic environment.To this end,we have established a supply chain finance framework by designing two novel coordinating contracts based on trade credit financing for different problem settings.These contracts are modeled in the form of multi-leader Stackelberg games that address horizontal and vertical competition in a supply chain consisting of multiple suppliers and a financially constrained manufacturer.However,previous studies in the trade credit literature have addressed only simple vertical competition,that is,seller-buyer competition.To solve the proposed models,two algorithms were developed by combining population-based metaheuristics,the Nash-domination concept,and the Nikaido-Isoda function.The results demonstrate that the proposed supply chain finance framework can eliminate supply chain inefficiencies and make a large profit for suppliers,as well as the financially constrained manufacturer.Furthermore,the results of the contracts’analysis showed that if the manufacturer is required to settle its payments to suppliers before the end of the period,the trade credit contract cannot coordinate the supply chain because of a lack of incentive for suppliers.However,if the manufacturer is allowed to extend its payments to the end of the period,the proposed trade credit financing contract can coordinate the supply chain.Finally,the sensitivity analysis results indicate that the worse the financial status of the manufacturer,the more bargaining power suppliers have in determining the contract parameters for more profit.

互补品供应链Stackelberg博弈下纵向决策研究

以两条均由一个制造商和一个零售商构成的互补品供应链为研究对象,探讨互补品供应链采用不同决策方式时的链间Stackelberg博弈和链内Stackelberg博弈问题,研究市场规模、成本等参数对市场价格、需求、利润的影响。进一步地,对链间Stackelberg博弈下的四种决策方式(集中-集中、集中-分散、分散-集中、分散-分散)下的均衡解进行比较分析。研究表明:互补产品生产成本与需求、利润负相关;自身价格与互补产品成本负相关;集中决策是互补品主导供应链的占优策略;对于跟随者供应链而言,采取集中决策还是分散决策方式,首先取决于主导者供应链的决策方式,其次取决于产品之间的互补程度;集中-集中决策方式是互补品供应链的帕累托均衡解。因此,互补品供应链内部成员之间可设计一种增量利润分享机制,确保供应链集中决策的稳定性;互补品供应链之间应注重两个方面:一是相互合作共同降低产品成本,实现降本增效;二是以某条供应链产品进行低价引流,促进消费者对互补产品的需求,进而实现互补品供应链利润最大化。

基于Stackelberg博弈的电炉企业供应链渠道选择模型

为了提升电炉企业供应链渠道的风险抵抗力,设计一种基于Stackelberg博弈的电炉企业供应链渠道选择模型。在Stackelberg博弈中,分析电炉企业供应链成员的Stackelberg博弈条件,作出相关假设;将Stackelberg博弈基本元素与电炉企业供应链元素一一对应,计算实际市场需求量和收益函数,确定电炉企业渠道选择的影响因素,建立物流企业供应链渠道选择模型;设计电炉企业供应链渠道选择步骤,选择最优的电炉企业供应链渠道。实验结果表明:研究方法选择的供应链渠道在内部风险和外部风险条件均获得较高收益,具有较优的抗风险能力。

Revenue-sharing contract to coordinate independent participants within the supply chain

To improve the performance of the supply chain with one supplier and multiple retailers under deterministic price-sensitive customer demand, an optimal strategy is proposed based on knowledge discovery. First the decentralized system in which the supplier and the retailers are independent, profit-maximizing participants with the supplier acting as a Stackelberg game leader is studied. Numerical examples illustrate the importance of the coordination. The conventional quantity discount mechanism needs to be modified to coordinate the supply chain, so a revenue-sharing contract is proposed to coordinate such supply chain. Lastly, a special decision under certain demand rates is studied. The pricing and replenishment policies can be decided sequentially, which yields much less loss comparing with optimal decision when the demand rates are sufficiently large.

Remanufacturing Closed-Loop Supply Chain Model with Radio Frequency Identification Affecting Recycling Rate

In order to construct a resource-saving and environment- friendly society, the advantages of radio frequency identification （RFID） were considered. And it put forward the idea of introducing RFID in the recycling activities of waste products. Taking into account such elements as the technical level of RFID, cost saving from remanufacturing and the cost of RFID tags, both centralized and decentralized supply chain models with different participants in waste product collection were created, in order to determine the optimal pricing strategy and RFID technical level. In the end, sensitivity analyses were conducted to analyze the impacts of scaling parameter for additional increased recovery rate with RFED on pricing and RFID technology level, and impacts of cost saving on the profits of participants in different remanufacturing closed-loop supply chain models.

Optimal decision-making considering inter-supply-chain competition and negative-spillover from environmental effort

Focusing on negative-spillover from environmental effort,this paper explores the issues of competition and optimal decision-making based on two competing two-stage manufacturer-dominated supply chains:centralized and decentralized.We develop the Stackelberg competition models according to four identified competition scenarios(pure centralized structure-CC,mixed structure-DC,mixed structure-CD,and pure decentralized structure-DD).By comparing the results of the four scenarios,we find that negative-spillover from environmental effort negatively impacts environmental-effort providers and reduces the optimal profit of the manufacturer who provide the environmental effort,which in turn reduces the profit of the entire supply chain.The inter-supply-chain competition also produces a negative incentive for environmental-effort providers but provides a free riding effect on the non-provider,and this effect increases as competition increases.In terms of network externality,the structural change of a supply chain from centralized to decentralized is altruistic,which generates a double-marginalization(i.e.,the network externality enhances competitor performance).Furthermore,the leader supply chain with a centralized structure is more willing to provide greater environmental effort,whereas when the leader supply chain structure remains unchanged,its environmental effort depends on the negative-spillover effect and the follower supply chain structure.Therefore,excessive supply chain competition should be avoided,and the negative-spillover effect of environmental effort should be reduced to motivate environmental-effort providers to increase their environmental efforts and promote the development of sustainable green supply chains.Future research should examine retailer-dominated supply chain competition and compare the results with the conclusions of this study.

“碳中和”背景下基于Stackelberg博弈的供应链减排策略研究

基于政府采用总量配置与配额交易政策以及消费者偏好低碳产品的情形,应用Stackelberg博弈理论,建立了供应链上游制造商主导而下游零售商跟随的减排模型,对比分析了各种模式下供应链企业的减排行为及效果。结果表明:与不合作减排相比,3种合作模型可以提高制造商的减排率,降低低碳产品的价格,进而提升低碳产品的市场需求。在3种合作减排模式中,集中决策模式下供应链总利润最高;成本分担模式能增加制造商利润,但是过高的成本分担率会降低零售商利润,抑制零售商的合作意愿;利润分享模式既能增加制造商利润,又能增加零售商利润,对供应链整体有利。因此,供应链节点企业应通力合作以获得更好的减排效果。在合作方式中,集中决策模式需要上下游企业足够信任并合理分配利润,成本分担模式需要双方制定适当的成本分担率以避免零售商失去合作动力。

基于斯坦克伯格博弈理论的直播电商农产品供应链定价策略

为深入理解直播电商环境下农产品供应链的定价策略及面临的挑战,介绍了斯坦克伯格博弈理论及直播电商农产品供应链的框架和核心特征。评述了直播电商农产品供应链定价问题的复杂性,并建立了基于假设的多种决策模型。通过数值分析方法,分析了这些模型的有效性和适用性。结果表明,直播电商环境下农产品供应链定价策略的选择对增加各参与方的利益具有明显影响,且集中决策模式在实现供应链整体利益最大化方面效果最佳。归纳了直播电商农产品供应链面临的主要挑战和决策困境,得出了优化直播电商农产品供应链定价策略的重要性,以期最大化供应链各环节参与者的共同利益。提出了针对直播电商农产品供应链定价问题的改进建议和策略,认为在直播电商快速发展的背景下,采用先进的博弈理论对定价策略进行科学分析与优化,对提升农产品供应链的整体效率和竞争力至关重要。

消费者风险厌恶的运费险分担机制与供应链定价研究

考虑消费者的退货行为、风险厌恶态度和运费险价值敏感,建立零售商承担、消费者承担、零售商与消费者共同承担、零售商与制造商共同承担4种不同运费险承担方式的Stackelberg价格博弈模型,研究供应链的定价决策和在线零售商的最优退货运费险策略。研究表明:低退货率和高运费险敏感性有助于提高供应链的整体利润;低退货率时,在线零售商主动为消费者购买运费险优于消费者自行购买;运费险的分担机制不能实现供应链协调。

考虑利他偏好的绿色供应链运营与融资决策

文章针对绿色供应链上游企业遇到资金约束需要获取融资的问题,在银行融资渠道和供应链内部预付款融资渠道两种选择方式下,研究核心企业的利他偏好行为对融资决策和供应链运营决策的影响。研究发现,核心企业制造商的利他偏好行为改变了供应链成员间的利润分配格局,可帮助供应链整体实现帕累托改善,无论采取何种融资模式,制造商的利他偏好都会提升原材料批发价格、产品绿色度水平和供应链整体利润。在上游企业受到资金约束的绿色供应链中,核心企业的利他偏好有利于绿色供应链的发展,建立更加稳定的合作关系。

基于政府补贴的闭环供应链不同回收模式决策研究

探究政府补贴政策对不同混合回收模式中供应链成员利润和整体利润的作用,建立Stackelberg博弈模型,对比分析不同回收模式中供应链成员利润和整体利润的变化,并进行数值仿真分析,指出政府补贴额度的增加可提高最优回收模式中各回收主体利润和供应链整体利润,得到闭环供应链最优回收模式,提出提高补贴额度、增强宣传教育、完善补贴机制、打造产业集群等对策建议,为闭环供应链回收模式选择决策提供理论基础和借鉴。

决策顺序对供应链定价和收益影响研究

将供应链权力结构和定价机制统一纳入决策顺序理论框架,以由单一的供应商和两个零售商组成的供应链为研究对象,探讨决策顺序对供应链定价和收益的影响。结果表明,供应商权力结构会影响产品的最优批发价格,但并不影响供应链的最优决策;对于零售商来说,联合定价是占优策略,在互补性产品市场中符合供应商和供应链利益的选择,但在竞争性产品市场中供应商更期望零售商选择同时定价。研究结论为企业参与供应链竞争和价格决策提供参考。

不同偏好倾向下动力电池供应链定价决策

随着国内外对环境保护与可持续发展的持续关注,动力电池行业日益进入人们视野,其对于推动电动汽车产业、缓解能源危机具有重要意义。基于此研究了自利偏好、汽车制造商单向互惠偏好、动力电池生产商单向互惠偏好和双向互惠偏好四种不同偏好情形下,动力电池生产商与汽车制造商二者的定价决策与利润关系,以期为动力电池生产商与汽车制造商如何建立互惠偏好关系,实现共赢发展提供一些参考。研究表明,在单向互惠偏好情形下,具有互惠偏好倾向的参与方的自身利润会降低;当供应链双方均展现出较高的互惠偏好倾向时,各自的利润和供应链的利润均高于自利偏好下的水平。

电商ODM模式下的竞争性供应链定价及品质决策研究

在消费升级的过程中,电商企业纷纷涉足ODM模式,相对于成熟品牌产品,新兴的电商自营品牌产品如何定价及品质决策是其成功关键。通过构建一个制造商与两个相互竞争的品牌销售商的二级供应链,探讨了集中式与品牌销售商不同权力结构下的定价决策问题,分析了产品品质敏感度对于电商ODM品牌定价、品质水平以及供应链利润的影响。研究表明,不同品牌产品的采购价、销售价、销售商利润以及供应链总利润均与产品品质敏感度正相关;当国际知名品牌销售商处于市场主导地位时,不同品牌销售商以及供应链总利润均较优;与此同时,当电商自营品牌销售商处于市场主导地位时,容易导致供应链整体利润处于较低水平,不利于供应链的长期运营。

产能约束下考虑风险规避的双渠道供应链决策研究

以一个产能约束制造商和一个零售商组成的两阶段双渠道供应链为对象,研究了制造商占主导地位且考虑风险规避时,随机需求下的供应链成员的决策与协调问题。构建供应链成员在集中决策和分散决策两种情形下的决策模型,并比较分析两种情形下产能约束、风险规避系数对供应链决策影响。研究结果表明:两种决策情形下,成员定价结果均与制造商风险规避呈负相关;由制造商主导的线上渠道的定价与决策情形无关;两种决策情形下,制造商产能均与风险规避系数呈正相关,且渠道偏好均对供应链收益起促进作用。

再制造供应链中纵向持股策略研究——以废旧纺织服装为例

针对一个由第三方科技企业、制造商和零售商组成的三级供应链,为使第三方科技企业有从回收的废旧纺织服装中研发生产新科技材料的积极性和资金保障,探讨分析了制造商对第三方科技企业的投资持股策略。以供应链成员各自利润最大化为目标,建立了Stackelberg博弈决策模型,给出了各成员利润和价格的均衡解。研究结果表明当制造商对第三方科技企业投资和投资持股时,第三方科技企业提供的原材料具有的附加值的高低对第三方科技企业和制造商的利润分配有积极影响,且持股比例亦可较好地调节和控制利润在供应链成员间的分配,以保证供应链整体的可持续运作。相关成果对解决当前废旧纺织服装回收再制造投入资金不足,废旧纺织服装供应链整体可持续运营管理具有重要的指导意义。

考虑制造商资金约束的绿色供应链融资策略

针对绿色供应链上制造商为研发生产绿色产品而面临的资金约束问题,提出银行贷款与提前付款融资两种融资策略,分别建立不同融资策略下的博奔模型并求出最优的产品绿色度、制造商利润、零售商利润,通过绿色创新成本系数、消费者绿色意识、银行贷款与提前付款利率等4个因素对制造商融资策略选择的影响进行理论分析和数值仿真。研究表明:绿色创新成本系数与利率的增大对绿色供应链上制造商与零售商的效益产生消极影响,消费者绿色意识的提高对其产生积极影响。另外,当提前付款利率大于最大均衡利率时,银行贷款融资策略为制造商最优融资策略,否则提前付款融资策略为制造商的最优融资策略,当且仅当提前付款利率为0时,制造商与零售商的效益达到最优。

MaaS旅游供应链收益共享契约设计与协调

针对出行即服务(Mobility as a Service,MaaS)提供定制化的出行服务以满足游客差异化的交通需求,构建了由传统旅游供应商和MaaS平台组成的双渠道旅游出行服务链,探讨不同主导权下的集中式决策和分散式决策策略及其效益,并开展以供应商为主导的供应链收益共享契约设计和数值分析。研究结果发现:基于MaaS的旅游供应链集中式决策下的效益大于分散式决策,且集中式决策效益是以供应商为主导的分散式决策效益的3/4。在收益共享契约协调下,供应商利润和MaaS平台利润分别为0.68和0.58,均有所提高,旅游供应链整体效益最大,实现旅游供应链完美协调。

供应链中基于Stackelberg博弈的EOQ模型

本文考虑一个含有一个供应商和一个零售商的整个供应链中 ,供应商在链中占据垄断地位 ,他不仅拥有零售商相关的成本信息 ,还有交货时间的决策权。在这种条件下 ,本文研究零售商和供应商的最优交货时间和最优订货周期问题 ,给出了近似的最优解 ,并用数值方法分析了对交货时间的控制给供应商和给零售商带来的和益处和损失。

疫情风险下基于看涨期权的生鲜农产品供应链决策

新冠疫情对生鲜农产品供应链造成严重冲击,为缓解这一痛点,在疫情风险背景下,构建了一个生鲜农产品供应商和零售商组成的单周期两阶段生鲜农产品供应链,并引入看涨期权,研究零售商和供应商的最优订货定价策略。研究表明:零售商的最优期权订购量是疫情风险系数、期权订购价和期权执行价的减函数。供应商不同时存在最优期权订购价和最优期权执行价,但若固定其中一个,便能获得供应商最优期望利润。供应商通过提高期权订购价或期权执行价均可增加自身期望利润,但其代价是减少零售商的期望利润,以致供应链总期望利润降低,这对供应链的发展不利,可通过调整期权价格,以实现供应链协调。另外,疫情风险对供应链期望利润的影响存在一个拐点,当疫情风险低于该拐点时,供应链期望利润是疫情风险的增函数,此时零售商购买看涨期权对供应链有利,反之则不利。因此在疫情初期,零售商购买看涨期权会不断增加供应链收益,但随着疫情的不断恶化,供应链收益会不断减少。