Tensile strength of sea ice using splitting tests based on the digital image correlation method

The splitting test is a competitive alternative method to study the tensile strength of sea ice owing to its suitability for sampling.However,the approach was questioned to the neglect of local plastic deformation during the tests.In this study,splitting tests were performed on sea ice,with 32 samples subjected to the regular procedure and 8 samples subjected to the digital image correlation method.The salinity,density,and temperature were measured to determine the total porosity.With the advantage of the digital image correlation method,the full-field deformation of the ice samples could be determined.In the loading direction,the samples mainly deformed at the ice-platen contact area.In the direction vertical to the loading,deformation appears along the central line where the splitting crack occurs.Based on the distribution of the sample deformation,a modified solution was derived to calculate the tensile strength with the maximum load.Based on the modified solution,the tensile strength was further calculated together with the splitting test results.The results show that the tensile strength has a negative correlation with the total porosity,which agrees with previous studies based on uniaxial tension tests.

Parametric Analysis of Tensile Properties of Bimodal Al Alloys by Finite Element Method

An axisymmetrical unit cell model was used to represent a bimodal Al alloy that was composed of both nano-grained （NG） and coarse-grained （CG） aluminum. Effects of microstructural and materials parameters on tensile properties of bimodal AI alloy were investigated by finite element method （FEM）. The parameters analyzed included aspect ratios of CG Al and the unit cell, volume fraction of CG Al （VFCG）, and yield strength and strain hardening exponent of CG Al. Aspect ratios of CG Al and the unit cell have no significant influence on tensile stress-strain response of the bimodal Al alloy. This phenomenon derives from the similarity in elastic modulus and coefficient of thermal expansion between CG AI and NG Al. Conversely, tensile properties of bimodal Al alloy are extremely sensitive to VFCG, yield strength and strain hardening exponent of CG Al. Specifically, as VFCG increases, both yield strength and ultimate tensile strength （UTS） of the bimodal Al alloy decreases, while uniform strain of bimodal AI alloy increases. In addition, an increase in yield strength of CG Al results in an increase in both yield stress and UTS of bimodal AI alloy and a decrease in uniform strain of bimodal Al alloy. The lower capability in lowering the increase of stress concentration in NG Al due to a higher yield strength of CG Al causes the lower uniform strain of the bimodal AI alloy. When strain hardening exponent of CG Al increases, 0.2% yield stress, UTS, and uniform strain of the bimodal Al alloy increases. This can be attributed to the increased work-hardening ability of CG Al with a higher strain hardening exponent.

Stress-deformed state of cylindrical specimens during indirect tensile strength testing

In this study, the interaction between cylindrical specimen made ofhomogeneous, isotropic, and linearlyelastic material and loading jaws of any curvature is considered in the Brazilian test. It is assumed thatthe specimen is diametrically compressed by elliptic normal contact stresses. The frictional contactstresses between the specimen and platens are neglected. The analytical solution starts from the contactproblem of the loading jaws of any curvature and cylindrical specimen. The contact width, correspondingloading angle （2 ^0）, and elliptical stresses obtained through solution of the contact problems are used asboundary conditions for a cylindrical specimen. The problem of the theory of elasticity for a cylinder issolved using Muskhelishvili＇s method. In this method, the displacements and stresses are represented interms of two analytical functions of a complex variable. In the main approaches, the nonlinear interactionbetween the loading bearing blocks and the specimen as well as the curvature of their surfacesand the elastic parameters of their materials are taken into account. Numerical examples are solved usingMATLAB to demonstrate the influence of deformability, curvature of the specimen and platens on thedistribution of the normal contact stresses as well as on the tensile and compressive stresses actingacross the loaded diameter. Derived equations also allow calculating the modulus of elasticity, totaldeformation modulus and creep parameters of the specimen material based on the experimental data ofradial contraction of the specimen.

What is the role of tensile cracks in cohesive slopes?

The traditional limit equilibrium method(LEM) is often used to search for the failure surface with a minimum safety factor of slope. In this method, the failure surface is considered as a shear surface,irrespective of its form. However, tensile cracks are frequently found at the outcrops of landslides. In this study, three sets of tests on small-scale landslides with different inclination angles were conducted. The test results demonstrated that tensile cracks could arise in the slope sliding process and the failure surface is composed of both a shear and a tensile fracture surface. Based on the test results, we used the improved LEM, and replaced the traditional shear failure surface by a tensile-shear coupling one, thus new tensile failure modes for slope stability analysis can be established. The safety factors of slope in different failure modes were compared, which show that when considering soil tensile failure and tensile strength less than a certain value(e.g. 15 kPa, 44 kPa and 55 kPa for linear, circular and logarithmic spiral failure surfaces, respectively), the safety factors of slope with three different failure surfaces are less than the one that did not consider the tensile failure. The most critical failure surfaces of the slope may be composed of shear and tensile damages because the tensile strength of the soil cannot be generally greater than its cohesion.

Effect of microwave treatment on tensile properties of sugar palm fibre reinforced thermoplastic polyurethane composites

The effect of microwave treatment on the tensile properties of treated sugar palm fibre with 6% NaOH reinforced thermoplastic polyurethane composites was investigated. Firstly, the sugar palm fibres were treated by 6% alkali solution. Then, microwave treatment was used to treat the alkali treated sugar palm fibres. Three types of temperatures(i.e. 70, 80 and 90℃) were applied in microwave treatment. The extruder and hot press machines were used to mixing the sugar palm fibres and polyurethane resin, and fabricate the composites. Tensile properties(i.e. tensile strength, tensile modulus and elongation at break) were studied by following the ASTM D-638 standard. The highest tensile strength was recorded 18.42 MPa with microwave temperature at 70℃ and 6% alkali pre-treatment. Therefore, the temperature 70℃ of microwave treatment may consider the best degree cent grate.

Modeling uniaxial tensile deformation of polycrystalline Al using CPFEM

The crystal plasticity finite element modeling （CPFEM） is realized in commercial finite element code ABAQUS with UMAT subroutine on the basis of the crystal plasticity theory of rate dependent polycrystal constitutive relations in the mesoscopic scale. The initial orientations obtained by electron backscatter diffraction （EBSD） are directly input into the CPFEM to simulate the mechanical response of polycrystalline 1050 pure Al in uniaxial tensile deformation. Two polycrystal models and two tensile strain rates were used in the simulations. The stress-strain curves of tensile deformation were analyzed. The predictions and the corresponding experiment result show reasonable agreement and slight deviation with experiments. The flow true stress of strain rate 0.01 s^-1 is higher than that of strain rate 0.001 s^-1. At the strain less than 0.05, the stress saturated rate of the experiment is higher than the simulated results. However, the stress saturated rate of the experiment becomes gentler than the corresponding simulated predictions at the strain over 0.05. Also, necking was simulated by the two models, but the necking strain is not well predicted. Tensile textures at strain 0.25 were predicted at the low strain rate of 0.001 s^-1. The predictions are in good accord with the experimental results. 2008 University of Science and Technology Beijing. All rights reserved.

Effect of undercut defect on deformation behavior TC4 titanium alloy laser welded butt joint under static tensile loading

By measuring and analyzing infrared thermal image of the specimen in static load tensile test process, it was studied that the influence of the undercut defects and double-sided dressing method on the deformation behavior of the laser welded joint specimens of TC4 titanium alloy. The results showed that for the unmodified specimens, the yield phenomenon occurs first in the region of the joint, but the undercut value has an effect on the stress and strain of starting to yield phenomenon, and a great effect on the plastic deformation behavior.When the undercut is less than a certain value, the large plastic deformation occurs in the base metal region and the plasticity of the specimen is comparable to that of the base metal, but the larger undercut defect results in a concentrated plastic deformation in the joint region and rapidly failed in this region. But the double-sided dressing specimen is significantly different. The physical yield is no longer concentrated in the joint region, but at the same time occurs in the several regions including joint and the base metal. And the plastic deformation mainly occurs in the base material area, similar to that of the base material.

Indirect Tensile Characterization of Graphite Platelet Reinforced Vinyl Ester Nanocomposites at High-Strain Rate

An indirect tensile testing method is proposed for characterizing low strength graphite platelet reinforced vinyl ester nanocomposites at high-strain rate. In this technique, the traditional Brazilian disk (diametrical compression) test method for brittle materials is utilized along with conventional split-Hopkinson pressure bars (SHPB) for evaluating cylindrical disk specimens. The cylindrical disk specimen is held snugly in between two concave end fixtures attached to the incident and transmission bars. To eliminate the complexities of conventional strain gage application, a non-contact Laser Occluding Expansion Gage (LOEG) has been adapted for measuring the diametrical transverse expansion of the specimen under high-strain rate diametrical compressive loading. Failure diagnosis using high-speed digital photography validates the viability of utilizing this indirect test method for characterizing the tensile properties of xGnP (exfoliated graphite nanoplatelets) reinforced and additional CTBN (Carboxyl Terminated Butadiene Nitrile) toughened vinyl ester based nanocomposites. Also, quasi-static indirect tensile response agrees with previous investigations conducted using the traditional dog-bone specimen in direct tensile tests. Investigation of both quasi-static and dynamic indirect tensile test responses shows the strain rate effect on the tensile strength and energy absorbing capacity of the candidate materials. The contribution of reinforcement to the tensile properties of the candidate materials is presented.

Investigation on the Tensile Properties and Fracture Characteristics of Amorphous Ribbons Fe81.50B1.40Si7.95Nb7.37Cu1.73P0.05

A number of Fe-Si-B amorphous ribbons are made by using melt spinning method. The microstructure, mechanical and other relevant properties of thin amorphous ribbons of Fe81.50B1.40Si7.95Nb7.37Cu1.73P0.05 alloy at room temperature were studied with several equipment including Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), X-ray diffraction (XRD),Scanning electron microscope (SEM), and tensile machine. Significantly different microstructures exist between the free and wheel face of the thin amorphous ribbons. The free face is smooth while the wheel face is coarse with a great number of micro voids on the surface. Experimental results show that the tensile strength and elastic modulus of thethin amorphous ribbons at room temperature are 1951 MPa and 70 GPa. In addition, the amorphous ribbons possess reasonable tensile elongation (2.46%). The fracture appearance of amorphous ribbons of Fe81.50B1.40Si7.95Nb7.37Cu1.73P0.05 alloyis a mixed mode of ductile and brittle fracture which includes dimples and partial cleavage fracture similar to the crystalline materials. The dimple feature proves that it still has plastic characteristics on the micro scale.

Simulation Test for Evolution Laws of Tensile Fractures in a Coal Mining Area

In order to study evolution laws of tensile fractures in a coal mining area, based on the classification of the fractures formed by mining, a physical simulation test was carried out to simulate the dynamic evolution process of tensile fractures in coal mining areas. The results showed that after the coal in the mining area was mined, the mining area underwent obvious movement and deformation and forms tensile fractures. As the min-ing working face was advanced, the tensile fractures underwent the dynamic process of generation, development and closure. The changing curves of density of tensile fractures with the increase of mining length of the working face liked a ladder （it increased slowly and then rapidly） and then had two peaks （the second peak was higher than the first peak）.

Deriving Tensile Properties of Glass Fiber Reinforced Polymers (GFRP) Using Mechanics of Composite Materials

This work addresses the tensile properties of glass fiber reinforced polymers (GFRP) and investigates the different ways of estimating them without the cost associated with experimentation. This attempt is achieved through comparison between experimental results, derived in accordance with the ASTM standards, and results obtained using the mechanics of composite materials. The experimental results are also compared to results derived from work by other researchers in order to corroborate the findings regarding the correlation of tensile properties of the GFRP material and the fiber volume fraction.

颗粒离散元岩石模型的宏细观抗拉强度关联

颗粒离散元数值模型由于具有反映材料宏细观力学特征的天然优势,而被大量学者采用开展岩石力学课题相关研究,但DEM数值模型涉及的跨尺度关联和参数标定问题给研究者带了挑战,且尚未形成获得统一认可的定量分析方法.基于规则排列的圆形颗粒DEM岩石试件拉伸模型,开展细观接触破裂模式与宏观拉伸破坏强度相关性的力学分析,指出岩石试样宏观抗拉强度取决于内部细观接触破裂模式,而细观破裂模式则受到接触抗拉强度、接触抗剪强度、接触法向刚度、接触切向刚度,甚至颗粒大小及排列方式的共同影响.根据理论分析及数值模拟结果提出了4种细观破裂模式及相应宏观抗拉强度理论计算公式,并将公式修正应用于随机颗粒排列的类岩石材料DEM模型,从细观角度揭示了宏观DEM岩石材料拉伸破坏机理,构建了宏细观抗拉强度参数关联.所建立关联公式的合理性得到了大量随机数值模拟结果的有效验证,可为研究者利用颗粒DEM数值模型进行岩石和混凝土等类脆性材料模拟的参数选取及标定工作提供重要的参考依据.

再生复合微粉混凝土界面过渡区性能研究

为研究再生复合微粉复掺比对混凝土界面过渡区性能的影响机理,用宏微观试验相结合的方法,分析不同复掺比对混凝土劈裂抗拉强度和显微硬度的影响规律,并利用灰色关联法探究力学性能与微观结构的关系。结果表明:再生砖粉对混凝土的改善效果优于再生混凝土粉,且掺入合理的再生复合微粉会改善混凝土界面过渡区的微观结构;再生复合微粉混凝土各组相显微硬度关系为:骨料相>砂浆相>界面过渡区相,且界面过渡区厚度随养护龄期的增加而逐渐减小;界面过渡区厚度与劈裂抗拉强度关系显著,呈线性负相关,所建立的模型拟合度较高。界面过渡区厚度能准确地表征再生复合微粉混凝土宏观性能变化规律,当再生混凝土粉/再生砖粉为2∶8时,可制备出性能良好的C30混凝土,具有良好的推广应用价值。

偏心拉伸实验的理论分析与实验研究

偏心拉伸实验是一种综合性、研究性的材料力学实验项目。为了增加材料力学实验课程的难度和深度,通过理论分析推导偏心拉伸应力公式,并指出偏心拉伸试样的实际中性层并不再是几何中性层;利用ABAQUS软件模拟了偏心拉伸试样的应力分布;通过自制的一种可以在电子万能试验机上进行偏心拉伸实验的装置并利用电测法测试了试样横截面上各点的应变。结果表明:偏心拉伸实验的理论计算结果、实验结果和模拟结果基本吻合,3种数据之间的偏差较小;而且,应力在试样横截面上几乎呈线性分布,左边受压缩,右边受拉伸,左边的应力最小,右边的应力最大。

基于纸张纤维特征的纸页抗张强度智能模拟及预测研究

对纸页抗张强度进行智能模拟,有助于更好地对某种纸页的性能进行分析甚至预测。基于此,针对现有纸页抗张强度模拟方法的缺陷进行总结,认为现有典型Page分析模型存在客观性分析不足等问题,结合偏最小二乘法、支持向量机等构建了一种基于造纸纤维特性的纸页抗张强度智能模拟模型,借助该模型对某种典型纸页的性能进行模拟分析。测试结果表明:该模型能够高效、准确地对纸页抗张强度进行预测,与传统模型相比具有更强的实用性。

UHPC直拉试验方法与本构关系研究

超高性能混凝土(Ultra-high performance concrete, UHPC)单轴拉伸(直拉)试验是分析UHPC抗拉性能和直拉本构关系的基础性试验,经过对其试件形状与尺寸的优化,试验成功率已得到了较大提升。但由于试件连接方式和局部加强方式的差异,各机构试验成功率参差不齐。为进一步保证直拉试验成功率,采用试验研究和数值模拟的方法系统分析了常见的四种试件连接方式和三种试件局部加强方式对试验成功率的影响,比选出最优试验方法。结果表明:面内夹持装置具有连接可靠、操作简单的优点,适合推广。但夹具的尺寸加工误差或微变形可能导致其与试件的接触面变窄、加剧夹持引发的试件应力集中,致使主裂纹位于测距范围之外;试件与夹具的接触区域进行柔性加强(粘贴碳纤维布)和刚性加强(粘贴铝片)均能有效解决上述问题,提高试验成功率。此外,采用比选的直拉试验方法,探究了钢纤维长径比和体积率对UHPC直拉损伤本构关系的影响。通过声发射(Acoustic emission, AE)监测探究了UHPC在直拉荷载作用下的损伤演化规律,利用声发射参数(累积计数比)构建损伤因子,得到了考虑钢纤维影响的UHPC直拉损伤本构关系。

土体抗拉强度试验研究方法的综述

土体抗拉强度比抗压和抗剪强度数值更小,因此时常被忽略,造成理论及试验的落后。文中系统归纳了土体抗拉强度的间接和直接方法,对比分析了现有试验方法的优缺点,结果表明:(1)土体抗拉强度的单轴拉伸方法按照力的加载方向可以分为垂直法和水平法,而垂直法中土样破坏前上半部分的重量会影响试验的准确性;(2)常用的土样固定方式有粘结、锚固、摩擦力和夹持,它们各有优势,但夹持较前三者更便捷和可操作。最后,提出水平单轴拉伸试验的后续仍需优化的问题。如制样脱模中土样的损耗、土样受拉段应力分布差,无法适用于大骨料砾质土、土样固定方式繁琐、土样与平台间的摩擦力难以消除等。

矿山尾砂胶结充填体抗拉强度测试方法研究进展

矿山尾砂胶结充填是实现金属矿绿色开采的重要技术载体,尾砂胶结充填体抗拉力学性能是影响矿山采场充填体整体稳定性以及确保相邻采场安全高效充填采矿的关键要素。科学、准确测量尾砂胶结充填体抗拉强度是确保矿山充填材料强度合理设计的重要环节。尾砂胶结充填材料属于低强度材料,我国尚无针对尾砂胶结充填材料抗拉性能的统一试验方法或测试标准。系统回顾了矿山充填材料抗拉强度测试方法的应用情况,并指出了当前借鉴混凝土、岩土工程等领域抗拉强度测试方法存在的问题。从抗拉强度直接拉伸测试方法、抗拉强度间接拉伸测试方法和适用于尾砂胶结充填材料的抗拉强度测试方法创新3个方面介绍了最新的测试方法研究应用进展。首先系统梳理总结了4种直接拉伸测试方法及其应用场景,然后研究分析了3种间接拉伸测试方法及其应用条件,并对比分析了两大类不同测试方法的优缺点。在研究分析上述测试方法的基础上,并考虑尾砂胶结充填材料的力学特性,创新发明了一种“工字型”尾砂胶结充填体抗拉强度测试法,研发了相应的压-拉转换装置,实现了用单轴压缩的方式开展胶结充填体试样直接拉伸测试。经中国和加拿大相关矿山和研究机构验证,该方法是适用于矿山尾砂胶结充填材料抗拉性能测试的科学方法,目前已被国际矿业咨询机构—Paterson&Cooke公司、加拿大2家矿业公司、中国3家矿业公司采用,可为国内外金属矿山充填采矿研究与设计提供参考与技术支撑。

基于数据库的玻璃纤维增强复合材料箍筋弯拉强度计算方法

玻璃纤维增强复合材料箍筋弯拉强度试验主要研究弯折半径与直径之比对弯拉强度的影响,直线段抗拉强度对弯拉强度的影响研究较少。本文基于ACI 440.3R-12中B.5试验方法,开展3组(9个弯拉试件)不同直线段抗拉强度的玻璃纤维增强复合材料箍筋弯拉强度试验研究。3组试件直线段抗拉强度分别为530(A组)、850(B组)和1100 MPa(C组),弯折半径与箍筋直径之比均为3。试验结果表明:所有试件均发生玻璃纤维增强复合材料箍筋弯折段被拉断的破坏模式;A、B、C组试件弯拉强度分别为325、445和530 MPa。本文系统收集了国内外已有93个弯拉试件,并结合本文9个弯拉试件建立了玻璃纤维增强复合材料箍筋弯拉强度试验数据库。基于数据库统计分析,提出了保证率不小于95%的玻璃纤维增强复合材料箍筋弯拉强度计算方法。