Reservoir heterogeneity analysis using multi-directional textural attributes from deep learning-based enhanced acoustic impedance inversion:A study from Poseidon,NW shelf Australia

Reservoir heterogeneities play a crucial role in governing reservoir performance and management.Traditionally,detailed and inter-well heterogeneity analyses are commonly performed by mapping seismic facies change in the seismic data,which is a time-intensive task.Many researchers have utilized a robust Grey-level co-occurrence matrix(GLCM)-based texture attributes to map reservoir heterogeneity.However,these attributes take seismic data as input and might not be sensitive to lateral lithology variation.To incorporate the lithology information,we have developed an innovative impedance-based texture approach using GLCM workflow by integrating 3D acoustic impedance volume(a rock propertybased attribute)obtained from a deep convolution network-based impedance inversion.Our proposed workflow is anticipated to be more sensitive toward mapping lateral changes than the conventional amplitude-based texture approach,wherein seismic data is used as input.To evaluate the improvement,we applied the proposed workflow to the full-stack 3D seismic data from the Poseidon field,NW-shelf,Australia.This study demonstrates that a better demarcation of reservoir gas sands with improved lateral continuity is achievable with the presented approach compared to the conventional approach.In addition,we assess the implication of multi-stage faulting on facies distribution for effective reservoir characterization.This study also suggests a well-bounded potential reservoir facies distribution along the parallel fault lines.Thus,the proposed approach provides an efficient strategy by integrating the impedance information with texture attributes to improve the inference on reservoir heterogeneity,which can serve as a promising tool for identifying potential reservoir zones for both production benefits and fluid storage.

Microstructure,texture evolution and yield strength symmetry improvement of as-extruded ZK60 Mg alloy via multi-directional impact forging

Multi-direction impact forging(MDIF)was applied to the as-extruded ZK60 Mg alloy,and the microstructure,texture evolution and yield strength symmetry were investigated in the current study.The results showed that the average grain size of forged piece was greatly refined to 5.3μm after 120 forging passes,which was ascribed to the segmenting effect of{10–12}twins and the subsequent multiple rounds of dynamic recrystallization(DRX).A great deal of{10–12}twins were activated at the beginning of MDIF process,which played an important role in grain refinement.With forging proceeding,continuous and discontinuous DRX were successively activated,resulting in the fully DRXed microstructure.Meanwhile,the forged piece exhibited a unique four-peak texture,and the initial<10-10>//ED fiber texture component gradually evolved into multiple texture components composed of<0001>//FFD(first forging direction)and<11–20>//FFD texture.The special strain path was the key to the formation of the unique four-peak texture.The{10–12}twinning and basal slip were two dominant factors to the evolution of texture during MDIF process.Grain strengthening and dislocation strengthening were two main strengthening mechanisms of the forged piece.Besides,the symmetry of yield strength was greatly improved by MDIF process.

LIC color texture enhancement algorithm for ocean vector field data based on HSV color mapping and cumulative distribution function

Texture-based visualization method is a common method in the visualization of vector field data.Aiming at adding color mapping to the texture of ocean vector field and solving the ambiguity of vector direction in texture image,a new color texture enhancement algorithm based on the Line Integral Convolution(LIC)for the vector field data is proposed,which combines the HSV color mapping and cumulative distribution function calculation of vector field data.This algorithm can be summarized as follows:firstly,the vector field data is convoluted twice by line integration to get the gray texture image.Secondly,the method of mapping vector data to each component of the HSV color space is established.And then,the vector field data is mapped into HSV color space and converted from HSV to RGB values to get the color image.Thirdly,the cumulative distribution function of the RGB color components of the gray texture image and the color image is constructed to enhance the gray texture and RGB color values.Finally,both the gray texture image and the color image are fused to get the color texture.The experimental results show that the proposed LIC color texture enhancement algorithm is capable of generating a better display of vector field data.Furthermore,the ambiguity of vector direction in the texture images is solved and the direction information of the vector field is expressed more accurately.

Rapid Texture Mapping from Image Sequences for Building Geometry Model

An effective approach, mapping the texture for building model based on the digital photogrammetric theory, is proposed. The easily-acquired image sequences from digital video camera on helicopter are used as texture resource, and the correspondence between the space edge in building geometry model and its line feature in image sequences is determined semi-automatically. The experimental results in production of three-dimensional data for car navigation show us an attractive future both in efficiency and effect.

Realization of 3D Garment Rendering Using Texture Mapping Technology

After a review of the planar garment effect production of pattern fabric and a brief introduction of the concept of texture mapping, the theory of 2D texture mapping onto 3D surface is stated. And the calculation procedures of texture mapping, such as texture image preprocess,mannequin and garment surface modeling, mapping relationship definition, shading/texturing model creation, and graphic transformation,are exploited to produce a real 3D garment rendring effect.Finally, the conclusion is given about the realization envlronment and affecting factors of the final images.

Development of Texture Mapping Approaches for Additively Manufacturable Surfaces

manufacturing(AM)technologies have been recognized for their capability to build complex components and hence have ofered more freedom to designers for a long time.The ability to directly use a computer-aided design(CAD)model has allowed for fabricating and realizing complicated components,monolithic design,reducing the number of components in an assembly,decreasing time to market,and adding performance or comfort-enhancing functionalities.One of the features that can be introduced for boosting a component functionality using AM is the inclusion of surface texture on a given component.This inclusion is usually a difcult task as creating a CAD model resolving fne details of a given texture is difcult even using commercial software packages.This paper develops a methodology to include texture directly on the CAD model of a target surface using a patch-based sampling texture synthesis algorithm,which can be manufactured using AM.Input for the texture generation algorithm can be either a physical sample or an image with heightmap information.The heightmap information from a physical sample can be obtained by 3D scanning the sample and using the information from the acquired point cloud.After obtaining the required inputs,the patches are sampled for texture generation according to non-parametric estimation of the local conditional Markov random feld(MRF)density function,which helps avoid mismatched features across the patch boundaries.While generating the texture,a design constraint to ensure AM producibility is considered,which is essential when manufacturing a component using,e.g.,Fused Deposition Melting(FDM)or Laser Powder Bed Fusion(LPBF).The generated texture is then mapped onto the surface using the developed distance and angle preserving mapping algorithms.The implemented algorithms can be used to map the generated texture onto a mathematically defned surface.This paper maps the textures onto fat,curved,and sinusoidal surfaces for illustration.After the texture mapping,a stereolithography(STL)model is generated with the desired texture on the target surface.The generated STL model is printed using FDM technology as a fnal step.

Bidirectional Texture Mapping

Texture mapping is an important technique for high -quality image generation in computer graphics. In this paper, the shortcoming of the traditional texture mapping approaches is analysed and a general bidirectional texture mapping method is proposed. Based on the bidirectional mapping, an algorithm for mapping an image to an arbitrary polygon in 3D space is given.

Constructive Texture Steganography Based on Compression Mapping of Secret Messages

This paper proposes a new constructive texture synthesis steganographic scheme by compressing original secret messages.First,we divide the original message into multiple bit blocks,which are transferred to decimal values and compressed into small decimal values by recording their interval sign characters.Then,a candidate pattern is generated by combining the given source pattern and boundary extension algorithm.Furthermore,we segment the candidate pattern into multiple candidate patches and use affine transformation algorithm to locate secret positions on a blank canvas,which are used to hide the sign characters by mapping the candidate patches.Finally,we select the candidate patches with minimal mean square error to represent secret bits to generate stego image by image quilting.Extensive experiments demonstrate that compared with existing texture steganographic methods,our method has a better visual quality,higher embedding capacity and security performance,while maintaining strong anti-steganalysis capability.

磁共振T_(2)^(*)mapping序列联合纹理特征参数对绝经后骨质疏松症的诊断价值

目的:探讨磁共振T_(2)^(*)mapping序列联合纹理特征参数在诊断女性绝经后骨质疏松症(postmenopausal osteoporosis,PMOP)中的应用价值。方法:回顾性分析2019年3月至2021年4月某院收治的50例PMOP患者(作为骨质疏松组)的临床资料,另选择50例绝经后骨量正常(骨密度>120 mg/cm^(3))的体检者为骨量正常组和50例绝经后骨量减少(80 mg/cm^(3)<骨密度<120 mg/cm^(3))者为骨量减少组。3组均行磁共振腰椎常规序列及T_(2)^(*)mapping扫描,提取图像纹理特征。对比3组腰椎T_(2)^(*)值及纹理特征参数(能量、对比、相关、逆差距及熵),采用Spearman相关性分析腰椎T_(2)^(*)值、纹理特征参数与女性发生POMP的相关性,通过多因素Logistics回归分析确定女性发生PMOP的独立预测因子,采用ROC曲线分析T_(2)^(*)mapping序列联合纹理特征参数对PMOP的诊断效能,构建发生POMP的列线图预测模型并对模型进行验证。结果:3组腰椎T_(2)^(*)值、能量、对比、相关、逆差距及熵比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。Spearman相关分析结果显示,腰椎T_(2)^(*)值、对比及熵与发生POMP呈显著正相关关系,能量、相关及逆差距与发生POMP呈显著负相关关系(P<0.05)。T_(2)^(*)值、能量、对比、相关、逆差距及熵均为POMP发生的独立预测因子(P<0.05)。T_(2)^(*)mapping序列联合纹理特征参数诊断的AUC、敏感度及特异度均优于单项参数诊断。列线图预测模型预测女性发生POMP的概率为75.00%,经验证模型具有较高的区分度、校准能力和净获益率。结论:磁共振T_(2)^(*)mapping序列联合纹理特征参数对女性发生POMP的诊断效能良好,T_(2)^(*)值、能量、对比、相关、逆差距及熵可作为临床筛选POMP高危人群的敏感指标。

Self-similarity Based Editing of 3D Surface Textures Using Height and Albedo Maps

This paper presents an inexpensive method for self-similarity based editing of real-world 3D surface textures by using height and albedo maps. Unlike self-similarity based 2D texture editing approaches which only make changes to pixel color or inten- sity values, this technique also allows surface geometry and reflectance of the captured 3D surface textures to be edited and relit us- ing illumination conditions and viewing angles that differ from those of the original. A single editing operation at a given location affects all similar areas and produces changes on all images of the sample rendered under different conditions. Since surface height and albedo maps can be used to describe seabed topography and geologic features, which play important roles in many oceanic proc- esses, the proposed method can be effectively employed in applications regarding visualization and simulation of oceanic phenom- ena.

Value of Texture Analysis on Gadoxetic Acid-enhanced MR for Detecting Liver Fibrosis in a Rat Model

Objective To explore the ability of texture analysis of gadoxetic acid-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging(MRI) T1 mapping images, as well as T1-weighted(T1 W), T2-weighted(T2 W) and apparent diffusion coefficient(ADC) maps for distinguishing between varying degrees of hepatic fibrosis in an experimental rat model.Methods Liver fibrosis in rats was induced by carbon tetrachloride intraperitoneal injection for 4–12 weeks(n = 30). In the control group(n = 10) normal saline was applied. The MRI protocol contained T2 W, diffusion weighted imaging, pre-and post-contrast image series of T1 W and T1 mapping images. METAVIR score was used to grade liver fibrosis as normal(F0), mild fibrosis(F1–2), and advanced fibrosis(F3–4). Texture parameters including mean gray-level intensity(Mean), standard deviation(SD), Entropy, mean of positive pixels(MPP), Skewness, and Kurtosis were obtained. Nonparametric Mann-Whitney U test was used to compare the average value of each texture parameter in each sequence for assessing the difference between F0 and F≥1 as well as F0–2 and F3–4. Receiver operating characteristic(ROC) curves were obtained to assess the diagnosing accuracy of the parameters for differentiating no liver fibrosis from liver fibrosis and rats with liver fibrosis grading F0–2 from those with grading F3–4. The area under ROC curve(AUC) was calculated to evaluate the diagnostic efficiency of texture parameters.Results Finally, 20 rats completed MR T1 mapping image scan. The pathologic staging of these 20 rats was no fibrosis(F0, n = 6), mild fibrosis(F1–2, n = 5) and advanced fibrosis(F3–4, n = 9). On pre-contrast T1 mapping image, Entropy was seen to be statistically significant higher in the F≥1 group than that in the F0 group at each spatial scaling factor(SSF) setting(P = 0.015, 0.015, 0.015, 0.013, 0.015 and 0.018 respectively to SSF = 0, 2, 3, 4,5, 6), and Mean of the F≥1 rats was statistically significant higher than that of the F0 rats at SSF 4, 5, 6(P = 0.004, 0.006, and 0.013, respectively). Entropy and Mean showed a moderate diagnostic performance in most SSF settings of T1 mapping pre-contrast images for differentiation of normal liver from liver fibrosis.Conclusion Certain texture features of gadoxetic acid-enhanced MR images, especially the Entropy of noncontrast T1 mapping image, was found to be a useful biomarker for the diagnosis of liver fibrosis.

利用面片阴影法简化Bump Mapping

论文介绍了Bump Mapping的生成方法,并针对可分割bump形式的纹理提出了利用OpenGL简化计算和加速显示的方法———面片阴影算法,即利用面片的阴影降低逐点计算的复杂性。

T2 mapping影像组学特征鉴别乳腺病灶良恶性的临床应用初探

目的探讨基于磁共振T2 mapping的影像组学特征在预测乳腺病灶良恶性中的应用价值。材料与方法回顾性分析经病理证实的113例患者(良性51例,恶性62例)乳腺磁共振T2 mapping图像,应用ITK-SNAP软件手动勾画磁共振T2 mapping图像中的病灶感兴趣区,利用A.K.软件(AnalysisKit,GE Healthcare)对影像组学特征进行提取。根据病理结果,将其分为两组。通过组内相关系数进行一致性检验。在良性组、恶性组中通过7∶3的比例随机分割训练集与测试集。通过Z-score标准化处理、Pearson相关系数法、递归特征消除法对训练集进行特征降维及选择,逻辑回归分类器进行分类建模,并进行5折交叉验证。分别在训练集及测试集中绘制受试者工作特征(receiver operating characteristic,ROC)曲线,以评估模型的诊断效能,通过临床决策曲线分析(decision curve analysis,DCA)评价其临床有效性。结果通过特征提取获得107个定量影像特征参数,通过特征降维及筛选最终保留6个特征参数,分别为original_shape_Sphericity、original_glcm_InverseVariance、original_glrlm_GrayLevelNonUniformityNormalized、original_glrlm_ShortRunEmphasis、original_glszm_GrayLevelNonUniformity Normalized以及original_ngtdm_Coarseness。ROC曲线在测试集的曲线下面积为0.895(95%可信区间:0.768~0.990),敏感度为94.7%,特异度为80.0%,准确度为88.2%。结论基于磁共振T2 mapping的影像组学特征可用于术前预测乳腺病灶的良恶性,且具有较高的准确度。

3.0 T MRI T2 mapping纹理特征在膝关节骨性关节炎软骨损伤分级中的价值

目的探究基于3.0 T MRI T2 mapping的纹理特征在膝关节骨性关节炎(keen osteoarthritis,KOA)患者不同程度软骨损伤分级中的诊断性能。材料与方法回顾性分析实验组骨性关节炎患者72个膝关节及对照组健康志愿者22个膝关节。通过矢状位T2 mapping生成T2伪彩图,在T2伪彩图中画取ROI并标记国际软骨修复学会(International Cartilage Repair Society,ICRS)分级,选取ICRS MRI分级与关节镜分级一致的201个关节面图像,采用OK软件提取、分析纹理参数。按7∶3的比例随机选取143个关节面图像作为训练集,剩余58个关节面图像作为验证集。对训练集的参数用Spearman及sbf(select by filter)进行特征过滤,用随机森林函数进行特征选择,用ctree建立模型,给出特征在鉴别正常软骨及不同软骨损伤分级中的权重。用曲线下面积(area under the curve,AUC),敏感度、特异度,准确度来评价模型预测正常软骨及不同软骨损伤分级的性能。结果MinLocation、MaxSize及Maximun3DDiameter权重均一致较大,其中MinLocation在各损伤分级中权重均最大,超过0.75。集训集中正常软骨的AUC值为0.91,Ⅰ级损伤的AUC值为0.82,Ⅱ级损伤的AUC值为0.84,Ⅲ级损伤的AUC值为0.88;验证集中正常软骨的AUC值为0.87,Ⅰ级损伤的AUC值为0.74,Ⅱ级损伤的AUC值为0.84,Ⅲ级损伤的AUC值为0.96。AUC最高的是验证集中Ⅲ级损伤软骨,为0.96;其次是训练集中正常软骨,为0.91。无论在训练集还是验证集中都表现出了良好的预测价值。敏感度最高的是训练集中Ⅰ级损伤软骨,为0.83;特异度最高的是训练集中Ⅲ级损伤软骨,为0.98。结论通过T2 mapping提取的纹理参数在不同软骨损伤程度中有较好的鉴别能力。

Bump Mapping原理及在OpenGL下的实现

凹凸映像(bump mapping)作为逐像素光照的一种,能够非常逼真地再现物体表面的细节。文章在对传统光照模型分析的基础上,比较了Gouraud光照模型和Phong模型。并结合目前主流的3D图形硬件,说明了实现Phong光照模型的可行性。然后介绍了逐像素光照、法线图、切面空间、Cube-Map等实现凹凸映像的要素,最后阐述了在OpenGL下实现bump mapping的步骤。

Textures of high-strength and low-expansion Fe-Ni alloy wires during cold-drawing processes

Textures of high-strength and low-expansion Fe-Ni alloy wires during cold-drawing processes were investigated using X-ray diffraction （XRD） and electron back scatter diffraction （EBSD） techniques. The experimental results show that the 〈111〉 and 〈100〉 fibre textures are the main texture components, and crystalline grains in the surface are more fine and uniform than those in the center of Fe-Ni alloy wires during cold-drawing processes. It is found that the volume fraction of the 〈111〉 fibre texture component determined by quantitative regression calculation of the Gaussian distribution function reaches more than 60% and the strong 〈111〉 fibre texture component favors the torsional property of Fe-Ni alloy wires.

Looking at the Statistical Texture Approach Applied to Weather Radar Rainfall Fields

Texture analysis methods have been used in a variety of applications, for instance in remote sensing. Though widely used in electrical engineering, its application in atmospheric sciences is still limited. This paper reviews some concepts of digital texture and statistical texture approach, applying them to a set of specific maps to analyze the correlation between texture measurements used in most papers. It is also proposed an improvement of the method by setting free a distance parameter and the use of a new texture measurement based on the Kullback-Leibler divergence. Eight statistical measurements were used: mean, contrast, standard deviation, cluster shade, cluster prominence, angular second moment, local homogeneity and Shannon entropy. The above statistical measurements were applied to simple maps and a set of rainfall fields measured with weather radar. The results indicate some high correlations, e.g. between the mean and the contrast or between the angular second moment, local homogeneity and the Shannon entropy, besides the potentiality of the method to discriminate maps.

PATTERN MAPPING ON BETA-SPLINE SURFACES——BILINEAR MAPPING METHOD

Texture pattern mapping is one of the most important techniques for high quality image syn- thesis. It can largely enhance the visual richness of raster-scan images. In this paper is presented a new method of mapping planar texture pattern onto beta-spline curved surfaces——bilinear mapping method which can map planar texture pattern onto curved surfaces with less distortion, and also can fulfill the geometric transformation of the texture pattern on the curved surfaces by operating the pattern win- dow. It is valuable to both CAD/CAM in artistic field and computer graphics.

PATTERN MAPPING ON FREE-FORM SURFACES——CF MAPPING METHOD

In this paper a new method of texture pattern mapping onto free-form surfaces with less distortion and higher suitability is presented.This named CF Mapping Method is based on the Ap- proximate Development Principle and Equidistance Correspondence Rule.It is adaptable to various kinds of free-form surfaces with slight warping.Especially,by operating the pattern window ,dif- ferent artistic treatments——translation,rotation,reflection,sealing,etc.can be fulfilled.Undoubt- edly,it is very practical in the CAD/CAm of artistic scope.

基于MAP的单帧字符图像超分辨率重建

字符是很多图像处理应用关注的区域,增强字符图像分辨率往往能提高字符识别率.针对字符图像纵横和对角线方向纹理特征,提出了一种提取不同方向纹理及图像平滑度度量的新方法,并在最大后验概率框架下,实现了单帧图像超分辨率重建算法.算法利用自适应可调模板作为卷积核,将纹理信息引入图像先验模型,最终将超分辨率重建转化为一个目标函数最优化问题.实验表明,该算法能有效提高字符图像的识别率,且对噪声具有较好的鲁棒性.