A review on the cooling of energy conversion and storage systems using thermoelectric modules

Exploitation of sustainable energy sources requires the use of unique conversion and storage systems,such as solar panels,batteries,fuel cells,and electronic equipment.Thermal load management of these energy conversion and storage systems is one of their challenges and concerns.In this article,the thermal management of these systems using thermoelectric modules is reviewed.The results show that by choosing the right option to remove heat from the hot side of the thermoelectric modules,it will be a suitable local cooling,and the thermoelectric modules increase the power and lifespan of the system by reducing the spot temperature.Thermoelectric modules were effective in reducing panel temperature.They increase the time to reach a temperature above 50℃ in batteries by 3 to 4 times.Also,in their integration with fuel cells,they increase the power density of the fuel cell.

Thermal-Hydraulic System Study of the Helium Cooled Pebble Bed (HCPB) Test Blanket Module (TBM) for ITER Using System Code RELAP5

The HCPB concept has been a European DEMO reference concept for nearly one decade. Detailed thermal-hydraulic study on the control behavior of the whole system is one of the important parts of this development. The thermal-hydraulic effect of the TBM-combined cooling circuit during a cyclic operation in ITER has been studied using the system code RELAP5. The RELAP5 is based on an one-dimensional, transient two-fluid model for the flow of a two-phase steam-water mixture that can contain noncondensable components like Helium. The RELAP5models are modified to take the cyclic operation of the circulator, heat, exchanger, bypass, valves etc in to account. A sequence of operational phases is investigated, starting from the cold state through the heating phase that brings the system to a stand-by condition, followed by typical power cycles applied in ITER. The results show that the implemented control mechanisms keep the inlet temperature to the TBM and the total mass flow rate at the required values through all phases.

Analysis for Effects of Temperature Rise of PV Modules upon Driving Distance of Vehicle Integrated Photovoltaic Electric Vehicles

The development of vehicle integrated photovoltaics-powered electric vehicles (VIPV-EV) significantly reduces CO2 emissions from the transport sector to realize a decarbonized society. Although long-distance driving of VIPV-EV without electricity charging is expected in sunny regions, driving distance of VIPV-EV is affected by climate conditions such as solar irradiation and temperature rise of PV modules. In this paper, detailed analytical results for effects of climate conditions such as solar irradiation and temperature rise of PV modules upon driving distance of the VIPV-EV were presented by using test data for Toyota Prius and Nissan Van demonstration cars installed with high-efficiency InGaP/GaAs/InGaAs 3-junction solar cell modules with a module efficiency of more than 30%. The temperature rise of some PV modules studied in this study was shown to be expressed by some coefficients related to solar irradiation, wind speed and radiative cooling. The potential of VIPV-EV to be deployed in 10 major cities was also analyzed. Although sunshine cities such as Phoenix show the high reduction ratio of driving range with 17% due to temperature rise of VIPV modules, populous cities such as Tokyo show low reduction ratio of 9%. It was also shown in this paper that the difference between the driving distance of VIPV-EV driving in the morning and the afternoon is due to PV modules’ radiative cooling. In addition, the importance of heat dissipation of PV modules and the development of high-efficiency PV modules with better temperature coefficients was suggested in order to expand driving range of VIPV-EV. The effects of air-conditioner usage and partial shading in addition to the effects of temperature rise of VIPV modules were suggested as the other power losses of VIPV-EV.

Case-Based Reasoning(CBR) Model for Ultra-Fast Cooling in Plate Mill

New generation thermo-mechanical control process（TMCP） based on ultra-fast cooling is being widely adopted in plate mill to product high-performance steel material at low cost. Ultra-fast cooling system is complex because of optimizing the temperature control error generated by heat transfer mathematical model and process parameters. In order to simplify the system and improve the temperature control precision in ultra-fast cooling process, several existing models of case-based reasoning（CBR） model are reviewed. Combining with ultra-fast cooling process, a developed R5 CBR model is proposed, which mainly improves the case representation, similarity relation and retrieval module. Certainty factor is defined in semantics memory unit of plate case which provides not only internal data reliability but also product performance reliability. Similarity relation is improved by defined power index similarity membership function. Retrieval process is simplified and retrieval efficiency is improved apparently by windmill retrieval algorithm. The proposed CBR model is used for predicting the case of cooling strategy and its capability is superior to traditional process model. In order to perform comprehensive investigations on ultra-fast cooling process, different steel plates are considered for the experiment. The validation experiment and industrial production of proposed CBR model are carried out, which demonstrated that finish cooling temperature（FCT） error is controlled within±25℃ and quality rate of product is more than 97%. The proposed CBR model can simplify ultra-fast cooling system and give quality performance for steel product.

Performance on Power,Hot and Cold Water Generation of a Hybrid Photovoltaic Thermal Module

This paper proposed a new function of photovoltaic thermal(PVT)module to produce nocturnal cool water not just only generating electrical power and hot water during daytime.Experimental tests were carried out under Chiang Mai tropical climate with a 200 Wp monocrystalline PVT module having dimensions of 1.601 m×0.828 m connected with two water tanks each of 60 L taken for hot and cool water storages.The module was facing south with 18o inclination.The electrical load was a 200 W halogen lamp.From experiments,by taking the module as a nocturnal radiative cooling surface,the cool water temperature in the cool storage tank could be reduced 2℃–3℃each night and the temperature could be reduced from 31.5℃to 22.1℃within 4 consecutive days.The cool water at approximately 23℃was also used to cool down the PVT module from noon when the PVT module temperature was rather high,and then the module temperature immediately dropped around 5℃and approximately 10%increase of electrical power could be achieved.A set of mathematical models was also developed to predict the PVT module temperature and the hot water temperature including the cool water temperature in the storage tanks during daytime and nighttime.The simulated results agreed well with the experimental data.

The Module HTGR Development in China

High Temperature Gas-cooled Reactors are recognized as a representative advanced nuclear system for the future owing to the excellent safety performance,high efficiency,multipurpose uses and hydrogen production.These type reactors are characterized by ceramic coated particle fuel,inert helium as coolant,and graphite used as moderator and reflector in core,which makes the outlet temperature of coolant reaching 950℃ even more.Under the National High Technology Program,the HTR-10 project has been successfully implemented and achieved full power operation in connection with the grid in January of 2003.HTR-10,which is the first module HTR with inherent safety feature around world,has carried out safety demonstration tests simulating the severe accident conditions in 2004.Based on the proven technologies and experience feedback during HTR-10 design,manufacture,construction and operation,a HTR-PM demonstration power plant with 200MWe power capacity sited at Rongcheng of Shandong province has been initiated.

A Review on Recent Development of Cooling Technologies for Photovoltaic Modules

When converting solar energy to electricity,a big proportion of energy is not converted for electricity but for heating PV cells,resulting in increased cell temperature and reduced electrical efficiency.Many cooling technologies have been developed and used for PV modules to lower cell temperature and boost electric energy yield.However,little crucial review work was proposed to comment cooling technologies for PV modules.Therefore,this paper has provided a thorough review of the up-to-date development of existing cooling technologies for PV modules,and given appropriate comments,comparisons and discussions.According to the ways or principles of cooling,existing cooling technologies have been classified as fluid medium cooling(air cooling,water cooling and nanofluids cooling),optimizing structural configuration cooling and phase change materials cooling.Potential influential factors and sub-methods were collected from the review work,and their contributions and impact have been discussed to guide future studies.Although most cooling technologies reviewed in this paper are matured,there are still problems need to be solved,such as the choice of cooling fluid and its usability for specific regions,the fouling accumulation and cleaning of enhanced heat exchangers with complex structures,the balance between cooling cost and net efficiency of PV modules,the cooling of circulating water in tropical areas and the freezing of circulating water in cold areas.To be advocated,due to efficient heat transfer and spectral filter characters,nanofluids can promote the effective matching of solar energy at both spectral and spatial scales to achieve orderly energy utilization.

温差电致冷组件寿命加速试验方法研究

针对现有标准中温差电致冷组件寿命试验方法缺失,通过开展不同热面温度(60℃、65℃、70℃、75℃)下的加速试验验证,分析了最大温差、电阻、最大温差工作电压等关键参数的变化,确定了加速因子,研制形成温差电致冷组件寿命加速试验方法,显著缩短了寿命试验的验证时间,满足了应用发展需求。

冷板阻热层对锂电池模组散热均匀性影响

锂电池模组温差过大引发电池间充放电、老化衰减速率不一致,致使其性能变差。为了进一步降低锂电池模组工作温差,提出一种设阻热层的新型冷板,即通过在冷板冷却液入口处与锂电池间增设阻热层增大热阻、抑制锂电池与冷板间热交换改善其散热均匀性。利用新型冷板对锂电池模组3 C放电冷却散热进行建模仿真计算,分析了并行流道、并联蛇形流道以及分叉型流道等3种不同流道冷板增设阻热层对锂电池模组放电散热均匀性影响,以及阻热层材料导热系数、厚度及覆盖面积对锂电池模组冷却散热均匀性影响。结果表明:在3种流道冷板上增设阻热层均能有效降低锂电池模组工作温差。随着阻热层材料导热系数减小,锂电池模组最高温度和温差均先减小后增加。随着阻热层厚度、阻热层覆盖面积增大,锂电池模组工作最高温度和温差均先减小后增大。采用长80 mm、宽80 mm、厚1 mm导热硅胶垫阻热层,分叉型流道冷板冷却锂电池模组3 C放电最高温度和温差降至306.55 K和4.89 K。

SiC MOSFET器件高温下最大电流导通能力评估方法

碳化硅SiC(silicon carbide)器件被认为是一种良好的耐高温半导体器件,高功率密度和高温应用需要更深入地研究损耗和散热问题。研究了SiC MOSFET功率模块在高温下的最大电流导通能力,考虑了电气性能和散热的相互关系。在建立SiC MOSFET器件的热电耦合模型配合系统散热模型的基础上,分析了热失控过程的机理。通过热电联合仿真确定了一款SiC功率模块高温下的电流容量,与实验结果相比误差约为4%,验证了所提方法的有效性。

双面散热SiC功率模块温度均匀性和开关特性评估

碳化硅MOSFET因其材料特性被广泛应用于新能源汽车的高压、高频和高功率密度场合。在考虑双面水冷散热过程,往往忽略芯片布局间距对于散热以及芯片温度均匀性的影响,未考虑芯片温度均匀性对于多芯片并联电流均匀性的影响。针对上述问题,设计一种双面水冷的封装结构,分析不同芯片布局间距对芯片温度均匀性的影响,分析不同结温及不同芯片布局对寄生参数及开关特性的影响,并针对不同芯片布局间距和不同液冷工况,采用大量仿真及响应面对比分析,验证了所提方法的有效性,为SiC功率模块封装对芯片温度均匀性及开关特性的影响提供技术方法指导和定量分析。

基于神经网络的双面散热功率模块本构热阻建模与表征

双面散热(double-sided cooling,DSC)功率模块的结-壳热阻,是其电热设计、状态监测与失效分析的关键性能指标。然而,现有的结-壳热阻模型及其测试标准,仅针对单通道传热的功率模块,难以匹配多通道传热的DSC功率模块,无法识别DSC功率模块的本构热阻信息。首先提出DSC功率模块的本构热阻模型,阐释DSC功率模块本构热阻的物理意义,分析重构单通道传热本构热阻的可行性和唯一性;其次,评估所提本构热阻与传统测试热阻的本质差异。基于商业化DSC功率模块,采用多物理场分析方法,构建DSC功率模块的热阻数据库;然后,基于神经网络学习方法和所构建的数据库,建立DSC功率模块的本构热阻模型,并通过大量训练数据和测试数据的交叉验证及多款DSC功率模块的实测结果,验证神经网络重构本构热阻的泛化能力和兼容能力,为多通道散热功率模块的热阻建模与表征,提供新的研究思路和技术途径。

强化坏路工况下冷却模块的加速耐久试验研究

提出一种加速疲劳试验功率谱编辑法。以某款商用车道路试验载荷谱为基础,通过分析各路况下的频域特征,结合冷却模块的计算模态结果,确认导致冷却模块失效的风险路况。基于采集的载荷信号计算得到各路况疲劳损伤谱分量,应用Miner线性叠理论获得总疲劳损伤,最终编辑生成台架加速试验用功率谱。通过对加速谱时域、幅值域和频域角度的对比,验证加速谱台架响应统计特征与原始谱的一致性。冷却模块的台架耐久试验表明,将振动量级提高1.85倍,通过57 h的台架试验模拟完成三种风险路段数百小时的道路试验。并复现道路试验的失效故障,验证其有效性。

基于外部冷却模块和内部凝雾模块的高位收水机械通风冷却塔性能对比研究

为了控制雾羽和节约水资源,搭建了高位收水机械通风冷却塔热态实验系统,分别对外部冷却模块(干湿联合冷却塔)和内部凝雾模块(凝雾式冷却塔)的消雾、节水及热力性能进行对比分析,研究了环境温度、循环水进水温度及循环水量对冷却塔性能的影响。结果表明:干湿联合冷却塔和凝雾式冷却塔均具有消雾和节水能力,但实现二者的消雾和节水是以降低冷却塔冷却性能为代价的;与原塔相比,干湿联合冷却塔和凝雾式冷却塔的循环水温降约降低了1.5 K;干湿联合冷却塔和凝雾式冷却塔的消雾和节水性能受运行参数的影响很大,且凝雾式冷却塔的节水量和节水率高于干湿联合冷却塔。

斜角进风超级电容模组空冷过程的模拟仿真计算

提出一种斜角进风的超级电容热管理系统的空气冷却策略.基于流-固耦合的传热原理,通过Comsol仿真软件,模拟自然对流下的模组温度,并验证仿真的真实性和可靠性.仿真分析结构的入口角度对超级电容模组冷却效果的影响.结果表明,适当角度的斜角能够显著降低超级电容模组的最高温度和最大温差.当进风口角度为45°时,相较于直角进风,超级电容模组的最高温度和最大温差分别降低7%和26%.随着入口角度由小变大,超级电容模组的最高温度和最大温差的变化趋势呈“M”形.

AI大模型场景下智能计算技术选型分析

随着ChatGPT的诞生,AI大模型相关的产品和服务呈爆发式增长,国内互联网企业和运营商等纷纷加入“百模大战”。现有云平台中智能服务器采用传统GPU配置规格,无法满足大模型训练所需要的高性能算力和卡间互联带宽需求。本文主要研究扣卡模组形态的智能计算芯片技术,以及整机服务器的散热技术等内容,为后续建设智算中心提供选型依据。

燃煤锅炉高温腐蚀气体激光在线监测设备研究

燃煤锅炉燃烧场的经济性、安全性和环保性对于智慧电厂建设具有重要意义。H2S和CO是燃煤锅炉燃烧场的两种主要高温腐蚀气体,它们不仅腐蚀锅炉近壁面,尾气对大气环境的危害也极其严重。基于近红外可调谐半导体激光吸收光谱技术,结合波长调制光谱技术和频分复用技术,研制了一款无人值守的燃煤锅炉主燃区的H_(2)S和CO气体浓度实时在线监测设备。仿真模拟了6335~6341 cm^(-1)范围内的气体吸收光谱,并选定1.5μm附近的近红外激光器作为激光光源。研制了一套耐高温耐腐蚀的Herriott型多光程池,使激光与气体相互作用的有效光程达15 m;开发了硬件电路及相应的固件程序,实现了H2S和CO吸收光谱信号的二次解调与浓度反演。线性度和Allan方差实验表明,其线性拟合相关系数分别为0.9998和0.9995,在73 s和53 s的积分时间下,H_(2)S和CO的最低检测极限分别为0.2×10^(-6) mol/mol和0.344×10^(-6) mol/mol。最后,将研制的设备在某300 MW电负荷的四角切圆燃煤锅炉主燃区燃烧气氛场进行应用示范,对水冷壁附近的H2S和CO进行同步测量。结果表明,锅炉中H2S和CO的浓度呈正相关,厌氧燃烧会导致两种气体的含量增加,造成对水冷壁的腐蚀。

同位素原子饱和吸收谱稳频的拉曼激光方案

提出一种基于同位素原子饱和吸收谱稳频的拉曼激光方案,并应用于原子干涉仪激光系统的小型化。该方案使用同位素原子吸收泡代替现有拉曼光方案中的移频或调制光学器件,以实现拉曼激光的稳频和失谐,使光路和电路同时简化。针对^(85)Rb原子干涉仪,^(87)Rb原子D2线的饱和吸收谱被用于对拉曼激光进行稳频,稳频后的拉曼激光红失谐在GHz量级,线宽约为80 kHz。将该拉曼激光用于原子干涉仪获得了对比度为20%的干涉条纹,重力测量的灵敏度为345μGal/Hz1/2。连续24 h重力测量数据的阿伦方差显示原子干涉仪的分辨率约为2×10^(−8)g@7500 s。该拉曼激光的频率噪声引起的单次重力测量噪声优于1μGal,完全可以满足μGal量级的重力测量需求。该拉曼激光方案有助于推动原子干涉仪激光系统的小型化、轻量化和实用化。

汽车在环境风洞内流场的数值模拟与实验研究

为研究汽车在环境风洞内的流场特性,建立了环境风洞和整车数值模型,考虑了风洞喷口和收缩段的阻塞效应、边界层抽吸以及实验设施等对汽车流场的干扰效应,对环境风洞内汽车前方、车身和车轮周围、冷却模块以及机舱内的流场进行了数值模拟。对车身表面的静压以及车身周围和车底部的风速等进行测试,通过数值模拟结果与实验结果的对比,表明数值风洞能准确预测汽车在环境风洞内的流场特性。研究结果显示:汽车前端气流的速度分布沿着气流方向发生显著变化,越接近前端冷却模块时风速的均匀性变得越差;汽车底部气流受地面、车底和轮胎旋转等的共同影响呈现规律性的变化,车底风速沿车身纵向先增大后减小。本方法对研究汽车在环境风洞内的热气动性能以及开发数值风洞提供了新的思路和参考。