The Description of Oil Displacement Mechanism in Steam Injection of Multi-Field Synergy with Exergy Transfer

Steam injection is a most effective way for improving heavy oil recovery efficiency, and it has academic and practical significance for the mechanism of multi-field synergy oil displacement. Mechanism of “diversified” oil displacement which is obtained by traditional study methods in the exploitation territory of oil and gas fields has both respective roles and mutual cross shortages. To describe and analyze the displacement process of multi-field coupling with exergy transfer can simplify this kind of problem by introducing a unified goal-driving exergy. It needs to use the method of theoretical modeling, numerical simulation and experimental validation to study the basic law of exergy transfer in the oil displacement process of multi-field synergy, make a thorough research for the flooding process of steam injection with exergy transfer theory and reveal the oil displacement mechanism in steam injection of multi-field synergy. Thus the theory instruction and technical support can be provided to improve reservoirs producing degree and extraction ratio.

Numerical Analysis on Multi-Field Characteristics and Synergy in a Large-Size Annular Combustion Chamber with Double Swirlers

In order to comprehensively evaluate the flow and heat transfer performance of a large-size annular combustion chamber of a heavy-duty gas turbine,we carried out numerical computation and analyses on the velocity,temperature and pressure fields in the chamber with double swirlers.The mathematical model of the coupling combustion,gas flow,and heat transfer process was established.The influences of the inlet swirling strength,fuel-air ratio and temperature of the premixed gas on the multi-field characteristics and synergy were investigated on the basis of field synergy theory.The results showed that the central recirculation zone induced by the inlet swirling flow grows downstream in the combustion chamber.The velocity and temperature in the outlet section of the chamber tend to be uniform due to the upstream improved synergy.The outer swirl number of the premixed gas flow has a great influence on the comprehensive flow and heat transfer performance of the combustion chamber.The synergy angles change towards benefiting the synergy between velocity and temperature fields with the increasing swirl numbers and inlet gas temperature while the velocity-pressure synergy becomes poor.The increasing fuel-air ratio of premixed gas leads to different trends of the velocity-temperature synergy and velocity-pressure synergy.The comprehensive synergy representing the low-resistance heat transfer performance is evidently dominated mainly by the velocity-temperature synergy.

Mass Transfer Modeling in Pervaporation Based on Multi-fields Synergy Theory

Toprovide a theoretical basis for optimizing the pervaporation procedure, a mass transfer model for pervaporation for binary mixtures was developed basedon the multi-fields synergy theory. This model used the mechanism of sorption-diffusion-desorption and introduced a diffusion coefficient, which was dependent on the feed concentration and temperature. Regarding the strong coupling effect in the mass transfer, the concentration distribution in membrane was predicted using the Flory-Huggins thermodynamic theory. The batch experiments and other experiments with constant composition-were conducted-using a modified chitosan pervaporatioffmembrane to separate tert-butyl alcohol （TBA）-water mixtures. The parameters of the mass transfer model were obtained from the flux of the experiments with a constant composition and the activity coefficients available through phase equilibrium equation, using the Willson equation in the feed side and the Flory-Huggins thermodynamic theory within the membrane The simulation results of the experiments .are in good agreement with the results, of the experiments.

Research and Application of a Multi-Field Co-Simulation Data Extraction Method Based on Adaptive Infinitesimal Element

Regarding the spatial profile extraction method of a multi-field co-simulation dataset,different extraction directions,locations,and numbers of profileswill greatly affect the representativeness and integrity of data.In this study,a multi-field co-simulation data extractionmethod based on adaptive infinitesimal elements is proposed.Themultifield co-simulation dataset based on related infinitesimal elements is constructed,and the candidate directions of data profile extraction undergo dimension reduction by principal component analysis to determine the direction of data extraction.Based on the fireworks algorithm,the data profile with optimal representativeness is searched adaptively in different data extraction intervals to realize the adaptive calculation of data extraction micro-step length.The multi-field co-simulation data extraction process based on adaptive microelement is established and applied to the data extraction process of the multi-field co-simulation dataset of the sintering furnace.Compared with traditional data extraction methods for multi-field co-simulation,the approximate model constructed by the data extracted from the proposed method has higher construction efficiency.Meanwhile,the relative maximum absolute error,root mean square error,and coefficient of determination of the approximationmodel are better than those of the approximation model constructed by the data extracted from traditional methods,indicating higher accuracy,it is verified that the proposed method demonstrates sound adaptability and extraction efficiency.

A technique for enhancing tight oil recovery by multi-field reconstruction and combined displacement and imbibition

A seepage-geomechanical coupled embedded fracture flow model has been established for multi-field coupled simulation in tight oil reservoirs,revealing the patterns of change in pressure field,seepage field,and stress field after long-term water injection in tight oil reservoirs.Based on this,a technique for enhanced oil recovery(EOR)combining multi-field reconstruction and combination of displacement and imbibition in tight oil reservoirs has been proposed.The study shows that after long-term water flooding for tight oil development,the pressure diffusion range is limited,making it difficult to establish an effective displacement system.The variation in geostress exhibits diversity,with the change in horizontal minimum principal stress being greater than that in horizontal maximum principal stress,and the variation around the injection wells being more significant than that around the production wells.The deflection of geostress direction around injection wells is also large.The technology for EOR through multi-field reconstruction and combination of displacement and imbibition employs water injection wells converted to production and large-scale fracturing techniques to restructure the artificial fracture network system.Through a full lifecycle energy replenishment method of pre-fracturing energy supplementation,energy increase during fracturing,well soaking for energy storage,and combination of displacement and imbibition,it effectively addresses the issue of easy channeling of the injection medium and difficult energy replenishment after large-scale fracturing.By intensifying the imbibition effect through the coordination of multiple wells,it reconstructs the combined system of displacement and imbibition under a complex fracture network,transitioning from avoiding fractures to utilizing them,thereby improving microscopic sweep and oil displacement efficiencies.Field application in Block Yuan 284 of the Huaqing Oilfield in the Ordos Basin has demonstrated that this technology increases the recovery factor by 12 percentage points,enabling large scale and efficient development of tight oil.

Integrated multi-scale approach combining global homogenization and local refinement for multi-field analysis of high-temperature superconducting composite magnets

Second-generation high-temperature superconducting(HTS)conductors,specifically rare earth-barium-copper-oxide(REBCO)coated conductor(CC)tapes,are promising candidates for high-energy and high-field superconducting applications.With respect to epoxy-impregnated REBCO composite magnets that comprise multilayer components,the thermomechanical characteristics of each component differ considerably under extremely low temperatures and strong electromagnetic fields.Traditional numerical models include homogenized orthotropic models,which simplify overall field calculation but miss detailed multi-physics aspects,and full refinement(FR)ones that are thorough but computationally demanding.Herein,we propose an extended multi-scale approach for analyzing the multi-field characteristics of an epoxy-impregnated composite magnet assembled by HTS pancake coils.This approach combines a global homogenization(GH)scheme based on the homogenized electromagnetic T-A model,a method for solving Maxwell's equations for superconducting materials based on the current vector potential T and the magnetic field vector potential A,and a homogenized orthotropic thermoelastic model to assess the electromagnetic and thermoelastic properties at the macroscopic scale.We then identify“dangerous regions”at the macroscopic scale and obtain finer details using a local refinement(LR)scheme to capture the responses of each component material in the HTS composite tapes at the mesoscopic scale.The results of the present GH-LR multi-scale approach agree well with those of the FR scheme and the experimental data in the literature,indicating that the present approach is accurate and efficient.The proposed GH-LR multi-scale approach can serve as a valuable tool for evaluating the risk of failure in large-scale HTS composite magnets.

The efficacy study of trinity permeation synergism on anti-aging

Background:More and more consumers are paying attention to skin rejuvenation.However,there is a lack of a non-invasive and efficient solution.Objective:To evaluate the efficacy of a trinity permeation synergism(TPS),which consists of a firming essence,an atomizer and a photoelectric penetrator,for facial anti-aging efficacy.Material and methods:In this work,in vitro cell experiments and human efficacy study were used to evaluate the firming and anti-wrinkle effects.Cell experiments were used to verify the effect of the firming essence on the cell proliferation,migration,and anti-inflammation in keratinocytes(HaCaT),and on the gene expression levels of type I and type III collagen(Col-1 and Col-3)and type I matrix metalloproteinase(MMP-1)in human skin fibroblasts(HSF).After in vitro test,60 women aged 35–60 years were enrolled in the randomized test,of which 30 subjects were randomly selected to be the experimental group and treated with the TPS system,while the left 30 subjects were treated with the firming essence only considered as control.After 28 days,skin elasticity,skin redness value,and skin wrinkles were measured to evaluate the efficacy of the TPS system.Results:Cell experiments showed that the firming essence can significantly improve the proliferation and the migration of HaCaT cells.It also promoted the expression level of Col-1 and Col-3 gene,and inhibited the expression level of MMP-1 gene in HSF cells.After confirming the efficacy of firming essence,the efficacy benefit of the TPS was further studied.The 28-day tests show that combined use firming essence with atomizer and penetrator can significantly increase skin elasticity,reduce skin hemoglobin value and skin wrinkles on Day 28.Moreover,all the mentioned improvements are significantly better than that in the control group.Conclusion:Through efficient delivery in the whole process,TPS boosts the efficacy of active components in the firming essence.TPS offers an efficient,non-invasive,and convenient way for enhanced facial rejuvenation efficacy.

Multi-field dynamic modeling and numerical simulation of aluminum alloy resistance spot welding

In order to explore the influence of welding parameters and to investigate the Al alloy (AA) nugget formation process, a comprehensive model involving electrical-thermal-mechanical and metallurgical analysis was established to numerically display the resistance spot welding (RSW) process within multiple fields and understand the AA-RSW physics. A multi-disciplinary finite element method (FEM) framework and a empirical sub-model were built to analyze the affecting factors on weld nugget and the underlying nature of welding physics with dynamic simulation procedure. Specifically, a counter-intuitive phenomenon of the resistance time-variation caused by the transient inverse virtual variation (TIVV) effect was highlighted and analyzed on the basis of welding current and temperature distribution simulation. The empirical model describing the TIVV phenomenon was used for modifying the dynamic resistance simulation during the AA spot welding process. The numerical and experimental results show that the proposed multi-field FEM model agrees with the measured AA welding feature, and the modified dynamic resistance model captures the physics of nugget growth and the electrical-thermal behavior under varying welding current and fluctuating heat input.

Remediation of in-situ Leach Mining Contaminated Soil by Amendment-plant Synergism

This study aimed to remediate in-situ leach mining contaminated soil by amendment-plant synergism. The results showed that plant species exhibited ex-tremely significant effects on the concentration of nitrate nitrogen; to be specific, the concentration of nitrate nitrogen in soil planted with wheat was reduced from 692.19 mg/kg to lower than 100 mg/kg; when the mass ratio of amendment to soil reached 3：50 and the amendment particle size was 1-2 mm, the concentration of nitrate ni-trogen in soil planted with wheat was reduced to 43 mg/kg. The amendment type exhibited extremely significant effects on the concentration of ammonium nitrogen; to be specific, when the mass ratio of amendment to soil reached 10：50, the concen-tration of ammonium nitrogen in soil added with 2-3 mm zeolite was reduced from 23 593.75 to 3 300 mg/kg on day 15. Amendments and plants mainly exhibited desorption performance for sulfate radical in soil, and the amendment type extreme-ly significantly affected the concentration of sulfate radical; to be specific, the con-centration of sulfate radical in soil added with limestone increased from 370 mg/kg to 900 mg/kg on day 7.

Screening on Synergist of Bacillus thuringiensis Wettable Powder

[Objective] This study aimed to screen the best synergistic material for Bt wettable powder and evaluate their synergistic effect. [Method] The synergism of six different kinds of additives for Bacillus thuringiensis wettable powder （Bt WP） on the 2^nd instar larvae of Plutella xylostella was tested by method of leaf dipping in labora- tory. [Result] The mixtures of Bt with 0.1% ZnCl2, 0.5% ZnCl2, 1.0% ZnCl2, 1.0% MgCI2, 0.5% boric acid, 1.0% boric acid, 0.5% citric acid or 1.0% citric acid all ex- hibited synergistic effect, in which the synergistic effect of mixture containing 0.5% boric acid was the highest, with 17.2 synergistic ratio; followed by the mixture containing 1.0% ZnCl2, with 15.6 synergistic ratio. Moreover, addition of 0.5% boric acid could shorten the median lethal time of Bt wettable powder by about 10 h. After the mixtures of Bt with 0.5% boracic acid or 1.0% ZnCl2 was stored for 15 d at room temperature, toxicities of the two mixtures did not change significantly. [Conclusion] Boracic acid as the synergist of Bt wettable powder could not only increase insecti- cidal effect of Bt, but also accelerate its insecticidal rate. So, boracic acid could improve the disadvantages of Bt wettable powder such as poor insecticidal effect and slow insecticidal speed in a certain degree.

中药有效成分结合骨组织工程材料用于骨修复

背景:如何修复骨缺损一直以来是临床难题,中药有效成分在骨修复方面具有良好的生物活性与治疗效果,将中药有效成分与组织工程材料相结合在骨修复领域具有广阔的前景。不同中药有效成分与支架的组合在作用关系方面具有相似之处。目的:搜集常见的中药有效成分与支架材料组合的案例,基于七情配伍的启发将组织工程支架与中药有效成分类比为产生配伍关系的两类中药,以二者的作用关系为纲进行归纳总结。方法:检索1998年1月至2024年1月Pub Med和中国知网数据库中发表的相关文献,英文检索词:“traditional Chinese medicine,Chinese medicine,traditional Chinese medicine monomers,bone defect,bone repair,bone tissue engineering,tissue engineering,scaffold”,中文检索词:“中药,中药有效成分,中药单体,骨组织工程,骨组织工程支架,支架,组织工程,骨缺损,骨修复”,最终纳入88篇文献进行综述分析。结果与结论:(1)组织工程支架材料与中药有效成分各自均在骨修复领域有广泛的运用,二者在成骨方面优势明显但仍有许多缺陷,许多研究致力于将二者制备成复合材料,希望通过二者间的相互作用发挥减毒增效作用。(2)一些药物与材料在成骨、抗菌、促血管生成方面能互相促进,增强原有的效果,受到传统方剂配伍观念的启发,文章将其归纳为“相须”关系,并举实例佐证。(3)一些药物能提高材料的强度,而某些材料能对负载于其上的药物实现缓释控释效果、增加载药量与稳定性,或是进行靶向递送,文章将这种单方面的提升效果归纳为“相使”关系。(4)一些中药与材料搭配使用能减少对方的毒副反应,文章将这种减毒关系归纳为“相畏相杀”。(5)文章得出了一个由七情配伍关系启发、基于作用关系分类的关于中药复合支架的全新视角,将中药传统观念引入组织工程领域,为后续复合支架的研究者提供新的研究思路,并在选材搭配方面提供一定的便利。

Fuzzy multiple attribute decision-making model for synergic knowledge innovation in supply chain

The procedure of supply chain development is the process of continuously congregating knowledge and transforming knowledge.First,the precondition of synergic knowledge innovation in the supply chain is narrated.Then the characteristics of synergic knowledge innovation in the supply chain are analyzed,including complexity,accumulating and evolving process,and the cooperation of members and network integration.Due to the characteristics of multi-factors and uncertainties of the supply chain system,the fuzzy multi-attribution group decision-making model is introduced to solve the involved problem of synergic knowledge innovation in the supply chain.After elaborating on steps of using the fuzzy multiple attribute decision-making(MADM)model,the procedure of decision making for synergic knowledge innovation in the supply chain is explained from an example in the application of a fuzzy MADM model.The fuzzy MADM model,which amalgamates intuition and resolution decision-making can effectively improve the rationality of decision-making for synergic knowledge innovation in the supply chain.

脉冲MIG焊Synergic控制法的由来与发展

<正> 在本世纪40年代初,MIG焊就在美国研制成功,但在以后的20年时间里,基本上没有得到应用和发展,直到60年代初,欧洲一些先进国家的焊接界把它视为焊接工艺上的一项重大突破,并预言在60年代末有可能取代所有的MMA焊接工艺。可是这种愿望并未实现。因为当时MIG焊的设备价格比MMA焊接设备昂贵得多;氩气价格也很贵;而且这种工艺的好坏和设备性能有非常密切的关系。

Goals and Key Technology of Fertilizer-pesticide "Double Reduction" and Synergism for Greenhouse Strawberry

In order to develop green good, reduce the use of chemical fertilizer and pesticide, realize ＂double reduction＂ and synergism, improve safety and quality of products, protect the ecological environment and promote the healthy and steady development of strawberry industry, the goals and key technology of fertilizer-pesticide ＂double reduction＂ and synergism for greenhouse strawberry are summed up in this paper targeting at the current situation of strawberry production and combined with the new technology achievements at home and abroad. The key technology includes six items： healthy seedling cultivating technique, soil improvement and continuous cropping obstacle treatment technique, agricultural ecological prevention tech- nique, physicochemical trap of pest control technique, biological control technique and low residual risk chemical control technique.

Study on Controlling Tobacco Root-knot Nematode by Fertilizer and Pesticide Synergy

Synergism between pesticide and fertilizer in controlling root-knot nematode was investigated by field randomized block test. The results showed that the best control efficiency was shared by 0.5% abamectin and 25% mixed pesticide （abamectin and carbosulfan）, 24.1% and 28.0%, respectively. The positive effect was found by synergism between pesticide and fertiUzer in controlling reot-knot nematode. The economic benefit and agricultural benefit were gained by controlling root-knot nematodes. The results suggested that the agricultural and ecological benefit could be gained through the integration of agricultural practice and chemical technology in controlling root-knot nematode.

Hepatitis B virus infection, diabetes mellitus, and their synergism for cholangiocarcinoma development: A casecontrol study in Korea

AIM: To identify possible risk factors and their synergism for cholangiocarcinoma development.METHODS: A hospital-based, case-control study in which we included 276 cholangiocarcinoma patients [193 extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma(ECC) and 83 intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma(ICC)], diagnosed at a training hospital in Korea between 2007 and 2013, and 552 healthy controls matched 2:1 for age, sex, and date of diagnosis. Risk factors for cholangiocarcinoma and possible synergism between those factors were evaluated using conditional logistic regression and synergism index, respectively.RESULTS:There was an association between cholangiocarcinoma and hepatitis B virus(HBV) infection, diabetes mellitus(DM), cholecystolithiasis, choledocholithiasis, and hepatolithiasis, with the adjusted odds ratios(AORs) of 4.1, 2.6, 1.7, 12.4, and 39.9, respectively. Synergistic interaction on the additive model was investigated between HBV infection and DM(AOR = 12.2; 95%CI: 1.9-80.1). In the subgroup analyses, cholecystolithiasis, choledocholithiasis, hepatolithiasis, and DM were significant risk factors for ECC(AOR = 2.0, 18.1, 14.9, and 2.0, respectively), whereas choledocholithiasis, hepatolithiasis, HBV infection, and DM were risk factors for ICC(AOR = 8.6, 157.4, 5.3 and 4.9, respectively). Synergistic interaction was also observed between HBV infection and DM(OR = 22.7; 95%CI: 2.4-214.1). However, there was no synergistic interaction between other significant risk factors for cholangiocarcinoma.CONCLUSION: In this Korean study, HBV infection and DM were found to exert independent and synergistic effects on the risk for cholangiocarcinoma, including ICC. Exploring the underlying mechanismsfor such synergy may lead to the development of cholangiocarcinoma prevention strategies in high-risk individuals.

Synergistic action on hypnosia: Yinao capsules with pentobarbital sodium of threshold and sub-threshold dosages

BACKGROUND： Sedative and hypnotic drugs could cure insomnia in a dependent manner, and traditional Chinese medicine has some superiority in treating insomnia. OBJECTIVE： To observe the synergistic action of yinao capsules with pentobarbital sodium in threshold and sub-threshold dosages in hypnosia and sedation. DESIGN： A completely randomized grouping design and control experiment. SETTING： Pharmacological laboratory, College of Pharmacy, Henan College of Traditional Chinese Medicine. MATERIALS： Totally 200 grade II Kunming mice of 18 - 21 g, either male or female, were used. Yinao capsules, main ingredients of which were turtleback glue, thinleaf milkwort root, Chinese magnoliavine fruit, mythic fungus, tangshen, ginseng and grassleaf sweetflag rhizome, were offered by Chinese-American Huayi Pharmacy, Co.,Ltd. （ratified number： 040901）; Kangnaoshuai capsules, main ingredients of which were prepared rehmannia root, tuber fleeceflower root, ginseng, membranous milkvetch root, thinleaf milkwort root, Fushen, grassleaf sweetflag rhizome, spine date seed, lecithin, barbary wolfberry fruit, pueraria root, vitamin E, etc., were produced by Shijiazhuang Siyao, Co.,Ltd. （ratified number： 040964）; Pentobarbital sodium was produced by China Medicine （Group） Shanghai Chemical Reagent, Co,.Ltd. （Ratified number： 030816）. ZZ-6 mice spontaneous activity apparatus was produced by Chengdu Taimeng Science and Technology, Co.,Ltd. METHODS： The experiment was carried out in the Animal Experimental Center, Henan College of Traditional Chinese Medicine from October to December in 2005. （1） Influence of Yinao capsules on the spontaneous activity of mice： Fifty mice were randomly divided into five groups with 10 mice in each group： Mice in the large, middle and small dosages of Yinao capsules groups were intragastrically infused with Yinao capsules suspension （1.36, 0.68, 0.34 g/kg）; Those in the Kangnaoshuai capsules group were infused with Kangnaoshuai suspension （1.12 g/kg）; Those in the control group were given physiologic saline of the same volume. The mice were administrated once a day for 7 days continuously, and they were placed into the mice spontaneous activity apparatus after 60 minutes from the last administration, the times of spontaneous activities and the times of arising within 10 minutes were recorded after adaptation for 5 minutes. （2） Synergistic action in hypnosia by Finao capsules with pentobarbital sodium of threshold dosage： Seventy mice were randomly divided into 5 groups as above-mentioned with 14 mice in each group, and they were treated the same as above. They were intraperitoneally injected with 50 mg/kg pentobarbital sodium after 60 minutes from the last administration, then conditions of falling asleep were observed. The disappearance of righting reflex was taken as the index of falling asleep, the latency of falling asleep was the duration from intraperitoneal injection of pentobarbital sodium to fall asleep, the sleeping time was from falling asleep to the disappearance of righting reflex. （3） Synergistic action in hypnosia by Yinao capsules with pentobarbital sodium of sub-threshold dosage： Eighty mice were randomly divided into 5 groups as above-mentioned with 16 mice in each group, and they were treated the same as above. They were intraperitoneally injected with 27 mg/kg pentobarbital sodium after 60 minutes from the last administration. Mice whose righting reflex disappeared for at least 1 minute within 30 minutes were taken as falling asleep, the number of sleeping animals in each group was recorded, and the rate of falling asleep was calculated. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES： Synergistic action of Yinao capsules with pentobarbital sodium of threshold and sub-threshold dosages in hypnosia and sedation. RESULTS： All the 200 mice were involved in the analysis of results. （1） Influence of Yinao capsules on the spontaneous activity of mice： The times of spontaneous activities within 10 minutes in the large and middle dosage of Yinao capsules groups and Kangnaoshuai capsules group [（138.0±37.0）, （156.8±28.3）, （133.3±46.1） times] were obviously fewer than those in the control group [（204.3±61.3） times, P 〈 0.05- 0.01]. The arising times within 10 minutes in the middle and small dosages of Yinao capsules groups and Kangnaoshuai capsules group [（30.7 ± 18.3）, （26.5± 11.2）, （24.2±11.6） times] were obviously fewer than those in the control [（71.7±38.6） times, P 〈 0.01 ]. （2） Synergistic action in hypnosia by Yinao capsules with pentobarbital sodium of threshold dosage： The sleeping latencies in the large and middle dosages of Yinao capsules groups and Kangnaoshuai capsules group [（4.49±1.84）, （4.83±1.72）, （3.85± 1.94） minutes] were obviously shorter than that in the control group [（6.73 ±2.75） minutes, P 〈 0.05 - 0.01 ]. The sleeping time in the large, middle and small dosages of Yinao capsules groups and Kangnaoshuai capsules group [（89.0± 38.42）, （67.21 ±24.07）, （66.28±18.94）, （84.36±29.81） minutes] were obviously longer than that in the control group [（45.78±20.78） minutes, P 〈 0.05- 0.01]. （3） Synergistic action in hypnosia by Yinao capsules with pentobarbital sodium of sub-threshold dosage： The rates of falling asleep in the large and middle dosages of Yinao capsules groups were higher than that in the control group [56% （9/1 6）, 38% （6/1 6）, 6% （6/16）, P 〈 0.01, 0.05], whereas Kangnaoshuai capsules and small dosage of Yinao capsules had no synergistic action with pentobarbital sodium of sub-threshold dosage （P 〉 0.05）. CONCLUSION： Yinao capsules have synergistic action with pentobarbital sodium in hypnosia. Yinao capsules possess obvious sedative and hypnotic effects in a dosage-dependent manner.

Corrosion Inhibition Synergism between Lanthanum(Ⅲ) Ion and 8-Hydroxyquinoline for Zinc in Hydrochloric Acid

The effects of La 3+ ion and chelate reagent 8 hydroxyquinoline on the corrosion rate of zinc in hydrochloric acid were investigated by using weight loss method and electrochemical method. It is found that in a specific concentration range of La 3+ ion and 8 hydroxyquinoline, the obvious corrosion inhibition synergism is obtained. The mechanism of corrosion inhibition synergism was discussed on basis of adsorption theory.

Risk Assessment of Synergism and Recombination on the Transgenic Plants Containing Viral Movement Protein and Replicase Genes

The transgenic tobacco plants transformed with movement protein gene of Tomato mosaic virus (ToMV) or Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) and partial replicase gene of Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) P1 isolate (CMV-P1), were inoculated with Potato virus X, Potato virus Y, TMV and CMV isolate RB (CMV-RB), respectively. Symptom observation showed there were no symptom differences in transgenic tobacco plants as compared with those in non-transgenie tobacco plants. ELISA also illustrated that the virus concentrations in the transgenic plants were similar to those in non-transgenic plants, indicating that no synergism is found in these plants. The transgenic tobacco plants expressing movement protein gene of ToMV or partial replicase gene of CMV-P1 were inoculated with TMV and CMV-RB, respectively. The local or systemic infected leaves were then used for elucidation of the possible virus recombination in transgenic plants with biological infectivity test, ELISA and immuno-capture RT-PCR. Within 16 months, no recombination was found between transformed genes and inoculated virus genomes. The research provides fundamental data for understanding of the possible risk of the transgenic plants expressing viral sequences.

Sonographic fatty liver and hepatitis B virus carrier status: Synergistic effect on liver damage in Taiwan Residents adults

AIM: To examine the epidemiology of hepatitis B virus carrier status (HBVC) and sonographic fatty liver (SFL) in Taiwan Residents adults, and to evaluate their possible interaction in inducing liver damage (LD). From an epidemiological viewpoint, we analyzed previous studies which indicated that fatty liver sensitizes host immune response to HBV infection and enhances liver damage.METHODS: A cross-sectional retrospective analysis of health records including medical history, physical examination, abdominal sonogram, blood biochemistry and hepatic virological tests. We utilized the Student's t-test, chi-square, multivariate logistic regression and synergy index to assess risks for LD.RESULTS: Among a total of 5406 Taiwan Residents adults (mean age 46.2 years, 51.5% males), the prevalence of LD, HBVC and SFL were 12.3%, 15.1% and 33.4%, respectively; 5.1% of participants had SFL plus HBVC. Multivariate logistic regression analysis demonstrated that male gender (odds ratio (OR) = 2.8, 95% confidence interval (CI): 2.3-3.5), overweight state (OR = 1.6, 95% CI: 1.3-2.0), HBVC (OR = 2.5, 95% CI: 2.0-3.1) and SFL (OR = 4.2, 95% CI: 2.2-5.3) were independently associated with LD. Synergism analysis showed that the adjusted OR for LD in adults with HBVC-alone was 3.3 (95% CI: 2.4-4.6), SFL-alone, 4.7 (95% CI: 3.7-6.1) and combined HBVC and SFL, 9.5 (95% CI: 6.8-13.3); the synergy index was 1.4 (95% CI: 1.001-2.0).CONCLUSION: In Taiwan Residents adults, SFL plus HBVC have a significant synergistic association with LD.