Uphill or downhill?Cropland use change and its drivers from the perspective of slope spectrum

The continuous decrease of low-slope cropland resources caused by construction land crowding poses huge threat to regional sustainable development and food security.Slope spectrum analysis of topographic and geomorphic features is considered as a digital terrain analysis method which reflects the macro-topographic features by using micro-topographic factors.However,pieces of studies have extended the concept of slope spectrum in the field of geoscience to construction land to explore its expansion law,while research on the slope trend of cropland from that perspective remains rare.To address the gap,in virtue of spatial analysis and geographically weighted regression(GWR)model,the cropland use change in the Yangtze River Basin(YRB)from 2000 to 2020 was analyzed and the driving factors were explored from the perspective of slope spectrum.Results showed that the slope spectrum curves of cropland area-frequency in the YRB showed a first upward then a downward trend.The change curve of the slope spectrum of cropland in each province(municipality)exhibited various distribution patterns.Quantitative analysis of morphological parameters of cropland slope spectrum revealed that the further down the YRB,the stronger the flattening characteristics,the more obvious the concentration.The province experienced the greatest downhill cropland climbing(CLC)was Shannxi,while province experienced the highest uphill CLC was Zhejiang.The most common cropland use change type in the YRB was horizontal expansion type.The factors affecting average cropland climbing index(ACCI)were quite stable in different periods,while population density(POP)changed from negative to positive during the study period.This research is of practical significance for the rational utilization of cropland at the watershed scale.

Slope-climbing of cropland and its effects in China

In recent decades,the spatio-temporal patterns of China’s croplands have been reshaped by disturbances from anthropogenic activities,with complex changes in the topographic characteristics of croplands.Slope-climbing of croplands(SCCL)is an important issue that threatens sustainable agricultural development.While providing land with prominent location advantages,SCCL weakens the water and fertilizer retention capacity for cropland,intensifies various geological disasters,and adversely affects the ecological environment and food yield of these croplands.It is crucial to determine the spatio-temporal variation features and effects of SCCL in China to formulate more accurate cropland protection policies and to maintain food security;however,the current lack of relevant studies is detrimental for capturing trends in cropland resources and sustainable cropland use.In this study,we constructed a multi-scale slope spectrum for cropland and total terrain to explore the spatial differences and trends of SCCL from a three-dimensional view.We evaluated the natural and socioeconomic effects of SCCL in China from multiple perspectives.Results indicate that the proportion of cropland with slopes below 2°,5°,and 6°in China decreased by 0.43%,0.47%,and 0.50%from 1980 to 2020,respectively.SCCL became apparent during 1980-1990 and 2010-2020,especially over the recent decade.The cropland climbing index(CCI)and upper limited slope change(ULSC)to measure the spatio-temporal pattern of SCCL were 0.99%and 1.17°,respectively,during 2010-2020.At the agricultural regional scale,the SCCL was also concentrated in 1980-1990 and 2010-2020,and it is more pronounced in the southern areas.The proportion of provinces and prefecture-level cities with high-intensity SCCL during 1980-2020 were 87.10%and 49.73%,respectively.SCCL was comparatively more pronounced and broader from 2010 to 2020.During this period,17.84%of prefecture-level cities had no SCCL,and the average CCI for all prefecture-level cities peaked at 1.62%.In this study,we also evaluated the pros and cons of SCCL and provided targeted suggestions for decision makers and farmers to refine cropland protection policy systems and further develop the sustainable use of croplands.

Distinction of self-synchronous scrambled linear blockcodes based on multi-fractal spectrum

This study proposes a novel multi-fractal spectrumbasedapproach to distinguish linear block codes from its selfsynchronousscrambled codes. Given that the linear block codeand self-synchronous scrambled linear block code share the propertyof linear correlation, the existing linear correlation-basedidentification method is invalid for this case. This drawback can becircumvented by introducing a novel multi-fractal spectrum-basedmethod. Simulation results show that the new method has highrobustness and under the same conditions of bit error, the lowerthe code rate, the higher the recognition rate. Thus, the methodhas significant potential for future application in engineering.

Deriving the slope-mean shielded astronomical solar radiation spectrum and slope-mean possible sunshine duration spectrum over the Loess Plateau

Solar radiation is often shielded by terrain relief, especially in mountainous areas, before reaching the surface of the Earth. The objective of this paper is to study the spatial structures of the shielded astronomical solar radiation(SASR) and the possible sunshine duration(PSD) over the Loess Plateau. To this end, we chose six test areas representing different landforms over the Loess Plateau and the software package of Matlab was used as the main computing platform. In each test area, 5-m-resolution digital elevation model established from 1:10,000 scale topographic maps was used to compute the corresponding slope, SASR and PSD. Then, we defined the concepts of the slope-mean SASR spectrum and the slope-mean PSD spectrum, and proposed a method to extract them from the computed slope, SASR and PSD over rectangular analysis windows. Using this method, we found both spectrums in a year or in a season for each of the four seasons in the six test areas. Each spectrum was found only when the area of the corresponding rectangular analysis window was greater than the corresponding stable area of the spectrum. The values of the two spectrums decreased when the slope increased.Furthermore, the values of the stable areas of the spectrums in a year or in a season were positively correlated with the variable coefficients of the slope or the profile curvature. The values of the stable areas of the two spectrums in a year or in a season may represent the minimum value of test areas for corresponding future research on the spatial structures of the SASR or PSD. All the findings herein suggest that the spatial structures of the PSD and the SASR are caused by the interactions between solar radiation and terrain relief and that the method for extracting either spectrum is effective for detecting their spatial structures. This study may deepen our understanding of the spatial structure of solar radiation and help us further explore the distribution of solar energy in mountainous regions.

The minimal spanning tree method for calculating seismic multi-fractal

There are many methods to calculate seismic fractal at present. However, there are still more or less questions to every method. In this paper, we introduce a new way to calculate seismic fractal-the minimal spanning tree. We make an important improvement for this method. By studying some seismic events of four regions including Wushi, Wusu, Tangshan and Haicheng, we obtain that before the strong earthquake occurrence, the multi-fractal spectrum of the space-time distribution of earthquakes changes from centralized to loose. The result shows that the complexity of fractal structure and the inhomogeneity of the space-time distribution of earthquakes are both increasing. By studying the numerical simulation of point sets, we draw the conclusion that the physical essence of multi-fractal spectrums before and after a strong earthquake occurrence is a changing process from homogeneous to inhomogeneous, from simple to complex.

Slope wavenumber spectrum models of capillary and capillary-gravity waves

Capillary and capillary-gravity waves possess a random character, and the slope wavenumber spectra of them can be used to represent mean distributions of wave energy with respect to spatial scale of variability. But simple and practical models of the slope wavenumber spectra have not been put forward so far. In this article, we address the accurate definition of the slope wavenumber spectra of water surface capillary and capillary-gravity waves. By combining the existing slope wavenumber models and using the dispersion relation of water surface waves, we derive the slope wavenumber spectrum models of capillary and capillary-gravity waves. Simultaneously, by using the slope wavenumber models, the dependence of the slope wavenumber spectrum on wind speed is analyzed using data obtained in an experiment which was performed in a laboratory wind wave tank. Generally speaking, the slope wavenumber spectra are influenced profoundly by the wind speed above water surface. The slope wavenumber spectrum increases with wind speed obviously and do not cross each other for different wind speeds. But, for the same wind speed, the slope wavenumber spectra are essentially identical, even though the capillary and capillary-gravity waves are excited at different times and locations. Furthermore, the slope wavenumber spectra obtained from the models agree quite well with experimental results as regards both the values and the shape of the curve.

高原湖泊流域建设用地坡谱演变研究--以滇池流域为例

高原湖泊流域因受自然地理条件限制较大,建设用地不可避免地出现“向湖”“爬坡”扩张现象,通过构建建设用地坡谱可有效揭示其时空演变规律。以滇池流域为例,基于2000—2020年土地利用数据和基于DEM转化的海拔数据,借助陡峭度、均匀度、上限坡度等方法分析了坡谱演化特征,提出了加权爬坡指数(WBCI)以定量表征建设用地爬坡程度,并结合海拔区间的视角探究了建设用地扩张的空间分异及演变规律。结果表明:①滇池流域建设用地扩张显著,呈现以滇池北岸主城区为主核心,东岸呈贡区、南岸晋宁区为次核心的建设用地分布格局;②建设用地垂直空间扩张呈现两阶段特征,即先平地扩张后爬坡扩张。2000—2015年为向湖、降海拔扩张阶段(WBCI<0);2015—2020为爬坡、升海拔扩张阶段(WBCI>0)。③建设用地坡谱演变与海拔变化在流域尺度具有一致性,即爬坡指数变化趋势与建设用地分布的平均海拔变化趋势高度一致。但在区县尺度,建设用地爬坡扩张与海拔爬升存在明显的空间差异性。研究为城镇空间二维扩展向三维扩展提供新的思考和视角,也可为城镇空间用地规划及其生态环境效应评估提供支撑借鉴。

凸出部放大效应在桥址高边坡地震稳定性评价中的应用探讨

深切峡谷区桥址高边坡凸出部具有三面临空和多面卸荷的典型地质地貌特征,研究边坡凸出部地震地形放大效应对桥址边坡安全控制尤为重要。依托特大桥桥址高边坡,研究了地震作用下边坡凸出部放大效应和变形破坏机制,优化了墩台位置。研究结果表明:(1)现场调查和数值模拟综合印证了边坡凸出部山顶碎屑流和主墩下部危岩体发育,受历史震害强。加速度随坡高呈现非线性放大的规律,开挖加剧了挖方区域加速度放大效应。凸出部(坡脊)坡腰和坡顶位置放大系数最大,加速度放大系数M_(PGA)最大可达3.2。(2)坡脊高频部分(5~12 Hz)的加速度傅里叶谱幅值普遍比坡谷大,开挖导致墩台上(下)边坡的傅里叶幅值的峰值减小在(增大)。开挖位置附近的傅里叶谱幅值的峰值均随峰值加速度的增加呈现先增大后减小的趋势。(3)《建筑抗震设计规范》中限制了最大坡高和放大系数极值,可能造成高边坡凸出部的动力放大效应被低估,使得凸出部地震稳定性评价结果偏危险。(4)为保证桥址边坡的地震稳定性,采用文中所述方法优化墩台外侧距坡面的距离为22~26 m。研究成果可为有凸出部的高边坡地震稳定性评价和墩台位置优化设计提供指导。

PET/CT联合胸部能谱CT对肺癌及其分型的诊断价值

目的探究正电子发射计算机体层摄影术(PET)/CT联合胸部能谱CT对肺癌及其分型的诊断价值。方法选择2022年7月至2023年8月在皖北煤电集团总医院收治的疑似肺癌患者70例,其中男性55例,女性15例;年龄37~85岁,平均年龄66.34岁;经病理诊断肺癌60例,存在淋巴结转移或远处转移19例,无淋巴结转移或远处转移41例。全部病例均接受PET/CT、能谱CT检查,对比两种检查方式单独及联合对肺癌的诊断效能,对比不同肺癌分型的PET/CT、能谱CT检查特征参数,分析两种检查中各参数单独及联合对腺癌、鳞癌的诊断价值。结果经病理诊断10例非肺癌,60例肺癌,其中非小细胞肺癌54例(腺癌31例、鳞癌21例、鳞腺癌2例)、小细胞肺癌6例。PET/CT检查诊断54例肺癌,16例非肺癌;能谱CT诊断51例肺癌,19例非肺癌。PET/CT+能谱CT诊断出62例肺癌,8例非肺癌。PET/CT+能谱CT诊断肺癌的灵敏度、准确度及阴性预测值高于二者单独诊断,漏诊率低于二者单独诊断(P<0.05)。不同肺癌分型PET/CT检查的最大标准化摄取值(SUVmax)差异明显,非小细胞肺癌PET/CT检查的SUVmax比较,腺癌>鳞癌>鳞腺癌(21.61±1.52>13.60±1.39>6.65±1.27)(P<0.05);小细胞肺癌与非小细胞肺癌SUVmax(14.17±1.82 vs 17.94±1.65)比较,差异有显著统计学意义(P<0.001);不同非小细胞肺癌分型能谱CT检查的有效原子系数、钙含量、碘基值、斜率K比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);小细胞肺癌有效原子系数、钙含量、碘基值、斜率K[7.91±0.08、(6.89±1.68)mg/mL、(11.43±0.79)g/L、2.23±0.24]与非小细胞肺癌比较[7.77±0.12、(3.73±1.36)mg/mL、(7.02±1.18)g/L、1.69±0.30],差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);PET/CT、能谱CT检查各参数联合诊断腺癌、鳞癌的曲线下面积分别为0.923、0.939(P<0.05)。结论PET/CT、胸部能谱CT联合应用可提高对肺癌的诊断效能,且PET/CT、能谱CT检查各参数对不同肺癌分型的有较高诊断价值。

基于卫星海面高度资料的太平洋海区涡旋能谱分析

在空间均匀和各向同性的假定下,地转湍流理论认为涡旋动能随尺度分布遵循k–n定律(k为波数)。但实际海洋受边界、地形、层结等,具有明显的非均匀、各向异性特征。鉴于此,我们基于近30a卫星高度计资料,分别计算了热带、副热带、中高纬度等海洋涡旋强度不同区域的海面高度异常(SSHA)波数谱,进而利用线性回归拟合方法估算出中尺度波段上SSHA波数谱的斜率,并与地转湍流理论预测进行了对比。研究结果显示:SSHA波数谱从赤道到中高纬度逐渐变陡,其斜率由–4减到–5,基本符合赤道线性波动理论和准地转湍流理论的预测。SSHA波数谱斜率存在纬向与经向差异,例如在赤道地区,纬向谱比相应的经向谱陡;而在南极绕极流区域,经向谱斜率大于纬向谱斜率。SSHA波数谱斜率的各向异性表明海洋中尺度运动受β效应影响,具有明显的经向和纬向差异。以上结果表明,海洋中尺度运动介于准二维和三维之间,不能用一个全球普适的湍流理论模型来描述。

坡谱信息熵与区域水土流失关系研究

坡谱信息熵可以在宏观上反映地形起伏特征和地貌组合差异,且计算相对便捷。为探索坡谱信息熵与区域水土流失之间的关系,文章以西北黄土高原水土保持区为例,基于ALOS数字高程模型(空间分辨率12.5 m)计算研究区内的坡谱信息熵、土壤侵蚀模数,构建坡谱信息熵与土壤侵蚀模数之间的函数关系。研究结果表明:研究区内坡谱曲线主要为“L”形、“S”形,坡谱信息熵值在0.67~1.72nat之间;平均土壤侵蚀模数为1940t/(km^(2)·a)。在流域尺度、二级尺度和三级尺度上,构建坡谱信息熵与土壤侵蚀模数的函数模型,均呈极显著的多项式函数关系,但在流域尺度上,坡谱信息熵与土壤侵蚀模数的关系存在较大不确定性。

基于双能量CT中双能量指数、原子序数结合能谱曲线斜率对于鉴别泌尿系结石成分的价值研究

目的:评估双能量计算机体层扫描(DECT)的双能量指数(DEI)、有效原子序数(Zeff)结合能谱曲线斜率在鉴别患者泌尿系结石成分的价值。方法:收集2019年10月至2022年10月在南通市海门区人民医院就诊的111例泌尿系结石患者的临床及DECT影像资料。所有患者泌尿系结石直径均>5 mm,所有患者的离体结石均经红外光谱分析确定结石成分。分别计算DEI、Zeff、能谱曲线斜率及三者结合对于鉴别泌尿系结石成分的准确率、灵敏度、特异度等。结果:111例患者中草酸钙结石75例(占67.57%),羟基磷灰石15例(占13.51%),尿酸结石21例(占18.92%),未发现胱氨酸等其他类型结石。3种类型结石的CT值(F=487.691,P<0.001)、DEI(F=395.553,P<0.001)、Zeff(F=818.689,P<0.001)和能谱曲线斜率(H=19.615,P<0.001)比较的差异均有统计学意义。DEI、Zeff和能谱曲线斜率对鉴别泌尿系结石成分的总准确率分别为87.39%(97/111)、84.68%(94/111)和81.98%(91/111)。DEI、Zeff和能谱曲线分别对草酸钙结石、羟基磷灰石及尿酸结石诊断准确率均为80%~100%。DEI、Zeff结合能谱曲线斜率对鉴别泌尿系结石成分的总准确率为94.59%(105/111)。DEI、Zeff结合能谱曲线斜率对草酸钙结石、羟基磷灰石及尿酸结石诊断的准确性分别为94.59%、94.59%和100%。结论:与DECT的单个指标相比,DEI、Zeff结合能谱曲线斜率对鉴别泌尿系结石成分显示出更好的诊断准确率。

基于能谱CT测定CT值、曲线斜率与脊柱转移瘤病人血管新生及预后的关系

目的探讨能谱CT测定CT值、能谱曲线斜率与脊柱转移瘤(SM)病人血管新生标志物及预后的关系。方法选取2021年5月至2023年5月我院85例SM病人作为研究组,另选同期85例恶性肿瘤无骨转移病人作为对照组,两组均行能谱CT测定,比较两组一般资料、能谱CT值(40~90 keV)及曲线斜率,并比较研究组SM肿瘤组织和瘤旁正常组织血管新生标志物[血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)、金属基质蛋白酶-9(MMP-9)]表达情况,分析能谱CT参数与SM肿瘤组织血管新生标志物的相关性。研究组随访1年,统计预后情况,比较死亡与存活病人临床资料,分析SM病人预后为死亡的影响因素,并分析能谱CT参数预测SM病人死亡的价值。结果研究组40~90 keV对应的CT值、曲线斜率均显著低于对照组(P<0.05);研究组肿瘤组织VEGF、MMP-9阳性表达率(76.47%、83.53%)高于瘤旁正常组织(44.71%、17.65%)(P<0.05);研究组CT值(40~90 keV)、曲线斜率与SM肿瘤组织VEGF、MMP-9阳性表达呈负相关(P<0.05);研究组完成随访的病人中,死亡病人确诊至转移时间短于存活病人,脏器转移占比、脊柱外骨转移占比高于存活病人,术后局部放疗占比、40 keV对应CT值、50 keV对应CT值、曲线斜率低于存活病人(P<0.05);确诊至转移时间、脏器转移、脊柱外骨转移、术后局部放疗、40 keV对应CT值、曲线斜率均为SM病人预后为死亡的独立影响因素(P<0.05);40 keV对应CT值、曲线斜率单独预测预后为死亡的AUC分别为0.805、0.798,联合预测的AUC为0.931,大于二者单独预测的AUC(P<0.05)。结论能谱CT测定CT值(40~90 keV)、曲线斜率与SM肿瘤组织血管新生标志物密切相关,其中40 keV对应CT值、曲线斜率均为SM病人预后为死亡的独立影响因素,二者联合可为临床预测预后提供可靠参考依据。

Measurements of ocean wave spectrum from airborne radar at small incidence angles

This paper proposes the retrieval method of ocean wave spectrum for airborne radar observations at small incidence angles, which is slightly modified from the method developed by Hauser. Firstly, it makes use of integration method to estimate total mean square slope instead of fitting method, which aims to reduce the affects of fluctuations superposed on normalized radar cross-section by integration. Secondly, for eliminating the noise spectrum contained in signal spectrum, the method considers the signal spectrum in certain look direction without any long wave components as the assumed noise spectrum, which would be subtracted from signal spectrum in any look direction for linear wave spectrum retrieval. Estimated v from the integration method are lower than the one from fitting method and have a standard deviation of 0.004 between them approximately. The assumed noise spectrum energy almost has no big variations along with the wave number and is slightly lower to the high wave number part of signal spectrum in any look direction, which follows that the assumption makes sense. The retrieved directional spectra are compared with the buoy records in terms of peak wavelength, peak direction and the significant wave height. Comparisons show that the retrieved peak wavelength and significant wave height are slightly higher than the buoy records but don＇t differs significantly （error less than 10%）. For peak direction, the swell waves in first case basically propagate in the wind direction 6 hours ago and the wind-generated waves in second case also propagate in the wind direction, but the 180° ambiguity remains. Results show that the modified method can carry out the retrieval of directional wave spectrum.

Dynamic failure mode and energy-based identification method for a counter-bedding rock slope with weak intercalated layers

The dynamic failure mode and energybased identification method for a counter-bedding rock slope with weak intercalated layers are discussed in this paper using large scale shaking table test and the Hilbert-Huang Transform(HHT) marginal spectrum.The results show that variations in the peak values of marginal spectra can clearly indicate the process of dynamic damage development inside the model slope.The identification results of marginal spectra closely coincide with the monitoring results of slope face displacement in the test.When subjected to the earthquake excitation with 0.1 g and 0.2 g amplitudes,no seismic damage is observed in the model slope,while the peak values of marginal spectra increase linearly with increasing slope height.In the case of 0.3 g seismic excitation,dynamic damage occurs near the slope crest and some rock blocks fall off the slope crest.When the seismic excitation reaches 0.4 g,the dynamic damage inside the model slope extends to the part with relative height of 0.295-0.6,and minor horizontal cracks occur in the middle part of the model slope.When the seismic excitation reaches 0.6 g,the damage further extends to the slope toe,and the damage inside the model slope extends to the part with relative height below 0.295,and the upper part(near the relative height of 0.8) slides outwards.Longitudinal fissures appear in the slope face,which connect with horizontal cracks,the weak intercalated layers at middle slope height are extruded out and the slope crest breaks up.The marginal spectrum identification results demonstrate that the dynamic damage near the slope face is minor as compared with that inside the model slope.The dynamic failure mode of counter-bedding rock slope with weak intercalated layers is extrusion and sliding at the middle rock strata.The research results of this paper are meaningful for the further understanding of the dynamic failure mode of counter-bedding rock slope with weak intercalated layers.

Transformation and Breaking of Irregular Waves on Very Gentle Slopes

Based on theoretical analysis, numerical calculation, and experimental study. this paper discusses breaker indices of irregular waves, transformation of wave spectrum, characteristics and computation of breaking waves, as well as the critical beach slope under which waves will not break. Computed results are in good agreement with laboratory physical model test data and ocean wave field measurements.

Wave Reflection Coefficient Spectrum

The wave reflection coefficient frequency spectrum and directional spectrum for concrete face slope breakwaters and rubble mound breakwaters are investigated through physical model tests in the present study. The reflection coefficients of oblique irregular waves are analyzed by the Modified Two-Point Method (MTPM) proposed by the authors. The results show that the wave reflection coefficient decreases with increasing wave frequency and incident angle or decreasing structure slope. The reflection coefficient frequency spectrum and its variation with Iribarren number are given in this paper. The paper also suggests an empirical 3-dimensional reflection coefficient spectrum, i.e. reflection coefficient directional spectrum, which can be used to illustrate quantitatively the variation of reflection coefficient with the incident angle and the Iribarren number for oblique irregular waves.

Slope Year for the U-Pb Dating Method and Its Applications

The slope year tslope for the U-Pb dating method is given as , where λ238 and λ235 are the decay constants for 238U and 235U, respectively, and k is the slope of the tangent line at a point on either the Concordia or Discordia line. These two lines are determined by the initial 206(7)Pbi concentrations in minerals. If , the line is the Concordia. However, if (∧?is the logical operator “and”, also known as the logical conjunction), or , the line is Discordia. The Concordia line is of the form (where p stands for the present), while the Discordia line has the form (where k and b are the slope and intercept of the straight line, respectively).

南海岛礁泻湖区域波浪双峰谱的特征研究

当波浪从深水区传播到岛礁的浅水区域时,由于珊瑚礁复杂的地形地貌,其波浪谱特征与深海中的波浪谱特征会有较大差异。根据南海西沙环礁泻湖内原位测点的波浪谱实测数据,双峰谱发生概率较大。本文首先分析了夏季台风浪和冬季东北季风浪两种典型海况下平衡范围内双峰谱的斜率,发现其斜率值与深海区有较大差异,进而得到低频峰值频率和高频峰值频率的特征值分布范围。然后基于以上分析,采用基于Ochi-Hubble谱型重构泻湖内的双峰波浪谱,得到混合波浪中风浪分量和涌浪分量的参数表达式,较好地描述了岛礁海域双峰波浪谱的特征。本文的研究成果可为近岛礁工程和海洋工程的结构物设计制造提供参考。

2000—2020年湖南省耕地坡谱演变规律研究

耕地是粮食生产的根基。文章利用土地利用数据和数字高程数据,结合坡谱分析方法,构建了耕地上山指数,分析了2000—2020年耕地坡谱在省和区域2个尺度上的变化规律以及影响耕地坡度变化的因素。结果显示:(1)2000—2020年时间段内,湖南省耕地的平均坡度增加了0.09°,高坡度(10°以上)地区耕地面积比例增加了0.68%,湖南省耕地逐渐向高坡度地区发展。(2)在区域尺度,经济相对发达的长株潭地区和地形较复杂的大湘西地区,耕地上山现象明显;经济较发达、以平原为主的洞庭湖地区,耕地上山现象不明显;湘南地区受到地形限制和经济快速发展双重影响,耕地上山程度仅次于长株潭地区。(3)退耕还林、非农建设、土地综合整治是影响耕地坡度变化的主要因素,可通过积极稳妥开展退耕还林工作、合理引导建设用地上山、严控新增耕地管理等措施,来减缓耕地在高坡度区域增加趋势,即减缓耕地上山现象。