Blast wave characteristics of multi-layer composite charge:Theoretical analysis,numerical simulation,and experimental validation

This article investigates the characteristics of shock wave overpressure generated by multi-layer composite charge under different detonation modes.Combining dimensional analysis and the explosion mechanism of the charge,a peak overpressure prediction model for the composite charge under singlepoint detonation and simultaneous detonation was established.The effects of the charge structure and initiation method on the overpressure field characteristics were investigated in AUTODYN simulation.The accuracy of the prediction model and the reliability of the numerical simulation method were subsequently verified in a series of static explosion experiments.The results reveal that the mass of the inner charge was the key factor determining the peak overpressure of the composite charge under single-point detonation.The peak overpressure in the radial direction improved apparently with an increase in the aspect ratio of the charge.The overpressure curves in the axial direction exhibited a multi-peak phenomenon,and the secondary peak overpressure even exceeded the primary peak at distances of 30D and 40D(where D is the charge diameter).The difference in peak overpressure among azimuth angles of 0-90°gradually decreased with an increase in the propagation distance of the shock wave.The coupled effect of the detonation energy of the inner and outer charge under simultaneous detonation improved the overpressure in both radial and axial directions.The difference in peak overpressure obtained from model prediction and experimental measurements was less than 16.4%.

Strength prediction of multi-layered copper-based composites fabricated by accumulative roll bonding

This work aims to evaluate the feasibility of the fabrication of nanostructured Cu/Al/Ag multi-layered composites by accumulative roll bonding(ARB),and to analyze the tensile properties and electrical conductivity of the produced composites.A theoretical model using strengthening mechanisms and some structural parameters extracted from X-ray diffraction is also developed to predict the tensile strength of the composites.It was found that by progression of ARB,the experimental and calculated tensile strengths are enhanced,reach a maximum of about 450 and 510 MPa at the fifth cycle of ARB,respectively and then are reduced.The electrical conductivity decreased slightly by increasing the number of ARB cycles at initial ARB cycles,but the decrease was intensified at the final ARB cycles.In conclusion,the merit of ARB to fabricate this type of multi-layered nanocomposites and the accuracy of the developed model to predict tensile strength were realized.

Low-Velocity Impact Response of Stitched Multi-layer Foam Sandwich Composites

Low-velocity impact damage known as“imperceptible”damage usually destroys the structural integrity of the material and seriously affects the service life of the materials.To improve the low-velocity impact resistance of foam sandwich composites,an innovative concept of a stitched multi-layer sandwich structure by organically combining the discrete splitting of foam layer with full thickness stitching was proposed,and its low-velocity impact resistance obtained through drop-hammer impact tests was explored.The results showed that the multi-layer foam sandwich structure acted as a stress disperser and reduced the irreversible impact damage.The depth and area of low-velocity impact damage of multi-layer foam sandwich composites gradually decreased with increasing the number of the layers.The stitched structure would improve the integrity of the foam sandwich composites and inhibit the propagation of cracks.The maximum impact load of the stitched foam sandwich composite increased by approximately 5% compared with that of the non-stitched material.In addition,the low-velocity impact damage depth,damage area and absorbed energy of the stitched three-layer foam sandwich composite were reduced by 37.7%,34.6% and 20.7%,respectively,compared with those of the non-stitched single-layer sandwich material.

Experimental and Computational Study of the Microwave Absorption Properties of Recycled α-Fe2O3/OPEFB Fiber/PCL Multi-Layered Composites

The aim of this study was to fabricate multi-layered recycled α-Fe2O3/OPEFB fiber/PCL composites for microwave absorbing applications in the 1 - 4 GHz frequency range. The multi-layered composites were 6 mm thick and each consisted of a 2 mm thick layer of recycled α-Fe2O3/PCL composites at various loadings (5 wt% - 25 wt%) of 16.2 nm recycled α-Fe2O3 nanofiller, placed between two layers of 2 mm thick OPEFB fiber/PCL composites blended at a fixed ratio of 7:3. The real (ε') and imaginary (ε") components of the relative complex permittivity were measured using the open-ended coaxial probe technique and the values obtained were applied as inputs for the Finite Element Method to calculate the reflection coefficient magnitudes from which the reflection loss (RL) properties were determined. Both ε' and ε" increased linearly with recycled α-Fe2O3 nanofiller content and the values of ε' varied between 3.0 and 3.9 while the ε" values ranged between 0.26 and 0.64 within 1 - 4 GHz. The RL (dB) showed the most prominent values within the 1.38 - 1.46 GHz band with a minimum of -38 dB attained by the 25 wt% composite. Another batch of minimum values occurred in the 2.39 - 3.49 GHz range with the lowest of -25 dB at 2.8 GHz. The recycled α-Fe2O3/OPEFB fiber/PCL multi-layered composites are promising materials that can be engineered for solving noise problems in the 1 - 4 GHz range.

Laser Multi-layer Cladding Experiment on the DD3 Single Crystal Using FGH95 Powder:Investigation on the Microstructure of Single Crystal Cladding Layer

Laser multi\|layer cladding experiments were performed on the substrate of DD3 single crystal with FGH95 powder as cladding material.The solidification microstructure in the sample was investigated.It was found that the solidification microstructure was greatly influenced by the crystallography orientation of the substrate and the local solidification conditions.When the angle between the preferred orientation of the single crystal and the direction of heat flow in the cladding layer is less than 30°,single crystal cladding layers were acquired.Otherwise the crystallography orientation of the cladding layer will deviate from the orientation of the substrate and the microstructure with polycrystalline appears.Meanwhile,even when the experiments were performed on the same preferred crystal surface,the solidification microstructures will be different distinctly resulting from the variation of the local solidification conditions.The secondary arms were degenerated and the primary arm spacing was about 10\|20μm.Further investigation shows that the phases of the cladding layer are mainly made up ofγ,γ′,the flower\|likeγ/γ′eutectic and carbide.The morphology ofγ′was cubical and the size is less than 0.1μm.

Generating multi-layer nested chaotic attractor and its FPGA implementation

Complex chaotic sequences are widely employed in real world, so obtaining more complex sequences have received highly interest. For enhancing the complexity of chaotic sequences, a common approach is increasing the scroll-number of attractors. In this paper, a novel method to control system for generating multi-layer nested chaotic attractors is proposed.At first, a piecewise(PW) function, namely quadratic staircase function, is designed. Unlike pulse signals, each level-logic of this function is square constant, and it is easy to realize. Then, by introducing the PW functions to a modified Chua's system with cubic nonlinear terms, the system can generate multi-layer nested Chua's attractors. The dynamical properties of the system are numerically investigated. Finally, the hardware implementation of the chaotic system is used FPGA chip.Experimental results show that theoretical analysis and numerical simulation are right. This chaotic oscillator consuming low power and utilization less resources is suitable for real applications.

Flash Lamps as Ignition and Initiation Sources of the VS-2 Pyrotechnic Composition

In the present work it is found that the pyrotechnic composition VS⁃2 can be initiated with flash lamps IFC⁃500 and EVIS.VS⁃2 pyrotechnic composition contains 90%of mercury(Ⅱ)5⁃hydrazinotetrazolate perchlorate and 10%of optically trans⁃parent copolymer of 2⁃methyl⁃5⁃vinyltetrazole and methacrylic acid(PVMT).We have found that the flash lamps make it possi⁃ble to initiate combustion of VS⁃2 composition with its transition to detonation both in cylindrical charges placed in brass caps of 5 mm diameter and 2 mm high,and film charges with 10 mm×80 mm in size and surface weights of 60 mg·cm^(-2)and 90 mg·cm^(-2),showing ignition delay times 10μs and 3μs,respectively.We also measured detonation velocities for VS⁃2 composition film charges,which were 4375-4505 m·s^(-1)(of the charge being surface mass 60 mg·cm^(-2))and 4221-4281 m·s^(-1)(of the charge be⁃ing surface mass 90 mg·cm^(-2))and their blasting action on the aluminum plate.The depths of the normal shock wave imprints at the charge⁃barrier interface were 0.6-0.7 mm(for surface mass of the film charges 60 mg·cm^(-2))and 1.2-1.3 mm(for surface mass of the film charges 90 mg·cm^(-2))

Structure-function integrated magnesium alloys and their composites

Magnesium-based materials not only exhibit desirable characteristics such as low density and high specific strength, but also possess exceptional functional properties, including high damping capacity, high thermal conductivity, high electromagnetic interference shielding capacity, flame retardancy, and dissolvability. However, achieving a balance between strength and functional properties remains a significant challenge in Mg alloys community. Typically, strength depends on the pinning effect of defects, such as solute atoms and second phases,which hinder dislocation motion. On the other hand, optimal functional properties usually necessitate relative perfect crystal structures, as the presence of solute atoms and second phases can have adverse effects on damping capacity and thermal conductivity. Balancing these conflicting requirements is difficult. The trade-off between strength and functional properties of the Mg alloys should be broken to meet the urgent need in aerospace, automotive, 3C(computers, communications, and consumer electronics) and energy industries for high performance structural-functional integrated Mg-based materials. This review summarizes recent progress in understanding the mechanisms and influencing factors for the functional properties of Mg alloys. The mechanisms underlying the trade-off between strength and functional properties of Mg alloys is discussed. The latest developed structural-functional integrated Mg alloys and their composites are summarized, including high strength Mg-based materials with high damping capacity/high thermal conductivity/strong electromagnetic shielding capability/excellent flame-resistance/high dissolution rate. The future works of developing structure-function integrated Mg-based materials are proposed.

铝/聚四氟乙烯复合材料的研究进展

系统综述了铝/聚四氟乙烯(Al/PTFE)复合材料的研究进展。就复合材料的动态力学性能而言,应变率越大,强度越高;复合材料中Al含量增加,弹性模量和屈服强度随之增加;温度升高,复合材料韧性增加,但动态压缩强度降低;铁粉、镍粉、钨粉、氧化铜、氢化钛、氢化锆等可以提高Al/PTFE复合材料的抗压强度。就复合材料的热性能而言,Al/n-PTFE的放热量远高于其他铝热剂,且纳米级铝粉与PTFE的反应性优于微米级铝粉。就复合材料的点火和燃烧性能而言,复合材料中PTFE的质量含量约35%时,燃烧压力最高,燃烧时间最短,中心火焰温度也最高;限域空心结构的复合材料样品燃烧优于实心、空心、核壳结构的样品;氢化钛、高氯酸铵、碳纳米管具有一定的助燃作用。就复合材料的冲击反应性能而言,加载应变率越高,材料反应延迟时间越小,反应越剧烈,且纳米级铝粉反应性和反应程度优于微米级铝粉;添加氧化物(三氧化铋、氧化铜、三氧化钼和三氧化铁)可以调节材料的能量释放特性。就复合材料的反应完全性而言,其作为弹丸发射速率越高,反应越完全;铝粉含量对反应完全性有非常显著的影响;氧化铜可以提高反应的完全性。就复合材料的应用场景而言,其对靶板的毁伤效果、纵火能力、提高推进剂力学性能和燃烧效率、作为防护材料的防护效果,比传统材料都有显著提高。此研究结果预计会对火炸药行业和战斗部行业从业者有重要的参考价值。

Crystal phase control and ignition properties of HNS/CL-20 composite microspheres prepared by microfluidics combined with emulsification techniques

Improved controllability and energy density of ignition agents are of great significance for the devel-opment of energetic composite materials.In this study,droplet microfluidics and emulsification tech-niques were combined to prepare HNS/CL-20 composite microspheres with polyglycidyl azide polymer(GAP)as the binder.The influence of binder content on the morphology of microspheres was investi-gated,and the microspheres were characterized and tested for particle size,crystal structure,thermal decomposition,dispersibility,mechanical sensitivity,combustion behavior and detonation performance.The results showed that microspheres prepared with a binder content of 3%had higher sphericity and particle size uniformity.The microspheres retained the crystal structure of both HNS and CL-20(ε-type).Compared with raw HNS,the microspheres had higher apparent activation energy,better safety per-formance,and good dispersibility.The ignition experiments and detonation performance tests show that HNS/CL-20 composite microspheres have excellent ignition performance,obvious combustion flame,and significant energy release effects,which are expected to achieve high energy and high-speed response of the igniter,thus improving the ignition reliability in special environments or systems.

结构复合含能破片对柴油油箱的引燃试验研究

围绕Al/PTFE含能材料及其结构复合含能破片对柴油目标的引燃性问题,分别用动态冲击试验和枪发射试验研究了Al/PTFE、铝热剂及其混合配比材料的冲击反应特性及结构复合含能破片对柴油油箱的引燃性能。结果表明:Al/CuO比Al/PT-FE具有更低的反应激发速率,通过在Al/PTFE中添加Al/CuO能显著降低含能材料的冲击反应阈值。枪发射引燃柴油试验显示,分别以Al/PTFE、Al/PTFE-Al/CuO和Al/PTFE-2Al/CuO作为内部装料时,复合破片对柴油油箱持续引燃的速度阈值分别为1246、1171、1098 m/s。混合配比含能破片具有更高引燃能力的原因在于Al/CuO的加入降低了含能材料的整体发火阈值,同时提升了Al/PTFE的释能效率。

降速剂及其作用位点对三组元推进剂燃烧性能的影响规律研究

针对两种典型季铵盐和金刚烷衍生物降速剂,研究了其作用位点对推进剂点火燃烧性能的影响。基于两种不同结构的Al@AP和AP@Al复合颗粒,将降速剂分布在不同作用位置:即AP颗粒内部和表面。利用扫描电子显微镜(SEM-EDS)和计算机断层扫描(CT)等技术对所制备复合颗粒微观形貌和结构进行表征,研究了降速剂对推进剂爆热、点火延迟和燃烧性能的影响。惰性降速剂的加入会使得推进剂爆热值降低,但Al@AP复合颗粒的高反应活性能部分抵消这一现象。与机械混合方式相比,当降速剂作用于AP表面时能明显延缓推进剂点火过程,其中金刚烷衍生物能使推进剂点火延迟时间增加至420 ms,比基础配方增加了192%。在基体中直接加入降速剂可以有效降低推进剂燃速,但其降压强指数效果有限。铝基复合颗粒和降速剂的共同作用能显著降低推进剂的高压燃速和压强指数:当作用位置在AP内时,两种降速剂使推进剂1~20 MPa内压强指数从基础配方的0.45分别降低至0.20和0.33,同时可使10~20 MPa压强指数分别减小了48%和49%。

内/外隔热复合结构炸药装药快速烤燃热防护效应

为了研究快速烤燃(火烧)条件下炸药装药内/外隔热复合结构(内隔热材料/外阻燃材料)的热防护效应,对多种内/外隔热复合结构的炸药装药进行多点测温快速烤燃试验,得到火焰场和炸药装药各测点的温度-时间曲线及装药点火响应时间。开展内/外隔热复合结构炸药装药快速烤燃数值模拟,获得内/外隔热复合结构对装药快速烤燃点火响应时间的影响规律。研究结果表明:在快速烤燃过程中,外阻燃材料由于火烧变性存在导热增强及隔热减弱效应,在数值模拟中需考虑该效应;无论使用单独的隔热/阻燃材料还是使用内/外隔热复合结构,炸药装药的点火响应时间均随着材料涂覆厚度增加而延后,其中内/外隔热复合结构具有更好的热防护能力;点火位置均发生在装药端面棱角处,装药点火后反应烈度不受内/外隔热复合结构影响,反应等级均为爆燃;对于一定热防护性能范围内的隔热阻燃材料,壳体外表面涂层材料是耐高温纳米隔热材料、壳体内表面涂层材料是高效隔热防护材料时复合结构的隔热效果最好,并且当需求的隔热效果给定时,可考虑优先增加壳体外表面涂层的涂覆厚度,实现以最小涂覆厚度的内/外隔热复合结构满足所需的隔热效果。研究成果可为提升弹药热安全性设计提供参考。

硼基金属复合物的点火和燃烧特性研究进展

综述了近几年国内外硼基金属复合物点火和燃烧特性的最新研究进展,重点归纳了二元硼基金属复合物、三元硼基金属复合物和纳米硼基金属复合物的点火和燃烧研究现状,并对比了其优缺点,其中对二元硼基金属复合物的研究较为丰富,对三元硼基金属复合物的研究大多集中于制备方向,关于点火和燃烧特性研究较少,对纳米基金属复合物的点火燃烧机理尚不清楚。指出了硼基金属复合物未来的研究方向:(1)对于制备工艺较简单的二元硼基金属复合物,下一步应具体研究其工艺对产物性能的影响;(2)利用分子动力学和有限元分析的方法对其燃烧机理进一步分析;(3)关于纳米硼基金属复合物可考虑建立一种稳定悬浮液进一步探究其点火和燃烧机制。附参考文献71篇。

HMX含量对HTPB复合固体推进剂点火燃烧特性的影响研究

为了探究HMX含量对HTPB复合固体推进剂点火燃烧特性的影响,制备了HMX含量为0~20%的4种HTPB复合固体推进剂,通过热重差示量热扫描(TG-DSC)实验及激光点火燃烧实验研究了HMX含量对推进剂热分解特性及燃烧特性参数的影响。结果表明:HMX对丁羟复合固体推进剂热分解的影响主要在AP分解阶段,HMX会与AP发生协同分解,当HMX含量增加至10%时,HMX分解放热峰与AP低温分解放热峰融为1个放热峰;随着HMX含量的升高,丁羟复合固体推进剂在0.5 MPa氩气工况下整体燃烧强度减弱、火焰亮度减小、点火延迟时间增大、燃烧速度变慢、燃烧温度降低、Al的团聚物颗粒逐渐增大。

降速剂及其作用位点对丁羟四组元推进剂燃烧性能的影响规律

为研究降速剂对丁羟四组元推进剂燃烧性能的影响规律,将典型季铵盐和金刚烷衍生物两种高效降速剂引入核壳结构铝基复合颗粒Al@HMX和AP@Al,使其分别作用于HMX颗粒内部和AP颗粒表面,制备了4种含降速剂的铝基复合颗粒(Al/A@HMX,Al/B@HMX,AP@Al/A和AP@Al/B);采用扫描电子显微镜对样品形貌进行了表征;采用高速红外相机拍摄推进剂燃烧过程的火焰红外照片,并对推进剂的爆热、密度、点火延迟时间和燃速进行了测试。结果表明,加入惰性降速剂会导致推进剂爆热降低,而Al@HMX复合颗粒能部分抵消这一现象,使推进剂爆热值增加了338 J/g;降速剂能够抑制AP和HMX的热分解过程,使达到AlO辐射峰值前维持低强度的“平台段”;而引入Al@HMX后,推进剂的点火延迟时间比基础配方减小49.4%;在10~20 MPa范围内两种降速剂均能有效降低推进剂燃速,在此基础上采用Al@HMX可使含季铵盐丁羟四组元推进剂20 MPa下的燃速降低7.1 mm/s(38.4%),压强指数降至0.25;当降速剂作用于AP表面时,含质量分数1%季铵盐的推进剂在20 MPa下燃速可降低5.0 mm/s(27.3%)。

烧结料面裂缝产生原因及其与点火温度的关系

为保证烧结矿具有良好的冶金性能,同时提高料层透气性,本文通过分析料面裂缝的形状、长度和生长规律,研究裂缝产生的原因及其与点火温度之间的关系,采用光学显微镜查看裂缝处烧结矿的微观组织,并对裂缝处烧结矿进行力学分析。结果表明:在一定范围内,随着点火温度的升高,裂缝条数呈增加趋势,当点火温度大于1150℃时,裂缝条数反而呈减少趋势;随着点火温度的升高,裂缝产生的位置逐渐后移,即点火温度越高,裂缝的产生时间越晚;随着点火温度的升高,烧结矿中FeO质量分数呈下降趋势,但当温度超过1150℃后,烧结矿中FeO质量分数反而呈上升趋势;裂缝处烧结矿内有大量针状铁酸钙,存在适当的晶间裂缝和孔洞,且赤铁矿含量适中,质量优于内部的烧结矿;裂缝的产生能改善料层内部空气流通,增加料层透气性,进而改善烧结矿质量。理论计算结果表明,固熔物的斥力大于引力(F引<F斥),且固相物强度小于液相表面张力(ξ<ε竖)是裂缝产生的必要条件。本文研究成果可为改善实际烧结生产提供理论依据。

Experimental investigation on weak shock wave mitigation characteristics of flexible polyurethane foam and polyurea

In recent years,explosion shock wave has been considered as a signature injury of the current military conflicts.Although strong shock wave is lethal to the human body,weak shock wave can cause many more lasting consequences.To investigate the protection ability and characteristics of flexible materials and structures under weak shock wave loading,the blast wave produced by TNT explosive is loaded on the polyurethane foam with the density of 200.0 kg/m3(F-200)and 400.0 kg/m3(F-400),polyurea with the density of 1100.0 kg/m^(3)(P-1100)and structures composed of the two materials,which are intended for individual protection.Experimental results indicate that the shock wave is attenuated to weak pressure disturbance after interacting with the flexible materials which are not damaged.The shock wave protective capability of single-layer materials is dependent on their thickness,density and microscopic characteristics.The overpressure,maximum pressure rise rate and impulse of transmitted wave decrease exponentially with increase in sample thickness.For the same thickness,F-400 provides better protective capability than F-200 while P-1100 shows the best protective capability among the three materials.In this study,as the materials are not destroyed,F-200 with a thickness more than10.0 mm,F-400 with a thickness more than 4.0 mm,and P-1100 with a thickness more than 1.0 mm can attenuate the overpressure amplitude more than 90.0%.Further,multi-layer flexible composites are designed.Different layer layouts of designed structures and layer thickness of the single-layer materials can affect the protective performance.Within the research range,the structure in which polyurea is placed on the impact side shows the optimal shock wave protective performance,and the thicknesses of polyurea and polyurethane foam are 1.0 mm and 4.0 mm respectively.The overpressure attenuation rate reached maximum value of 93.3%and impulse attenuation capacity of this structure are better than those of single-layer polyurea and polyurethane foam with higher areal density.

HTPB固体推进剂落锤撞击试验及点火响应模拟

HTPB复合固体推进剂在低幅值长脉冲压力作用下可能发生意外点火,进而发展成燃烧或爆轰导致严重后果。为研究HTPB复合固体推进剂药片在撞击作用下的受力状态及点火机制,建立了卡斯特落锤仪的冲击力测试系统,并获得了落锤撞击作用下推进剂药片特性落高值及其不同高度时药片的落锤冲击力载荷曲线。基于落锤撞击测试装置建模,开展推进剂药片的落锤撞击点火试验数值模拟。研究结果表明,药片在2 kg落锤下的特性落高值H50为29.5 cm,药片表面受到冲击力峰值36.9 kN及作用时间0.40 ms;数值模拟结果显示,药片发生点火的特性落高在28~30 cm之间,与试验结果相吻合;药片受到落锤冲击发生径向变形,且表面局部应力集中,同时HTPB粘结剂发生塑性流动及摩擦,导致药片局部点高温,直至诱发AP颗粒热分解发生点火响应;模拟计算得到了2 kg落锤撞击药片点火的压力峰值470.9 MPa,点火时间约为0.30 ms。

Microstructure and mechanical properties of Al/Cu/Mg laminated composite sheets produced by the ARB proces

In the present study, an Al/Cu/Mg multi-layered composite was produced by accumulative roll bonding(ARB) through seven passes, and its microstructure and mechanical properties were evaluated. The microstructure investigations show that plastic instability occurred in both the copper and magnesium reinforcements in the primary sandwich. In addition, a composite with a perfectly uniform distribution of copper and magnesium reinforcing layers was produced during the last pass. By increasing the number of ARB cycles, the microhardness of the layers including aluminum, copper, and magnesium was significantly increased. The ultimate tensile strength of the sandwich was enhanced continually and reached a maximum value of 355.5 MPa. This strength value was about 3.2, 2, and 2.1 times higher than the initial strength values for the aluminum, copper, and magnesium sheets, respectively. Investigation of tensile fracture surfaces during the ARB process indicated that the fracture mechanism changed to shear ductile at the seventh pass.