An Experimental and Numerical Study on the Ballistic Performance of Multi-Layered Moderately-Thick Metallic Targets against 12.7-mm Projectiles

Themain goal of this work is to study the ballistic performance ofmulti-layered moderately-thick metallic targets.Several target configurations have been considered in thiswork,with various types of interlayer connection(spaced,contacted and adhesive)and the number of layers(four and eight),and the influence of target configurations on ballistic performance has been studied experimentally and numerically.In the experiments,the targets were impacted by 12.7-mm projectiles at a velocity around 820 m/s.The experimental results show that,with similar total thickness,the contacted and adhesive targets exhibit better ballistic performance than the monolithic targets,and the four-layered targets are better than the eight-layered targets with the same connection type.To explore the ballistic resistance mechanism,numerical method has been used to simulate the penetration process of each target.The numerical results indicate that petal formation and friction have significant influence on targets’ballistic performance.Friction has stronger influence on themulti-layered targets than on themonolithic ones.According to the numerical results,about 14%of projectile’s initial kinetic energy is dissipated by friction during penetrating the four-layered contacted target,which is proved to be the most effective type of target studied in thiswork.The results also indicate that,in contrast to common understanding,friction plays an important role even when the impact velocity is significantly higher than the ballistic limit.The outcome of this work may provide useful information for a better understanding of ballistic resistant mechanisms and more efficient utilization of multi-layered metallic targets in armor structural design.

Target Controllability of Multi-Layer Networks With High-Dimensional

This paper studies the target controllability of multilayer complex networked systems,in which the nodes are highdimensional linear time invariant(LTI)dynamical systems,and the network topology is directed and weighted.The influence of inter-layer couplings on the target controllability of multi-layer networks is discussed.It is found that even if there exists a layer which is not target controllable,the entire multi-layer network can still be target controllable due to the inter-layer couplings.For the multi-layer networks with general structure,a necessary and sufficient condition for target controllability is given by establishing the relationship between uncontrollable subspace and output matrix.By the derived condition,it can be found that the system may be target controllable even if it is not state controllable.On this basis,two corollaries are derived,which clarify the relationship between target controllability,state controllability and output controllability.For the multi-layer networks where the inter-layer couplings are directed chains and directed stars,sufficient conditions for target controllability of networked systems are given,respectively.These conditions are easier to verify than the classic criterion.

Target layer state estimation in multi-layer complex dynamical networks considering nonlinear node dynamics

In many engineering networks, only a part of target state variables are required to be estimated.On the other hand,multi-layer complex network exists widely in practical situations.In this paper, the state estimation of target state variables in multi-layer complex dynamical networks with nonlinear node dynamics is studied.A suitable functional state observer is constructed with the limited measurement.The parameters of the designed functional observer are obtained from the algebraic method and the stability of the functional observer is proven by the Lyapunov theorem.Some necessary conditions that need to be satisfied for the design of the functional state observer are obtained.Different from previous studies, in the multi-layer complex dynamical network with nonlinear node dynamics, the proposed method can estimate the state of target variables on some layers directly instead of estimating all the individual states.Thus, it can greatly reduce the placement of observers and computational cost.Numerical simulations with the three-layer complex dynamical network composed of three-dimensional nonlinear dynamical nodes are developed to verify the effectiveness of the method.

Dependence of impact regime boundaries on the initial temperatures of projectiles and targets

Towards higher impact velocities,ballistic events are increasingly determined by the material temperatures.Related effects might range from moderate thermal softening to full phase transition.In particular,it is of great interest to quantify the conditions for incipient or full melting of metals during impact interactions,which result in a transition from still strength-affected to hydrodynamic material behavior.In this work,we investigate to which extent the respective melting thresholds are also dependent on the initial,and generally elevated,temperatures of projectiles and targets before impact.This is studied through the application of a model developed recently by the authors to characterize the transition regime between high-velocity and hypervelocity impact,for which the melting thresholds of materials were used as the defining quantities.The obtained results are expected to be of general interest for ballistic application cases where projectiles or targets are preheated.Such conditions might result,for example,from aerodynamic forces acting onto a projectile during atmospheric flight,explosive shapedcharge-jet formation or armor exposure to environmental conditions.The performed analyses also broaden the scientific understanding of the relevance of temperature in penetration events,generally known since the 1960s,but often not considered thoroughly in impact studies.

Damage of multi-layer spaced metallic target plates impacted by radial layered PELE

Three different kinds of PELE(the penetrator with lateral efficiency) were launched by ballistic artillery to impact the multi-layer spaced metal target plates.The lmpact velocities of the projectiles were measured by the velocity measuring system.The damage degree and process of each laye r of target plate impacted by the three kinds of projectiles were analyzed.The experimental results show that all the three kinds of projectiles have the effect of expanding holes on the multi-layer spaced metal target plates.For the normal structure PELE(without layered) with tungsten alloy jacket and the radial layered PELE with tungsten alloy jacket,the diameters of holes on the seco nd layer of plates are 3.36 times and 3.76 times of the diameter of the projectile,re spectively.For radial layered PELE with W/Zr-based amorphous composite jacket,due to the large number of tungsten wires dispersed after the impact,the diameter of the holes on the four-layer spaced plates can reach 2.4 times,3.04 times,5.36 times and 2.68 times of the diameter of the projectile.Besides,the normal structure PELE with tungsten alloy jacket and the radial layered PELE whit tungsten alloy jacket formed a large number of fragments impact marks on the third target plate.Although the number of fragments penetrating the third target plate is not as large as that of the normal structure PELE,the area of dispersion of fragments impact craters on the third target plate is larger by the radial layered PELE.The radial layered PELE with W/Zr-based amorphous composite jacket released a lot of heat energy due to the impact of the matrix material,and formed a large area of ablation marks on the last three target plates.

Design of multi-layered porous fibrous metals for optimal sound absorption in the low frequency range

We present a design method for calculating and optimizing sound absorption coefficient of multi-layered porous fibrous metals （PFM） in the low frequency range. PFM is simplified as an equivalent idealized sheet with all metallic fibers aligned in one direction and distributed in periodic hexagonal patterns. We use a phenomenological model in the literature to investigate the effects of pore geometrical parameters （fiber diameter and gap） on sound absorption performance. The sound absorption coefficient of multi- layered PFMs is calculated using impedance translation theorem, To demonstrate the validity of the present model, we compare the predicted results with the experimental data. With the average sound absorption （low frequency range） as the objective function and the fiber gaps as the design variables, an optimization method for multi-layered fibrous metals is proposed. A new fibrous layout with given porosity of multi-layered fibrous metals is suggested to achieve optimal low frequency sound absorption. The sound absorption coefficient of the optimal multi-layered fibrous metal is higher than the single- layered fibrous metal, and a significant effect of the fibrous material on sound absorption is found due to the surface Dorosity of the multi-layered fibrous.

Intelligent Detection Method of Substation Environmental Targets Based on MD-Yolov7

The complex operating environment in substations, with different safety distances for live equipment, is a typical high-risk working area, and it is crucial to accurately identify the type of live equipment during automated operations. This paper investigates the detection of live equipment under complex backgrounds and noise disturbances, designs a method for expanding lightweight disturbance data by fitting Gaussian stretched positional information with recurrent neural networks and iterative optimization, and proposes an intelligent detection method for MD-Yolov7 substation environmental targets based on fused multilayer feature fusion (MLFF) and detection transformer (DETR). Subsequently, to verify the performance of the proposed method, an experimental test platform was built to carry out performance validation experiments. The results show that the proposed method has significantly improved the performance of the detection accuracy of live devices compared to the pairwise comparison algorithm, with an average mean accuracy (mAP) of 99.2%, which verifies the feasibility and accuracy of the proposed method and has a high application value.

Multi-layer phenomena in petawatt laser-driven acceleration of heavy ions

Laser-accelerated high-flux-intensity heavy-ion beams are important for new types of accelerators.A particle-in-cell program(Smilei) is employed to simulate the entire process of Station of Extreme Light(SEL) 100 PW laser-accelerated heavy particles using different nanoscale short targets with a thickness of 100 nm Cr, Fe, Ag, Ta, Au, Pb, Th and U, as well as 200 nm thick Al and Ca. An obvious stratification is observed in the simulation. The layering phenomenon is a hybrid acceleration mechanism reflecting target normal sheath acceleration and radiation pressure acceleration, and this phenomenon is understood from the simulated energy spectrum,ionization and spatial electric field distribution. According to the stratification, it is suggested that high-quality heavy-ion beams could be expected for fusion reactions to synthesize superheavy nuclei. Two plasma clusters in the stratification are observed simultaneously, which suggest new techniques for plasma experiments as well as thinner metal targets in the precision machining process.

High-Yield High-Efficiency Positron Generation in High-Z Metal Targets Irradiated by Laser Produced Electrons from Near-Critical Density Plasmas

An improved indirect scheme for laser positron generation is proposed. The positron yields in high-ZZ metal targets irradiated by laser produced electrons from near-critical density plasmas and underdense plasma are investigated numerically. It is found that the positron yield is mainly affected by the number of electrons of energies up to several hundreds of MeV. Using near-critical density targets for electron acceleration, the number of high energy electrons can be increased dramatically. Through start-to-end simulations, it is shown that up to 6.78×10106.78×1010 positrons can be generated with state-of-the-art Joule-class femtosecond laser systems.

Research on the process of fabricating a multi-layer metal micro-structure based on UV-LIGA overlay technology

In this paper,we report the study of the process of fabricating a multi-layermetal micro-structure using UV-LIGA overlay technology,includingmask fabrication,substrate treatment,and UV-LIGA overlay processes.To solve the process problems in the masking procedure,the swelling problemof the first layer of SU-8 thick photoresist was studied experimentally.The 5μmline-width compensation and closed 20μmand 30μmisolation strips were designed and fabricated around the micro-structure pattern.The pore problemin the Ni micro-electroforming layer was analyzed and the electroforming parameters were improved.The pH value of the electroforming solution should be controlled between 3.8 and 4.4 and the current density should be below 3 A/dm^2.To solve the problems of high inner stress and incomplete development of the micro-cylinder hole array with a diameter of 30μm,the lithography process was optimized.The pre-baking temperature was increased via gradient heating and rose every 5℃ from 65℃ to 85℃ and then remained at 85℃ for 50 min–1 h.In addition,the full contact exposure was used.Finally,a multi-layer metal micro-structure with high precision and good quality of microelectroforming layer was fabricated using UV-LIGA overlay technology.

Preparation and Characterization of Rare Earth Metal and Alloy Target Materials for Manufacturing Magneto-Optical Disks

The studies were made on the preparation processes of the rare earth metal and alloy target materials and their characterization. In this work the rare earth metals were prepared by electrolysis of the oxide in molten salt for Nd metal and metallothermic reduction of the fluorides for Gd, Tb, Dy metals. After vacuum refining and distillation purification these rare earth metals were used for manufacturing the element targets, mosaic targets and as the starting materials of preparing the rare earth-transition metal (RE-TM) alloy targets. The four kinds of Dy-FeCo, NdDy-FeCo, Tb-FeCo and GdTb-FeCo alloy targets with diameter of 100 mm and thickness of 3 mm were prepared using powder metallurgical technique. The oxygen content and microstructure of the prepared RE-TM cast alloys and sintered targets were analyzed. The features and requirements of the RE-TM alloy sputtering target materials were also discussed.

Evaluation of Some Selected Metals in Rice Cultivated in Four Local Government Areas in Enugu State, Nigeria

In this study, we investigated the presence of Zn, Fe, Cu, and Ca in rice cultivated in four local government areas (Nkanu East, Aninri, Uzo Uwani, Isi Uzo) within Enugu state, Nigeria. We employed an Atomic Absorption Spectrometer with an air acetylene flame to analyze these metals after digesting the rice samples. Risk assessment studies were carried out to determine any potential health risk to consumers by evaluating the estimated daily intake (EDI), the target hazard quotient (THQ) and hazard index (HI). The average concentration (mg/kg) of trace metals in the rice samples was within the acceptable limits established by FAO/WHO. Specifically, Zn ranged from 0.265 to 0.632 mg/kg, Fe from 2.73 to 4.131 mg/kg, Cu from 0.205 to 4.131 mg/kg, and Ca from 9.718 to 12.150 mg/kg. There were no statistically significant differences in metal concentrations among the various locations. Consequently, the rice analyzed in this study can be considered safe for consumption. The calculated EDI (mg/kg-day) values were below the maximum tolerable daily intake thresholds. THQ values also fell within safe levels, and the HI values were less than 1, signifying no potential health risks associated with consuming rice from these locations. In conclusion, there is no significant non-carcinogenic health risk associated with exposure to trace metals through the consumption of rice from these areas.

冬虫夏草及其近缘品中铅、镉、砷污染评价及人体健康累积风险评估方法探索

目的:对冬虫夏草及其近缘品中铅(Pb)、镉(Cd)、砷(As)的残留量进行测定,探索符合冬虫夏草及相关产品使用特点的污染评价及人体健康风险评估方法。方法:基于冬虫夏草及其近缘品中Pb、Cd、As的残留量监测数据,综合运用单因子污染指数法、尼梅罗综合指数法、金属污染指数法对冬虫夏草及其近缘品进行重金属污染评价,计算重金属日暴露量,分别采用危害指数法和更加精确的靶器官毒性剂量法对Pb、Cd、As联合暴露产生的健康风险进行累积风险评估。结果:污染评价结果说明,冬虫夏草及其近缘品中As的污染应引起关注,不同品种污染程度为冬虫夏草(繁育品)=蛹虫草<冬虫夏草(野生品)<香棒虫草<亚香棒虫草;人体健康风险评估结果表明,对于心血管和神经系统,1批冬虫夏草(野生品)全草中Pb、Cd、As联合暴露产生的累积健康风险需被进一步关注。结论:冬虫夏草及其近缘品重金属污染评价,以及人体健康风险评估方法,可为中药安全性评价及相关限量标准的制修订提供参考。

磁性金属-有机框架复合材料作为抗癌药物载体的研究进展

金属-有机框架(MOFs)凭借其高孔隙率和大比表面积所带来的载药空间,成为药物递送领域研究的热点。近年来,兴起了一种新型磁性框架复合材料(MFCs),MFCs保留了MOFs的载药率和生物安全性较高的性能,同时增加了磁靶向和磁热疗性能。本文对MFCs的制备方法、种类、作为抗癌药物载体的特点以及药物递送时的作用方式进行综述,并对MFCs在实际应用中面临的挑战进行总结,以期为未来的研究工作提供参考依据。

基于瞬变电磁阵列的地下金属定位系统设计

针对近地表不同形状金属目标定位的需求,设计了基于瞬变电磁(TEM)阵列技术的地下金属目标定位系统。该系统利用阵列传感器各接收线圈采集的感应电动势衰减曲线的差值,得到地下目标的信号响应特性,通过对比实测环境下标签信号的感应电动势幅值,可以得到目标的水平方位和垂直埋深,实现对地下金属目标的定位功能。实验结果表明:设计的系统能够区分球形、矩形和圆柱形目标的水平方位,垂直埋深测量误差在8%以下,可以实现较好的定位效果。

冶炼厂周边农用地土壤重金属非致癌健康风险评估及修正

为科学量化重金属复合暴露产生的非致癌健康风险,引入靶器官毒性剂量(TTD)模型和证据权重分析模型(WOE)对传统评估模型(HRA)的非致癌健康风险进行修正,并以华中某冶炼厂周边农用地土壤重金属为例,探究3种模型对非致癌健康风险评估结果的影响。结果表明:土壤重金属镉(Cd)、铅(Pb)、铬(Cr)和砷(As)的浓度均值分别为0.37、36.65、69.06和7.66mg/kg,其中Cd、Pb和Cr不同程度超出研究区土壤背景值,4种重金属传统非致癌健康风险值(HI_(HRA))为2.27×10^(-3)~3.35×10^(-1)。经TTD模型和WOE模型修正后4种重金属HI_(TTD)和HI_(WOE)分别为1.64×10^(-2)~5.50×10^(-1)和1.08×10^(-2)~6.09×10^(-1),其中HI_(TTD)、HI_(WOE)均值分别为HI_(HRA)均值的1.88倍和1.17倍。研究显示,对多种重金属复合污染的农用地开展人体非致癌健康风险评估时,需考虑多靶器官效应及重金属间的交互作用,避免传统风险评估方法低估或高估土壤污染对暴露人群产生的实际健康损害。

典型空间目标在非金属碎片超高速撞击下的易损性分析方法

针对厘米/毫米级非金属碎片对典型空间目标的撞击风险评估,在基于AUTODYN有限元分析软件计算非金属碎片对3种典型结构的撞击毁伤特性基础上,结合毁伤树分析法建立了一种典型空间目标易损性分析方法,介绍了该易损性分析方法的总体思路和各项关键技术,获得了典型空间目标在非金属碎片撞击下导致不同毁伤等级的系统失效概率,并给出了典型空间目标的应用实例。结果表明:所提出的易损性分析方法可用于无人航天器在遭受厘米/毫米级空间非金属碎片撞击后的系统失效影响分析。

高纯溅射靶材回收研究现状

高纯溅射靶材在晶圆代工企业和液晶面板企业作为耗材使用。高纯溅射靶材利用率低,一般平面靶利用率低于30%,旋转靶难超过70%,回收溅射后的残靶具有非常高的经济价值和环保意义。本文综述了贵金属、ITO、钛、钽、铝、铜等高纯靶材的回收研究现状,总结了靶材回收过程中面临的共同问题。目前在高纯靶材的残靶回收中还存在金属回收率低、回收的纯度不高、工艺流程长等问题需要攻克和改善,作者展望了开发较短的流程、环境友好的工艺、探索高价值的用途,是未来高纯残靶回收技术改进和发展的方向。

基于深度学习的金属表面缺陷检测

由于金属产品生产过程中各种因素的影响,金属工件可能会存在一些表面缺陷.这会降低材料强度,缩短工件寿命,并且增加安全风险.因此,需要对金属产品表面进行质量检测,这也是保证工业生产质量的关键环节.与传统人工检测相比,基于机器视觉的表面缺陷检测方法具有速度快、精度高等优点.提出了一种改进的YOLOv5算法,用于金属表面缺陷检测研究,在原YOLOv5算法的基础上将空间金字塔池化结构SPP替换成SPPCSPC,提高模型对金属表面缺陷的检测能力.为了验证算法的有效性,分别采用YOLOv3,YOLOv4,YOLOv5及改进的YOLOv5算法对1 800张金属表面缺陷样本图像进行对比测试.结果表明,与YOLOv3,YOLOv4,YOLOv5原算法相比,改进的YOLOv5算法平均目标检测精度均值分别提高了4.3%,3.3%,2%.通过大量图片的学习,可以获得更好的精确率.