An equivalent circuit model for terahertz quantum cascade lasers:Modeling and experiments

Terahertz quantum cascade lasers（THz QCLs） emitted at 4.4 THz are fabricated and characterized. An equivalent circuit model is established based on the five-level rate equations to describe their characteristics. In order to illustrate the capability of the model, the steady and dynamic performances of the fabricated THz QCLs are simulated by the model.Compared to the sophisticated numerical methods, the presented model has advantages of fast calculation and good compatibility with circuit simulation for system-level designs and optimizations. The validity of the model is verified by the experimental and numerical results.

Examine the Stability Margin of Cascade Circuits

This paper proposes an engineering approach to examine the stability margin of cascade circuits. The proposed measurement injects an external perturbation current into the cascade interface and measures the load-side response current. The system stability margin can be figured out by comparing the magnitudes of the perturbation current and the response current. The proposed measurement is strictly derived in theory, implemented with details, and demonstrated by experiment.

Lumped-equivalent circuit model for multi-stage cascaded magnetoelectric dual-tunable bandpass filter

A lumped-equivalent circuit model of a novel magnetoelectric tunable bandpass filter, which is realized in the form of multi-stage cascading between a plurality of magnetoelectric laminates, is established in this paper for convenient analysis.The multi-stage cascaded filter is degraded to the coupling microstrip filter with only one magnetoelectric laminate and then compared with the existing experiment results. The comparison reveals that the insertion loss curves predicted by the degraded circuit model are in good agreement with the experiment results and the predicted results of the electromagnetic field simulation, thus the validity of the model is verified. The model is then degraded to the two-stage cascaded magnetoelectric filter with two magnetoelectric laminates. It is revealed that if the applied external bias magnetic or electric fields on the two magnetoelectric laminates are identical, then the passband of the filter will drift under the changed external field; that is to say, the filter has the characteristics of external magnetic field tunability and electric field tunability. If the applied external bias magnetic or electric fields on two magnetoelectric laminates are different, then the passband will disappear so that the switching characteristic is achieved. When the same magnetic fields are applied to the laminates, the passband bandwidth of the two-stage cascaded magnetoelectric filter with two magnetoelectric laminates becomes nearly doubled in comparison with the passband filter which contains only one magnetoelectric laminate. The bandpass effect is also improved obviously. This research will provide a theoretical basis for the design, preparation, and application of a new high performance magnetoelectric tunable microwave device.

Equal Switching Distribution Method for Multi-Level Cascaded Inverters

The paper proposes a new method of equal switching distribution that can be applied to cascaded multi-level inverters. This method is based on the fact that in the cascaded multilevel inverters, the output phase voltage is the sum of voltage waveforms produced by all cascaded cells. By periodically exchanging cells’ voltage waveforms, the proposed method ensures equal average switchings distribution between all cascaded cells. This method is applied to the 13-level inverter, which consists of three cascaded 5-level H-bridge cells per phase. However, the proposed method can be extended to any desired number of voltage levels and applied to any type of cascaded multi-level inverter. Extensive simulation results of the tested 13-level inverter with the equal switching distribution are presented. Moreover, the proposed method is compared to the standard control approaches and its advantages are shown.

Pixelated non-volatile programmable photonic integrated circuits with 20-level intermediate states

Multi-level programmable photonic integrated circuits(PICs)and optical metasurfaces have gained widespread attention in many fields,such as neuromorphic photonics,opticalcommunications,and quantum information.In this paper,we propose pixelated programmable Si_(3)N_(4)PICs with record-high 20-level intermediate states at 785 nm wavelength.Such flexibility in phase or amplitude modulation is achieved by a programmable Sb_(2)S_(3)matrix,the footprint of whose elements can be as small as 1.2μm,limited only by the optical diffraction limit of anin-house developed pulsed laser writing system.We believe our work lays the foundation for laser-writing ultra-high-level(20 levels and even more)programmable photonic systems and metasurfaces based on phase change materials,which could catalyze diverse applications such as programmable neuromorphic photonics,biosensing,optical computing,photonic quantum computing,and reconfigurable metasurfaces.

Theoretical analysis and experimental validation of radial cascaded composite ultrasonic transducer

A radial cascaded composite ultrasonic transducer is analyzed.The transducer consists of three short metal tubes and two radially polarized piezoelectric ceramic short tubes arranged alternately along the radial direction.The short metal tubes and the piezoelectric ceramic short tubes are connected in parallel electrically and in series mechanically,which can multiply the input sound power and sound intensity.Based on the theory of plane stress,the electro-mechanical equivalent circuit of radial vibration of the transducer is derived firstly.The resonance/anti-resonance frequency equation and the expression of the effective electromechanical coupling coefficient are obtained.Excellent electromechanical characteristics are determined by changing the radial geometric dimensions.Two prototypes of the transducers are designed and manufactured to support the analytical theory.It is concluded that the theoretical resonance/anti-resonance frequencies are consistent with the numerical and experimental results.When R_(2) is at certain values,both the anti-resonance frequency and effective electromechanical coupling coefficient corresponding to the second mode have maximal values.The radial cascaded composite ultrasonic transducer is expected to be used in the fields of ultrasonic water treatment and underwater acoustics.

基于改进Cascade RCNN的集成电路板瑕疵检测算法

针对集成电路板视觉瑕疵检测中存在背景复杂多样、检测目标较小、瑕疵难定位的问题,以及工业生产中满足安全性和高精度的检测要求,提出了一种改进Cascade RCNN算法,并设计了网络模型。该模型以Cascade RCNN为基础检测网络,选用特征提取效果较好的ResNet50作为其骨干网络,并针对集成电路板表面缺陷尺寸变化较大的问题融入了FPN思想,将ResNet50输出的具有大量位置信息的浅层特征层和具有丰富语义信息的深层特征层进行均衡化融合,搭建了一种Cascade RCNN-ResNet-FPN模型架构。实验结果表明,针对集成电路板瑕疵这种小目标检测,改进Cascade RCNN算法相较于基本Cascade RCNN模型、SSD模型以及YOLO模型,安全性以及mAP均有较大的提升,适用于集成电路板瑕疵自动检测。

A Novel Multilevel Inverter Circuit for the Performance Enhancement of Direct Torque Controlled Induction Motor

Induction motor is the most sought after motor in the industry for excellent performance characteristics and robustness. Developments in the Power Electronic circuitry have revolutionised the induction motor industry leading to the developments in various control strategies and circuits for motor control. Direct Torque Control (DTC) is one of the excellent control strategies preferred by industries for controlling the torque and flux in an induction machine. The main drawback of DTC is the presence of torque ripple which is slightly more than the acceptable limit. There are various parameters that introduce ripples in the electromagnetic torque, one of them being the type of inverter circuit. There are various types of inverter circuits available and the effect of each of them in the production of torque ripple is different. This work is an attempt to identify the influence of various multilevel inverter circuits on the torque ripple level and to propose the best inverter circuit. The influence of multilevel diode clamped inverter and cascaded H bridge inverter circuits on torque ripple minimization, is analysed using simulation studies for identifying the most suitable multilevel inverter circuit which gives minimum torque ripple. The results obtained from the simulation studies are validated by hardware implementation on 0.75 kW induction motor.

一种基于HTCC的高隔离度开关电路设计

基于开关芯片实现的开关电路是射频前端的基本单元之一,其功能是实现射频信号的导通和关断,在小功率射频信号传输中应用广泛。本文以6 GHz~15 GHz超宽带、60 dB隔离度为设计目标,采用高温共烧陶瓷基板工艺和级联腔体隔离技术,以级联开关芯片为基本电路结构,设计了高隔离度开关电路。该电路包含一只限幅器和两只吸收式砷化镓单刀单掷开关,装配于两个相邻的隔离腔体结构中,通过类同轴垂直传输过渡到基板内对称带状线传输结构,再辅以两侧地孔,实现电磁屏蔽。对开关电路进行电磁场建模仿真,结果表明该结构具有良好的传输特性和隔离特性;在射频前端电路制造完成后对开关电路进行装配和测试,测试结果与建模仿真结果一致性高,验证了本文设计的开关电路具有高隔离度特性。

基于级联式整流电源的恒流均压控制方法

针对电磁探测的大功率电磁场激发需要,文中采用输入并联输出串联的级联式整流电源,提高输出电压等级,保证激发功率。为了满足电磁探测过程中输出电流的稳定性,提出了基于双闭环的恒流均压控制算法。分析了级联式直流电源恒流均压输出的原理,建立了电源的数学模型,设计了电压电流环的控制器,在MATLAB/Simulink中搭建仿真模型并通过控制器参数优化从而降低误差。级联式直流电源由于上下两部分可能存在器件参数不同的情况,这就导致在恒流控制下两级电源输出电压不同,在动态情况下的偏差会更大从而引起器件不均压而损坏,因此在考虑控制恒流输出的同时需要加入控制均压输出。通过对输出电流电压进行采样,经控制器转换为相应的脉冲触发所对应的开关器件从而实现恒流均压输出。仿真结果显示输出电流控制在2 A,电流变化在5%以下。

级联式气-液旋流分离器流动特性数值研究

为探究级联式气-液旋流分离器流场特性,了解短路流这一特殊流型对其性能影响,采用雷诺应力模型和离散颗粒模型对气、液两相流动特征进行数值模拟,通过Q准则对涡流特征进行识别。研究结果表明,级联式气-液旋流分离器一级旋流管内流动特性与传统旋流分离器相似,增加二级旋流管使级联式气-液旋流分离器内形成了大量的局部二次涡流。当入口气速为7 m/s时,级联式气-液旋流分离器中一级旋流区内短路流流量高达入口流量的70.28%;增设二级旋流管对改善分离器性能具有重要作用,两级分离后级联式气-液旋流分离器对直径6μm以上的液滴能够实现完全分离。本研究为气-液旋流分离器的结构开发和级联式气-液旋流分离器的应用提供了思路和基础数据。

单相级联整流器开路故障诊断和容错均压空间矢量脉宽调制算法

针对单相级联H桥整流器(CHBR)的功率开关器件存在的开路故障问题,研究一种开关管开路故障的快速诊断算法,以及针对开关管开路故障的容错均压空间矢量脉宽调制(SVPWM)算法。首先,该文分析单相CHBR功率开关管开路故障时电流流通路径的变化,建立电流误差变化率的分析模型,并提出一种基于电流误差变化率的快速诊断算法。该算法可以快速且准确地定位到故障开关管,且易于在程序中实现。其次,该文提出一种故障容错均压SVPWM算法,该算法在开关管开路故障时利用冗余矢量和冗余开关状态可以使系统在发生故障时仍然可以正常运行,并且各模块间的直流电压也能保持均衡。最后,通过仿真和实验验证了该文所提算法的可行性。

基于等效电流源的级联混合直流馈入系统强度影响分析

级联型混合直流系统受端的模块化多电平换流器高压直流系统(modular multilevel converter high voltage direct current,MMC-HVDC)和电网换相换流器高压直流系统(line commutated converter high voltage direct current,LCC-HVDC)会因馈入点电气距离较近而存在强相互作用关系。为明确级联型混合直流馈入系统中MMC-HVDC对LCC-HVDC系统强度的影响,提出考虑幅值和相位的MMC等效电流源的简化等效方法,基于所提MMC等效原理将级联型混合直流馈入系统等效成单馈入LCC-HVDC系统,分析等效单馈入系统的参数计算方法,并提出等效单馈入短路比评估指标。最后通过该指标分析归纳了不同控制方式、不同电气距离下等效单馈入系统的系统强度变化情况,即为MMC-HVDC对LCC-HVDC系统强度的影响规律。机理分析和基于PSCDAD/EMTDC、MATLAB的仿真结果表明,所提等效方法具有有效性且所提指标能很好地反应MMC-HVDC对LCC-HVDC系统强度的影响。

应用于收发链路多模块级联的优化设计方法

为解决波束赋形芯片中子电路模块由于寄生效应而导致的级联失配问题提出了一种优化设计方法。该设计方法通过主动引入相邻器件阻抗牵引效应,并使其与级联阻抗失配相抵消从而实现阻抗“预失配”的设计方案。对“预失配”的技术原理以及设计流程进行了简要分析,并通过加工一款采用优化设计方案的4通道X/Ku波段的射频收发芯片,验证了该设计方案的可实现性与有效性。在8 GHz~18 GHz频带范围内,该芯片与基于端口驻波设计体系的原芯片相比,收发链路增益分别为6.5 dB和14 dB,提升了超过2 dB。发射链路输出功率21 dBm,发射效率为15.7%,分别提升了1 dB和9%。接收链路噪声系数为8.72 dB,降低了1.2 dB。收发链路最大移相均方根误差为5.12°和5.25°,分别下降了3.17°和1.75°。

基于变论域模糊PID算法的锂电池组级联式均衡控制

为了解决锂电池组在长期使用过程中串联单体电池之间电压存在不一致的问题,提出了一种基于变论域模糊PID控制的级联式双向Cuk均衡电路系统。该系统采用级联式双向Cuk均衡电路实现了不相邻电池之间的均衡,采用变论域模糊PID算法提高了电池电压的均衡速度。为了验证该系统的可行性与优越性,在MATLAB/Simulink中设计了传统双向Cuk均衡电路和级联式双向Cuk均衡电路仿真模型,模糊PID算法和变论域模糊PID算法控制下的仿真实验结果对比表明,基于变论域模糊PID算法的级联式双向Cuk均衡拓扑的均衡时间比未加控制算法的传统双向Cuk均衡拓扑的均衡时间减少了64.29%;比未加控制算法的级联式双向Cuk均衡拓扑的均衡时间减少了50.82%;比基于模糊PID算法的级联式双向Cuk均衡拓扑的均衡时间减少了14.29%。系列仿真实验结果对比分析验证了基于变论域模糊PID控制的级联式双向Cuk均衡电路系统可以提高电池的电压均衡速率。

用于三轴MEMS加速度计的集成数字调理电路

基于0.18μm互补金属氧化物半导体(CMOS)工艺,设计了一种用于三轴微电子机械系统(MEMS)加速度计的集成数字调理电路,实现了三轴加速度信号的数字后处理。该数字调理电路采用级联积分梳状(CIC)与有限冲击响应(FIR)相结合的滤波器形式,有效滤除了带外的量化噪声,提高了输出信号的信噪比;零位采用四阶多项式拟合温补算法,标度因数采用二阶多项式拟合温补算法,有效降低了加速度输出随温度的漂移,提升了加速度计的测量精度。此外,FIR滤波器采用时分复用的实现形式,温补模块采用串行实现形式,有效减小了芯片面积,最终芯片面积为1.5 mm^(2)。测试结果表明,滤波器符合设计值,三轴MEMS加速度计的零偏不稳定性为15μg,速率随机游走为0.035 m/s/√h,温补后零偏全温区变化量为3.55mg,提升了5.4倍;温补后标度因数全温区变化量为0.0026,提升了4.1倍,电路性能良好。

混合级联换流站直流短路故障解析计算与快速限流方法

在高电压、大容量、远距离输电领域,混合换流器拓扑相比于单一换流器更具技术优势,其中为应对危害性极高的直流短路故障,换流器直流短路故障穿越能力需重点考虑。首先,提出一种基于电网换相换流器(line commutated converter,LCC)和模块化多电平换流器具备直流短路故障穿越能力的混合级联拓扑及其直流短路故障限流控制方法;其次,通过分析直流短路故障期间换流器动态特性,构建分阶段状态方程数学模型,实现对直流短路故障电流进行精确解析计算;再次,选取最严重直流短路故障工况,以最大允许电流变化量作为判据并结合所提出的直流短路故障电流计算方法,给出强制触发角参数动态优化计算机制;最后,以优化设计的强制触发角为基础提出快速限流控制策略,该策略能保证LCC在直流短路故障穿越时不发生换相失败且快速降低故障电流。

融合RCS-OSA结构的PCB缺陷检测算法

针对当前印制电路板(Printed Circuit Board,PCB)检测参数庞大、人工误检率高等问题,文章研究了一种改进的YOLOv5检测模型。首先使用实时控制系统(Real-Time Control Systems,RCS)模块替换三卷积跨阶段局部瓶颈模块(Cross Stage Partial Bottle Neck Mudule,C3)结构,通过重参数化卷积增强网络的特征提取能力;其次添加One-Shot聚合(One-Shot Aggregation,OSA)结构,一次性聚合多个特征级联;最后堆叠RCS-OSA模块,确保特征复用并加强不同层之间的信息流通。实验结果表明,改进后的算法检测精度达到94.6%,比原模型提高了2.2个百分点。该算法能够高效检测PCB的多种缺陷类型,对PCB质量检测有实际应用价值。

高压直流试验电源及新发展

介绍了获得直流高电压的各种方法及其优缺点，用电力电子器件将交流市电整流滤波、逆变成高频交流，再用串级直流电路变成高压直流的方法，可大大减小直流电源的体积和重量。这是高压直流试验电源今后的发展趋势。

用于不平衡负荷补偿的大容量D-STATCOM主电路选择

介绍了几种常见的逆变器主电路结构。提出了用于大容量不平衡负荷补偿的D-STATCOM主电路选择标准,即可实现高压大容量化、具有分相补偿的能力和易于冗余设计。根据提出的标准,分析了几种主电路结构对大容量不平衡负荷补偿的适用性。在相关文献缺乏的情况下,详细分析了变压器隔离型主电路结构的等效电路和数学模型,对隔离变压器的铁心结构和等效电路进行了研究,并给出了辐射型等效电路的充分条件,定量比较了三相电流不对称情况下三相电容分开与共用时的电容电压波动情况,介绍了载波移相脉宽调制(PWM)控制方法的消谐效果,并总结了变压器隔离型主电路的特点。