Traditional surgical planning of liver surgery is modified by 3D interactive quantitative surgical planning approach： a single-center experience with 305 patients

BACKGROUND： Decision making and surgical planning are to achieve the precise balance of maximal removal of target lesion, maximal sparing of functional liver remnant volume, and minimal surgical invasiveness and therefore, crucial in liver surgery. The aim of this prospective study was to validate the accuracy and predictability of 3D interactive quantitative surgical planning approach （IQSP）, and to evaluate the impact of IQSP on traditional surgical plans based on 2D images. METHODS： A total of 305 consecutive patients undergoing hepatectomy were included in this study. Surgical plans were created by traditional 2D approach using picture archiving and communication system （PACS） and 3D approach using IQSP respectively by two groups of physicians who did not know the surgical plans of the other group. The two surgical plans were submitted to the chief surgeon for selection before operation. The specimens were weighed. The two surgical plans were compared and analyzed retrospectively based on the operation results. RESULTS： The two surgical plans were successfully developed in all 305 patients and all the 3D IQSP surgical plans were selected as the final decision. Total 278 patients successfully underwent surgery, including 147 uncomplex hepatectomy and 131 complex hepatectomy. Twenty-seven patients were withdrawn from hepatectomy. In the uncomplex group, the two surgical plans were the same in all 147 patients and no statistically significant difference was found among 2D calcu- lated resection volume （2D-RV）, 3D IQSP calculated resection volume （IQSP-RV） and the specimen volume. In the complex group, the two surgical plans were different in 49 patients （49/131, 37.4%）. According to the significance of differences, the 49 different patients were classified into three grades. No statistically significant difference was found between IQSP-RV and specimen volume. The coincidence rate of territory analy- sis of IQSP with operation was 92.1% （93/101） for 101 patients of anatomic hepatectomy. CONCLUSIONS： The accuracy and predictability of 3D IQSP were validated. Compared with traditional surgical planning, 3D IQSP can provide more quantitative information of anatomic structure. With the assistance of 3D IQSP, traditional surgical plans were modified to be more radical and safe.

Topological approach of liver segmentation based on 3D visualization technology in surgical planning for split liver transplantation

BACKGROUND Split liver transplantation(SLT)is a complex procedure.The left-lateral and right tri-segment splits are the most common surgical approaches and are based on the Couinaud liver segmentation theory.Notably,the liver surface following right trisegment splits may exhibit different degrees of ischemic changes related to the destruction of the local portal vein blood flow topology.There is currently no consensus on preoperative evaluation and predictive strategy for hepatic segmental necrosis after SLT.AIM To investigate the application of the topological approach in liver segmentation based on 3D visualization technology in the surgical planning of SLT.METHODS Clinical data of 10 recipients and 5 donors who underwent SLT at Shenzhen Third People’s Hospital from January 2020 to January 2021 were retrospectively analyzed.Before surgery,all the donors were subjected to 3D modeling and evaluation.Based on the 3D-reconstructed models,the liver splitting procedure was simulated using the liver segmentation system described by Couinaud and a blood flow topology liver segmentation(BFTLS)method.In addition,the volume of the liver was also quantified.Statistical indexes mainly included the hepatic vasculature and expected volume of split grafts evaluated by 3D models,the actual liver volume,and the ischemia state of the hepatic segments during the actual surgery.RESULTS Among the 5 cases of split liver surgery,the liver was split into a left-lateral segment and right trisegment in 4 cases,while 1 case was split using the left and right half liver splitting.All operations were successfully implemented according to the preoperative plan.According to Couinaud liver segmentation system and BFTLS methods,the volume of the left lateral segment was 359.00±101.57 mL and 367.75±99.73 mL,respectively,while that measured during the actual surgery was 397.50±37.97 mL.The volume of segment IV(the portion of ischemic liver lobes)allocated to the right tri-segment was 136.31±86.10 mL,as determined using the topological approach to liver segmentation.However,during the actual surgical intervention,ischemia of the right tri-segment section was observed in 4 cases,including 1 case of necrosis and bile leakage,with an ischemic liver volume of 238.7 mL.CONCLUSION 3D visualization technology can guide the preoperative planning of SLT and improve accuracy during the intervention.The simulated operation based on 3D visualization of blood flow topology may be useful to predict the degree of ischemia in the liver segment and provide a reference for determining whether the ischemic liver tissue should be removed during the surgery.

Localizing the Language Network with fMRI and Functional Connectivity: Implications for Pre-Surgical Planning

Object: Functional MRI is frequently applied to lateralize language in pre-surgical planning, with potential to localize functionally important cortex too. Here we present BOLD signal activation maps and related functional connectivity, in response to three commonly administered fMRI language tasks. Methods: Datasets from 55 pre-surgical fMRI studies were analyzed. Verbal response naming, covert word generation and passive listening tasks were administered in all studies. Single-subject analyses, group analyses and region-of-interest analyses were conducted, and a multi-subject functional connectivity analysis was performed. Results: Single-subject analyses revealed that clinically important language regions were activated in all but three patients using the panel of tasks. Group analyses revealed significant bilateral BOLD signal increases in anterior and posterior language regions in response to verbal response naming and bilateral signal increase in posterior language regions only in response to passive listening. Covert word generation activated anterior language regions bilaterally and posterior language cortex in the dominant hemisphere. Functional connectivity analyses confirmed that activated regions were significantly correlated in all tasks. Conclusion: The findings of single-subject and group analyses add to the evidence supporting the use of a panel of fMRI tasks to map the language network for pre-surgical planning. Our findings support the additional use of functional connectivity analysis in routine language mapping to add to the localization value to fMRI. In addition, the results of our investigation demonstrate these three commonly applied tasks reliably activate unique aspects of the language network, which advocates closer individual inspection, guided by the surgical intervention planned.

基于深度学习神经网络技术的脊柱椎弓根螺钉自动规划研究

目的:针对骨科手术机器人螺钉手工规划效率低下的问题,实现基于CT的脊柱椎弓根螺钉自动、高效、高质量规划。方法:采用深度学习神经网络对标注分割和螺钉的CT图像进行有监督的机器学习,实现脊柱椎弓根螺钉的自动规划;本实验使用44例腰椎CT共440枚螺钉作为训练集,使用11例CT生成110枚螺钉作为测试集,以手工规划作为对照组,通过盲法专家评价评估螺钉规划效果,并通过记录规划时间评估规划效率。结果:该自动规划方法生成的螺钉规划临床可用率为95.4%,自动规划时间与平均手工规划时间分别为68.8 s和177.6 s。结论:该自动规划方法可初步实现高效、高质量的脊柱椎弓根螺钉自动规划,但仍需临床医生监督复核。

“E骨”-反肩置换术一站式术前规划系统

目的为提高反肩置换术术前规划的精准度和效率,本研究开发了“E骨”—反肩置换术一站式术前规划系统。方法利用nnU-net深度神经网络进行肩胛骨分割,获得精确的肩胛骨分割结果;结合骨密度、上下倾角和入钉长度3个关键因素自动定位基座,并计算出手术规划所需定量参数;结合关节盂形态和基座定位信息生成个性化导板;编写系统界面,将各部分功能模块化组装便于使用,提供交互操作与规划结果显示的功能。结果构建出“E骨”术前规划系统。本系统与Mimics系统相比,减少了规划过程中繁琐的手动调整,平均入钉长度规划结果长于Mimics系统,且规划时间缩短86%。本系统肩胛骨分割精度达到99.93%,较Mimics更高。结论本研究为反肩置换术提供了一套一站式的高效、精准的术前规划方案,具有广泛的临床应用前景。

正颌外科规划软件中下颌运动交互模块的初步构建

目的:基于下颌运动轨迹构建数字化正颌外科规划软件中的下颌交互模块并进行临床验证。方法:基于CCMF Plan正颌规划软件,使用空间矩阵算法解算下颌运动轨迹数据,实现下颌运动的还原,根据距离重要性采样算法拟合患者个性化的下颌旋转轴并验证模拟下颌运动的精确性。使用下颌旋转轴指导手术规划,验证术中髁突位置实现的准确性。结果:开发出可再现患者下颌运动,以下颌旋转轴指导升支旋转的下颌运动交互模块。该模块还原模拟的下颌运动轨迹与真实轨迹误差约1 mm,同一开口度时的下颌骨模型表面距离均方根值(root mean square,RMS)值约0.3 mm。其指导的正颌手术术后髁突的角度偏差约为3°,距离偏差约1.5 mm。结论:该下颌运动交互模块可以较为精确地拟合下颌旋转轴,并还原患者个性化的下颌运动,术后髁突位置实现的精确性满足临床的要求。

手术机器人关键技术综述与优化探讨

手术机器人是国家战略诊疗设备研究重点,得到多所科研院所、高校及企业的广泛关注,设计研发了多款手术机器人,并进行了注册申报。该文深入探讨了手术机器人的关键技术及其性能优化要点,包括运动学的定位误差、位姿误差、反馈模型误差、图像识别定位误差、路径规划和安全性方面等。不仅为未来手术机器人标准化研究提供了科学依据,也为医疗机器人行业的研发、制造及注册流程提供了重要的理论与实践参考。

数字化技术辅助颅颌面三维正中矢状面确立的研究进展

正中矢状面(midsagittal plane,MSP)是经过人体正中线的矢状平面。MSP作为颅颌面三维结构中最主要的对称面之一,在面部对称性分析及恢复中具有重要意义。目前临床确立正中矢状面的方法存在医师主观因素影响大、标点过程费时费力、标志点组合选择无通用标准等问题,进而也催生了一系列基于数字化技术确立颅颌面MSP的研究,展现了数字化技术在颅颌面MSP确立中的巨大潜力。本文回顾数字化技术辅助确立颅颌面MSP的研究进展,着重对点构法、对称法、深度学习法确立颅颌面MSP的现有研究进行综述,探讨数字化技术对颅颌面MSP建立的进一步优化方案。

Intraoperative application of three-dimensional printed guides in total hip arthroplasty: A systematic review

BACKGROUND Acetabular component positioning in total hip arthroplasty(THA)is of key importance to ensure satisfactory post-operative outcomes and to minimize the risk of complications.The majority of acetabular components are aligned freehand,without the use of navigation methods.Patient specific instruments(PSI)and three-dimensional(3D)printing of THA placement guides are increasingly used in primary THA to ensure optimal positioning.AIM To summarize the literature on 3D printing in THA and how they improve acetabular component alignment.METHODS PubMed was used to identify and access scientific studies reporting on different 3D printing methods used in THA.Eight studies with 236 hips in 228 patients were included.The studies could be divided into two main categories;3D printed models and 3D printed guides.RESULTS 3D printing in THA helped improve preoperative cup size planning and post-operative Harris hip scores between intervention and control groups(P=0.019,P=0.009).Otherwise,outcome measures were heterogeneous and thus difficult to compare.The overarching consensus between the studies is that the use of 3D guidance tools can assist in improving THA cup positioning and reduce the need for revision THA and the associated costs.CONCLUSION The implementation of 3D printing and PSI for primary THA can significantly improve the positioning accuracy of the acetabular cup component and reduce the number of complications caused by malpositioning.

腰椎融合术患者首次离床活动现况及影响因素调查

目的调查腰椎融合术患者术后首次离床活动现况,为后续制定针对性干预提供参考。方法采取便利抽样法,选取202例腰椎融合术患者,采用自行设计的问卷调查患者一般资料、手术相关情况及首次离床活动情况等。结果腰椎融合术后患者中32例(15.8%)进行了早期离床活动,首次离床活动时间为术后(44.0±4.2)h;术后24 h内伤口引流量、血红蛋白改变量、白蛋白改变量、引流管放置时间及恐动症评分是腰椎融合术患者首次离床活动时间的影响因素(均P<0.05)。结论腰椎融合术后患者首次离床活动比例较低,医护人员须重点关注其影响因素,制定和实施腰椎融合术患者离床活动方案,改善患者活动现况,促进术后康复。

两种3D打印导板在下颌角成形术中的适应证及应用效果研究

目的分析不同数字化设计及3D打印导板在下颌角成形术中的应用效果。方法选取贵州医科大学附属口腔医院2022年1月至2023年1月收治的12例下颌角肥大患者作为研究对象。所有患者术前均行颅面部CT扫描用于三维模型重建,参考面部协调性及美观需求设计个性化下颌角截骨范围。所有患者均以下颌骨保留部分设计升支固定式截骨导板,以下颌角截除部分设计下颌下缘固定式截骨导板,术中根据不同3D打印导板使用情况分为升支固定组(组1)及下颌下缘固定组(组2)。比较两组患者术前术后下颌角形态变化。术后2周行颅面部CT扫描,重叠配准患者虚拟手术设计与手术后颅面部CT数据,测量手术设计与术后下颌角的偏差。结果所有患者均顺利完成下颌角截骨成形手术,患者对术后面型满意。组1患者术前下颌角均为外展型,组2患者中1例下颌角为外展型,其余患者下颌角为内卷型。所有患者术后下颌角角度显著高于术前(P<0.01),术后左、右侧下颌角角度对比差异无统计学意义(均P>0.05)。两组患者手术设计与术后下颌下缘之间前部、中部、后部偏差水平对比差异无统计学意义(均P>0.05)。结论数字化设计及3D打印导板引导下颌角截骨成形术具有较高的精确性,可获得良好的美容效果;升支固定式截骨导板适用于下颌角外展型患者,下颌下缘固定式截骨导板更适合下颌角内卷型患者。

基于深度学习自动化脑深部电刺激术的术前规划应用研究

目的探索基于深度学习实现丘脑底核脑深部电刺激术(subthalamic nucleus deep brain stimulation,STN-DBS)自动化核团标注、手术靶点定位及电极植入路径规划。方法来自北部战区总医院神经外科行双侧STN-DBS手术的155例患者的影像资料。首先,采用3D UX Net卷积神经网络基于MRI图像提取深度学习特征并完成丘脑底核(subthalamic nucleus,STN)及红核(red nuclei,RN)的分割;然后通过算法实现丘脑底核的自动化靶点定位;最后在规定的皮层入路点范围区域内生成不多于4根的电极植入路径。通过人工审查验证靶点及电极植入路径的临床可行性。结果通过3D UX Net卷积神经网络算法进行核团分割,红核分割性能的Dice值为0.90。STN分割性能的Dice值为0.84。自动化生成STN靶点经人工审查验证可行的坐标与人工手术规划STN靶点坐标的欧几里得距离为(1.2±0.4)mm。25例测试集中自动化STN靶点定位及电极植入路径通过人工审查可行有20例(20/25),自动化靶点定位及电极路径与人工规划靶点及路径差异无统计学意义(P=0.059)。结论3D UX Net卷积神经网络可以较精确地分割STN及红核,通过自动化靶点定位及路径规划的STN-DBS手术计划临床可行且耗时短,可以为临床医生手术前规划提供参考。

聚焦胆管可切除性评估——医学影像技术和三维重建在肝门部胆管癌根治术术前规划中的应用

肝门部胆管癌是胆道系统的常见恶性肿瘤,根治性手术是重要的治疗手段之一。肝门部空间狭小、解剖变异率高,根治术难度大。应用医学影像技术和三维重建,术者可以在术前精准判断肝门部胆管癌的分期分型,参考胆管分离极限点(U点、P点)对肝门部胆管癌的可切除性进行评估,并预估门静脉、胆管、动脉变异对手术方案造成的影响,做好术前规划,提高根治性切除率,降低并发症发生率。

Prospects of 3D Printing Technology in Dental Medicine

With the continuous advancement of technology,the application of 3D printing technology in the field of dental medicine is becoming increasingly widespread.This article aims to explore the current applications and future potential of 3D printing technology in dental medicine and to analyze its benefits and challenges.It first introduces the current state of 3D printing technology in dental implants,crowns,bridges,orthodontics,and maxillofacial surgery.It then discusses the potential applications of 3D printing technology in oral tissue engineering,drug delivery systems,personalized dental prosthetics,and surgical planning.Finally,it analyzes the benefits of 3D printing technology in dental medicine,such as improving treatment accuracy and patient comfort,and shortening treatment times,while also highlighting the challenges faced,such as costs,material choices,and technical limitations.This article aims to provide a reference for professionals in the field of dental medicine and to promote the further application and development of 3D printing technology in this area.

Preoperative surgical planning for intracranial meningioma resection by virtual reality

Background The Dextroscope system by Volume Interactions （Singapore） had been applied to minimally invasive neurosurgery in many units. This system enables the neurosurgeon to interact intuitively with the three-dimensional graphics in a direct manner resembling the way one communicates with the real objects. In the paper, we explored its values in pre-operation surgical planning for intracranial meningiomas resection. Methods Brain computed tomography （CT）, magnetic resonance imaging （MRI）, and magnetic resonance venography （MRV） were performed on 10 patients with parasagittal and falcine meningiomas located on central groove area; brain CT, MRI and magnetic resonance angiography （MIRA） were performed on 10 patients with anterior skull base meningiomas and 10 patients with sphenoid ridge meningiomas. All these data were transferred to Dextroscope virtual reality system, and reconstructed. Then meningiomas, skull base, brain tissue, drainage vein and cerebral arteries were displayed within the system, and their anatomic relationships were evaluated. Also, the simulation operations were performed. Results For parasagittal and falcine meningiomas, the relationships of tumor with drainage vein and superior sagittal sinus were clearly displayed in the Dextroscope system. For anterior skull base and sphenoid ridge meningiomas, the relationships of tumor with bilateral internal carotid arteries, anterior cerebral arteries, middle cerebral arteries and skull base were vividly displayed within the virtual reality system. Surgical planning and simulation operation of all cases were performed as well. The real operations of all patients were conducted according to the simulation with well outcomes. Conclusions According to the virtual reality planning, neurosurgeons could get more anatomic information about meningioma and its surrounding structures, especially important vessels, and choose the best approach for tumor resection, which would lead to better prognosis for patients.

3D-printed models improve surgical planning for correction of severe postburn ankle contracture with an external fixator

Gradual distraction with an external fixator is a widely used treatment for severe postburn ankle contracture(SPAC).However,application of external fixators is complex,and conventional two-dimensional(2D)imaging-based surgical planning is not particularly helpful due to a lack of spatial geometry.The purpose of this study was to evaluate the surgical planning process for this procedure with patient-specific three-dimension-printed models(3DPMs).In this study,patients coming from two centers were divided into two cohorts(3DPM group vs.control group)depending on whether a 3DPM was used for preoperative surgical planning.Operation duration,improvement in metatarsal-tibial angle(MTA),range of motion(ROM),the American Orthopedic Foot and Ankle Society(AOFAS)scores,complications,and patient-reported satisfaction were compared between two groups.The 3DPM group had significantly shorter operation duration than the control group((2.0±0.3)h vs.(3.2±0.3)h,P<0.01).MTA,ROM,and AOFAS scores between the two groups showed no significant differences pre-operation,after the removal of the external fixator,or at follow-up.Plantigrade feet were achieved and gait was substantially improved in all patients at the final follow-up.Pin-tract infections occurred in two patients(one in each group)during distraction and were treated with wound care and oral antibiotics.Patients in the 3DPM group reported higher satisfaction than those in the control group,owing to better patient-surgeon communication.Surgical planning using patient-specific 3DPMs significantly reduced operation duration and increased patient satisfaction,while providing similar improvements in ankle movement and function compared to traditional surgical planning for the correction of SPAC with external fixators.

The use of virtual surgical planning and navigation in the treatment of orbital trauma

Virtual surgical planning （VSP） has recently been introduced in craniomaxillofacial surgery with the goal of improving efficiency and precision for complex surgical operations. Among many indications, VSP can also be applied for the treatment of congenital and acquired craniofacial defects, including orbital fractures. VSP permits the surgeon to visualize the complex anatomy of craniofacial region, showing the relationship between bone and neurovascular structures. It can be used to design and print using three- dimensional （3D） printing technology and customized surgical models. Additionally, intraoperative navigation may be useful as an aid in performing the surgery. Navigation is useful for both the surgical dissection as well as to confirm the placement of the implant. Navigation has been found to be especially useful for orbit and sinus surgery. The present paper reports a case describing the use of VSP and computerized navigation for the reconstruction of a large orbital floor defect with a custom implant.

Virtual surgical planning is a useful tool in the surgical management of mandibular condylar fractures

Purpose:The aim of this study is to evaluate the application value of virtual surgical planning in the management of mandibular condylar fractures and to provide a reliable reference.Methods:This was a prospective randomized controlled study and recruited 50 patients requiring surgical treatment for their mandibular condylar fractures.The inclusion criteria were patients(1)diagnosed with a condylar fracture by two clinically experienced doctors and required surgical treatment;(2)have given consent for the surgical treatment;and(3)had no contraindications to the surgery.Patients were excluded from this study if:(1)they were diagnosed with a non-dislocated or only slightly dislocated condylar fracture;(2)the comminuted condylar fracture was too severe to be treated with internal reduction and fixation;or(3)patients could not complete follow-up for 3 months.There were 33 male and 17 female patients with 33 unilateral condylar fractures and 17 bilateral condylar fractures included.The 50 patients were randomly(random number)divided into control group(25 patients with 35 sides of condylar fractures)and experimental group(25 patients with 32 sides of condylar fractures).Virtual surgical planning was used in the experimental group,but only clinical experience was used in the control group.The patients were followed up for 1,3,6 and 12 months after operation.Variables including the rate of perfect reduction by radiological analysis,the average distance of deviation between preoperative and postoperative CT measurements using Geomagic software and postoperative clinical examinations(e.g.,mouth opening,occlusion)were investigated for outcome measurement.SPSS 19 was adopted for data analysis.Results:The average operation time was 180.60 min in the experimental group and 223.2 min in the control group.One week postoperatively,CT images showed that the anatomic reduction rate was 90.63%(29/32)in the experimental group and 68.57%(24/35)in the control group,revealing significant difference(X^(2)=4.919,p=0.027).Geomagic comparative analysis revealed that the average distance of deviation was also much smaller in the experimental group than that in the control group(0.639 mm vs.0.995 mm;t=3.824,p<0.001).Conclusion:These findings suggest that virtual surgical planning can assist surgeons in surgical procedures,reduce operative time,and improve the anatomic reduction rate&accuracy,and thus of value in the diagnosis and treatment of condylar fractures.

Lumped parameter model based surgical planning for CABG

The current 3D CABG model is time consuming,a lumped parameter CABG model may solve this problem.A coronary lumped parameter model without stenosis and graft was constructed.The stenosis resistance was calculated and graft model was constructed.After calculation,the graft flow results of CABG lumped parameter model fit well with 3D CABG model results.

Face transplantation for massive mandibular defects: considerations for allograft design and surgical planning

Modern face transplant techniques have advanced to allow for the transfer of vascularized skeletal components in addition to overlying soft tissue.This represents significant opportunity for individuals with mandibular defects that are not amenable to traditional reconstruction.Care must be taken when planning and executing transplants with these complex grafts,as satisfactory functional and aesthetic outcomes rely on achieving proper spatial relationships between the mandible,skull base,and midface.Which donor skeletal elements are included in the allograft and how they are harvested are important considerations in this planning and are associated with controversy.To optimize outcomes in the reconstruction of single-jaw defects,some advocate for transplantation of only the affected jaw while others support bimaxillary transplantation.Clinical evidence in this debate is not conclusive at this time.In current practice,including donor dentoalveolar anatomy by utilizing a bilateral sagittal split osteotomy of the mandible is favored to optimize outcomes such as dental occlusion.It has been suggested that harvesting the mandible at the level of the condyle or even the temporal bone may also be possible and may improve temporomandibular joint-related outcomes.Despite encouraging preclinical evidence,these strategies remain controversial.After allograft design,successful mandibular reconstruction with face transplantation relies on surgical precision in the donor and recipient procedures.Computerized surgical planning,computer-aided design and manufacturing,and intraoperative navigation are technologies currently in use to mitigate operative complexity.Results in both cadaveric and clinical face transplantations suggest these technologies are reliable and beneficial,although some room for improvement remains.