Nuclear Fusion Research and Development Need New Relativistic Mass and Energy Corrections Given by the Information Relativity Theory

Hundred years after the conjecture of the British astronomer Eddington that the sun is powered by nuclear fusion of hydrogen, new physics theory may help make energy harvesting by nuclear fusion soon a reality. Researchers as well as investors funding fusion megaprojects are asked to deal with new relativistic corrections for mass and energy proposed by Suleiman in his Information Relativity Theory (IRT). These corrections were calculated in this contribution. It will help to decide whether a venture will be successful and to save big investments when in doubt. The assumed optimal kinetic energy for controlled nuclear fusion must be corrected to a somewhat higher level. At very high kinetic energy in the upper GeV range, it remains not enough baryonic mass to be transformed in energy. The fusion probability faded out to zero already at the golden limit of the recession speed of between target nucleon and projectile nucleon. Cold nuclear fusion, if ever possible, is recommended for protons rather than deuterons at highest experimental possible temperatures around 1000 (K) and needs fine-tuned kinetic nucleon energy. It would be also of interest whether a golden ratio based nuclear fuel confinement chamber could be beneficial. In this connection, also cold nuclear fusion setups should be discussed. Nature is governed by the golden ratio and criticality of physical systems influenced by it, and nuclear physics is not an exception. Computer simulations of the underlying controlled nuclear fusion processes should gain profit from IRT corrected starting information and may tackle anew possible low energy nuclear transmutations considering the wave-like dark components of matter and energy.

Color Correction for Multi-view Video Using Energy Minimization of View Networks

Systems using numerous cameras are emerging in many fields due to their ease of production and reduced cost, and one of the fields where they are expected to be used more actively in the near future is in image-based rendering （IBR）. Color correction between views is necessary to use multi-view systems in IBR to make audiences feel comfortable when views are switched or when a free viewpoint video is displayed. Color correction usually involves two steps： the first is to adjust camera parameters such as gain, brightness, and aperture before capture, and the second is to modify captured videos through image processing. This paper deals with the latter, which does not need a color pattern board. The proposed method uses scale invariant feature transform （SIFT） to detect correspondences, treats RGB channels independently, calculates lookup tables with an energy-minimization approach, and corrects captured video with these tables. The experimental results reveal that this approach works well.

Star Point Energy Center Correction of Star Simulator Based on Polar Coordinates

In this paper,various aberrations have been analyzed.Not only the effects of aberration on geometrical center position are taken into account,but also the deviation of displayed star position energy center caused by aberration is analyzed.These two aspects have been taken into comprehensive evaluation and star position correction.The correction method based on polar coordinates is proposed,and cumbersome partition correction and calculated quantity based on two-dimensional coordinates can be simplified.The experimental results show that the correction processing based on polar coordinates is simpler and easier compared with any other correction methods.In addition,the correction results are significantly more accurate.

Studies on absorption coefficients of dual-energy γ-rays and measur-ing error correction for multiphase fraction determination

In this article, principle and mathematical method of determining the phase fractions of multiphase flows by using a dual-energy γ -ray system have been described. The dual-energy γ -ray device is composed of radioactive isotopes of 241Am and 137Cs with γ -ray energies of 59.5 and 662 keV, respectively. A rational method to calibrate the absorption coefficient was introduced in detail. The modified arithmetic is beneficial to removing the extra Compton scattering from the measured value. The result shows that the dual-energy γ -ray technique can be used in three-phase flow with average accuracy greater than 95%, which enables us to determine phase fractions almost independent of the flow regime. Improvement has been achieved on measurement accuracy of phase fractions.

The Coherent State of the Landau Hamiltonian and the Relativistic Corrections to the Zeeman Effect in He⁺Ions

We calculate the energy levels of He+ ion placed in a uniform magnetic field directed perpendicular to the direction of its center of mass (CM) velocity vector, correct to relative order . Our calculations are within the frame work of an approximately relativistic theory, correct to relative order , of a two-particle composite system bound by electromagnetic forces, and written in terms of the position, momentum and spin operators of the constituent particles as proposed by Krajcik and Foldy, and also by Close and Osborn. Since the He+ ion has a net electric charge, the total or the CM momentum is not conserved and a neat separation of the CM and the internal motion is not possible. What is new in our approach is that, for the basis states in a first order degenerate perturbation theory to calculate the effects of the external magnetic field, we use the direct product of the coherent state of the Landau Hamiltonian of the He+ ion in a uniform magnetic field and of the simultaneous eigenstate of the internal Hamiltonian h, j2, l2, s2 and jz,?where j, l and s are the internal total, orbital and spin angular moments of the He+ ion. The coherent state is an excellent approximation to the expected classical circular motion of the center of mass (CM) of the He+ ion. In addition to the Z2 a2 corrections to the usual nonrelativistic results, including the small corrections due to the nuclear motion, we also obtain corrections which depend on the kinetic energy (ECM ) of the CM circular motion of the He+ ion, in a nontrivial way. Even though these corrections are proportional to , where M is the mass of the He+ ion, and are small for nonrelativistic CM motion, the results should be verifiable in careful experiments. Our results may also have application in astrophysical observations of the spectral lines of He+ ions in magnetized astrophysical objects.

The Alignment of Angular Momentum and Its Influence on Shell Correction Energy and Potential Energy Surface

The alignment of the angular momenta in single-particle energy levels is studied based on a ro-taring two-center shell model for heavy-nucleus 238U.It is found that large deformation of the nucleusfavours the alignment and a complete alignment of the angular momenta occurs only at large deformationand high cranked frequency.Meanwhile,it is shown that the shell correction energy is mainly determinedby the deformation of the nucleus and slightly varies with the total spin except that the total spin is largerthan 80（?）.It is also found that the two valleys of the potential energy surface become shaUow and finallydisappear with the increase of total spin.

Use of sampling based correction for non-radioactivity X-ray energy calibration

As the requirement of non-radioactivity measurement has increased in recent years,various energy cali- bration methods applied in portable X-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectrometers have been developed. In this paper,a sampling based correction energy calibration has been discussed. In this method both history information and current state of the instrument are considered and relative high precision and reliability can be obtained.

Rem-meter correction factor for measuring high energyneutrons outside concrete shielding

Correction factors of both Rem-meters, the 10 inch diameter single-sphere Remmeter and the standard A-B Rem-meter, were estimated for measuring high energy neutron dose equivalent outside a concrete shielding wall and the effects that the emitted neutron spectra become remarkably "harder" penetrated through a concrete shielding wall, and the energy response of the Rem-meter were taken in account. The estimated results could be applied in the measurement of neutron dose equivalent for the intermediate energy heavy ion reactions to avoid the difficulty induced by the energy response of the Rem-meters.

Feasibility of Improved Attenuation Correction for SPECT Reconstruction in the Presence of Dense Materials Using Dual-Energy Virtual Monochromatic CT: A Phantom Study

Objective: Computed tomography (CT)-based attenuation correction (CTAC) offers the clear benefit of reliable reconstruction of single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) images through its ability to achieve object-specific attenuation maps, but artifacts from dense materials often deteriorate CTAC performance. Therefore, we investigate the feasibility of CTAC in the presence of dense materials using dual-energy virtual monochromatic CT data. Methods: A sodium pertechnetate-filled cylindrical uniform phantom, with a pair of undiluted iodine syringes attached, is scanned with a dual-source CT scanner to obtain both single-energy (120 kVp) polychromatic and dual-energy (80 kVp/140 kVp with tin filtering) virtual monochromatic CT images. The single-energy and the dual-energy CT images are then converted to attenuation maps at 141 keV. SPECT images are reconstructed from 99mTc emission data of the phantom using each single-energy and dual-energy attenuation map and incorporating CTAC procedure. A region-of-in- terest analysis is performed to quantitatively compare the attenuation maps between the single-energy and the dual-energy techniques, each at an iodine-free position and a position adjacent to the iodine solutions. Results: At the iodine-free position, the phantom provides a uniform distribution of attenuation maps in both the single-energy and the dual-energy techniques. In the presence of adjacent iodine solutions, however, severe artifacts appeare in the single-energy CT images. These artifacts make attenuation values fluctuate, resulting in erroneous pixel values in the CTAC SPECT images. In contrast, dual-energy CT strongly suppresses the artifacts and hence improves the uniformity of the attenuation maps and the resultant SPECT images. Conclusions: Dual-energy CT with virtual monochromatic reconstruction has the potential to substantially reduce artifacts arising from dense materials. It has the potential to improve the accuracy of attenuation maps and the resultant CTAC SPECT images.

A Physical Insight into the Origin of the Corrections to the Magnetic Moment of Free and Bound Electron

The main goal of the present work is a unitary approach of the physical origin of the corrections to the magnetic moment of free and bound electron. Based on this approach, estimations of lowest order corrections were easily obtained. In the non-relativistic limit, the Dirac electron appears as a distribution of charge and current extended over a region of linear dimension of the order of Compton wavelength, which generates its magnetic moment. The e.m. mass (self-energy) of electron outside this region does not participate to this internal dynamics, and consequently does not contribute to the mass term in the formula of the magnetic moment. This is the physical origin of the small increase of the magnetic moment of free electron compared to the value given by Dirac equation. We give arguments that this physical interpretation is self-consistent with the QED approach. The bound electron being localized, it has kinetic energy which means a mass increase from a relativistic point of view, which determines a magnetic moment decrease (relativistic Breit correction). On the other hand, the e.m. mass of electron decreases at the formation of the bound state due to coulomb interaction with the nucleus. We estimated this e.m. mass decrease of bound electron only in its internal dynamics region, and from it the corresponding increase of the magnetic moment (QED correction). The corrections to the mass value are at the origin of the lowest order corrections to the magnetic moment of free and bound electron.

基于深度强化学习的电-气区域综合能源系统安全校正控制决策方法

电–气区域综合能源系统电、气相互耦合与影响,使得其安全校正控制难度大且对快速性要求高,为此,提出一种基于深度确定性策略梯度(deepdeterministicpolicy gradient,DDPG)算法的安全校正控制决策方法。首先,进行系统多能流与变量分析,建立安全校正控制的目标与约束条件。然后,构建基于DDPG的安全校正控制模型,设计目标奖励和各种约束条件奖励,提出结合基于综合灵敏度的安全校正知识经验设计目标奖励函数,使调整具有方向性,且目标奖励考虑能量枢纽(energy hub,EH)的经济效益及其可再生能源消纳;通过智能体离线训练,使其能够在线做出实时最优的安全校正控制策略,预先产生专家经验数据集存放于经验回放池,提高训练速度和收敛性。最后,通过含EH电–气区域综合能源系统仿真算例验证了所提方法的有效性。

一种基于相位误差校正技术的快速启动晶体振荡器

随着超低功耗(Ultra-Low Power,ULP)物联网(Internet of Things,IoT)系统的发展,采用能量注入技术的快速启动晶体振荡器因对IoT系统功耗影响巨大而逐渐成为研究热点.能量注入技术可以显著降低晶体振荡器的启动时间和启动能量,但是对注入源的精度要求苛刻.为了扩大注入频偏容限以及实现高注入效率,本文提出了一种基于延迟锁定环的相位误差校正技术.该技术将注入频偏容限扩大到2%,启动过程的非注入持续时间仅为4个周期,实现了高效注入.本文所述晶体振荡器采用40 nm CMOS工艺设计并流片.在1.0 V电源电压下采用24 MHz晶体进行测试,当注入频偏高达2%时,实现了7.2μs的启动时间,启动能量为5.1 nJ.相比同频偏下的传统注入方案,启动时间缩短了99.66%.

基于混合储能荷电状态的光伏直流微网系统能量分配策略

针对混合储能系统在平抑光伏波动以及负荷投切时荷电状态(SOC)易越限问题,提出一种基于混合储能SOC的多模式协调控制策略。在传统低通滤波功率分配的基础上,提出一种基于超级电容荷电状态的动态功率修正策略,使超级电容出力后SOC向安全状态恢复;同时,为避免蓄电池频繁切换充放电状态,在其响应环节加入优化后的延时控制。此外,根据光伏出力情况、混合储能SOC,设计出满足直流微网系统动态平衡的六种运行模式,实时调节各储能单元出力情况。在MATLAB/Simulink中搭建了光伏直流微网混合储能系统仿真模型,仿真结果表明所提策略在各工况下均能稳定运行,有效延长了储能介质使用寿命。

基于有功分数阶微分校正的储能VSG并网有功响应策略

为了解决在有功功率指令、电网频率2种扰动情况下储能虚拟同步机(VSG)并网有功难以兼顾良好的动态特性和稳态性能的问题,提出了一种基于有功分数阶微分校正的VSG(AFDC-VSG)并网有功响应优化控制策略。分别建立典型VSG、AFDC-VSG这2种控制策略的并网有功闭环小信号模型,并给出相应的参数设计过程。利用MATLAB/Simulink仿真软件对比分析不同控制策略在2种扰动下储能VSG的并网有功响应特性,并建立储能VSG并网系统的实验平台。仿真和实验结果共同验证了所提AFDC-VSG策略在优化储能VSG并网有功响应性能方面的有效性与优越性。

MoSi_(2)N_(4)的本征点缺陷以及掺杂特性的第一性原理计算

新兴二维材料MoSi_(2)N_(4)因其卓越的半导体性能,包括出色的环境稳定性和高载流子迁移率而受到相当多的关注.然而,半导体中的本征缺陷往往不可避免并且会显著影响器件性能.本文使用密度泛函理论计算并分析了MoSi_(2)N_(4)中本征点缺陷的性质及其产生的影响.首先确认了该材料物理性质与目前实验数据的一致性,之后通过计算12种本征缺陷的形成能,发现钼替硅型反位缺陷(Mo_(Si))在所有本征缺陷中占主导地位.在整体电荷保持中性的约束条件下,通过自洽费米能级计算,本文发现仅仅引入本征缺陷的MoSi_(2)N_(4)会表现出本征特征,这体现了其作为半导体器件材料的潜力,然而该本征性质与在生长过程中观察到的二维MoSi_(2)N_(4)的p型特征相矛盾.而在后来的缺陷浓度计算中,发现对于MoSi_(2)N_(4)用适当的杂质进行掺杂,可以实现n型和p型半导体特征,且本征缺陷的补偿效应很弱.这表明在生长过程中MoSi_(2)N_(4)的p型特征可能是由于非平衡生长条件下引入的杂质或硅空位缺陷造成的.本工作不仅展示了MoSi_(2)N_(4)在半导体器件应用上的潜力,还为未来该材料缺陷机理的研究提供了数据支撑.

考虑5G基站储能参与配电网供电恢复研究

5G的快速发展使得5G基站储能容量大幅增加,如何充分发挥时常处于休眠状态的基站储能资源,使其参与配电网供电恢复,降低配电网失电量问题亟待研究。该文通过协调基站储能参与配电网供电恢复,以发挥其储能价值。首先,建立风光联合出力场景集,通过赤池信息准则和平方欧式距离确定各时段最优Copula函数,进而对其进行抽样聚类,获得风光典型出力场景集;然后,建立基站备用储能模型,通过正弦函数叠加建立不同区域的通信量模型,利用泰尔熵和修正基尼系数建立综合脆弱度模型确定各基站储能备用时间及备用储能模型,进而获得不同基站储能的可调度容量;最后,以失负荷量损失最小为目标,建立考虑基站储能参与及风光出力波动的含可调参数的两阶段鲁棒优化模型。以改进的IEEE 33节点模型为例进行仿真验证,分别对比了定基站备用时间与该文所提方法确定备用时间、鲁棒优化与确定性优化等方案下系统失负荷量的变化情况。仿真结果表明,5G基站储能可降低失负荷量损失成本,提高风光消纳率。

基于模糊场景聚类的新能源风电消纳误差修正系统

电网容易受到场景约束的影响,新能源风电场无法送出大量风电,为了修正风电消纳数据,设计了基于模糊场景聚类的新能源风电消纳误差修正系统。分析系统运行场景,使用S5PV210微处理器,为系统提供丰富接口。设计误差修正控制器,避免系统修正过程出现误差。在多目标求解原则支持下,搭建模糊场景。根据风电场历史运行数据,计算基准调度方案对新能源风电消纳的结果,获取新能源风电消纳误差序列。确定最佳聚类数,结合历史异常数据修正误差。由实验结果可知,该系统风电功率序列统计结果与理想数据存在最大为1 MW的误差,弃风功率序列统计结果与理想数据一致,所设计系统误差修正结果较好。

基于校正条件生成对抗网络的风电场群绿氢储能系统容量配置

以条件生成对抗网络(CGAN)为代表的半监督学习可计及风电波动并生成出力场景集合,生成的数据可输入氢气储能容量配置模型以支撑优化求解。为此,该文首先设计一种校正条件生成对抗网络(CCGAN),并基于风电预测误差构建条件校正器,对预测失准事件和风电爬坡事件下输入生成器的标签信息进行识别和校正;然后,以储能定容的综合成本和各风场弃风成本为目标函数,构建绿氢储能容量配置的多目标优化模型,并引入基于切比雪夫距离的膝区域数学概念,以指导多目标优化算法设计;最后,以新英格兰39节点系统为例进行算例分析,结果表明未经校正的条件信息将导致定容决策偏离实际,而CCGAN能生成计及风电不确定性的高置信出力场景,使得容量配置结果兼顾鲁棒性和经济性。

基于差异特性水泵机组的优选与调控

为有效降低泵站因理论抽水装置效率偏离实际情况产生的方案误差,在聚类方法的基础上,利用历史监测数据对泵站内各抽水装置的特性曲线进行校正,同时将校正结果运用到泵站优化调度模型中,构建基于差异特性水泵机组的泵站优化调度模型,以实现站内机组的智能优选与调控.研究结果表明:校正后曲线的理论抽水装置效率比校正前精度平均提高18.8%,更符合工程实际;相比于人工经验调度方案,基于校正后曲线的差异特性水泵机组优化方案能耗平均降低了9.08%,成本平均降低了3.59%,优于人工经验调度方案;对校正后的多台水泵机组性能曲线进行对比发现,因安装位置、累计运行台时及磨损程度不同,导致泵站内同型号水泵的抽水装置效率产生差异,最大偏差达14.63%,说明长时间运行时的泵站已无法直接通过均分流量完成最优分配,进一步证明了水泵机组差异特性研究的必要性.

电网频率校正控制方法在高比例新能源电网的适应性

新能源出力由自然禀赋决定,在电力平衡约束下的高比例新能源电网运行方式调整范围逐渐增加,传统固定策略的频率校正控制方法失配风险不断提高。建立典型系统,给出了研究频率校正控制的电网运行场景域描述方法,计算了频率校正控制系统任一轮次适应的电网运行场景域。提出将控制量可整定的范围作为评价任一轮次适应性的指标,使用多个轮次的最小可整定范围评价频率校正控制系统的适应性。利用实际电网参数建立分析模型,计算频率校正控制系统适应的极限新能源接入比例。传统频率校正控制方法难以适应新能源比例高的场景,亟需新型控制方法。