Time-Domain Higher-Order Boundary Element Method for Simulating High Forward-Speed Ship Motions in Waves

The hydrodynamic performance of a high forward-speed ship in obliquely propagating waves is numerically examined to assess both free motions and wave field in comparison with a low forward-speed ship.This numerical model is based on the time-domain potential flow theory and higher-order boundary element method,where an analytical expression is completely expanded to determine the base-unsteady coupling flow imposed on the moving condition of the ship.The ship in the numerical model may possess different advancing speeds,i.e.stationary,low speed,and high speed.The role of the water depth,wave height,wave period,and incident wave angle is analyzed by means of the accurate numerical model.It is found that the resonant motions of the high forward-speed ship are triggered by comparison with the stationary one.More specifically,a higher forward speed generates a V-shaped wave region with a larger elevation,which induces stronger resonant motions corresponding to larger wave periods.The shoaling effect is adverse to the motion of the low-speed ship,but is beneficial to the resonant motion of the high-speed ship.When waves obliquely propagate toward the ship,the V-shaped wave region would be broken due to the coupling effect between roll and pitch motions.It is also demonstrated that the maximum heave motion occurs in beam seas for stationary cases but occurs in head waves for high speeds.However,the variation of the pitch motion with period is hardly affected by wave incident angles.

Forward modeling of marine DC resistivity method for a layered anisotropic earth

Since the ocean bottom is a sedimentary environment wherein stratification is well developed, the use of an anisotropic model is best for studying its geology. Beginning with Maxwell＇s equations for an anisotropic model, we introduce scalar potentials based on the divergence-free characteristic of the electric and magnetic （EM） fields. We then continue the EM fields down into the deep earth and upward into the seawater and couple them at the ocean bottom to the transmitting source. By studying both the DC apparent resistivity curves and their polar plots, we can resolve the anisotropy of the ocean bottom. Forward modeling of a high-resistivity thin layer in an anisotropic half-space demonstrates that the marine DC resistivity method in shallow water is very sensitive to the resistive reservoir but is not influenced by airwaves. As such, it is very suitable for oil and gas exploration in shallowwater areas but, to date, most modeling algorithms for studying marine DC resistivity are based on isotropic models. In this paper, we investigate one-dimensional anisotropic forward modeling for marine DC resistivity method, prove the algorithm to have high accuracy, and thus provide a theoretical basis for 2D and 3D forward modeling.

A Simple Method for Source Depth Estimation with Multi-path Time Delay in Deep Ocean

A method of source depth estimation based on the multi-path time delay difference is proposed. When the minimum time arrivals in all receiver depths are snapped to a certain time on time delay-depth plane, time delay arrivals of surface-bottom reflection and bottom-surface reflection intersect at the source depth. Two hydrophones deployed vertically with a certain interval are required at least. If the receiver depths are known, the pair of time delays can be used to estimate the source depth. With the proposed method the source depth can be estimated successfully in a moderate range in the deep ocean without complicated matched-field calculations in the simulations and experiments.

Three-dimensional forward modeling for magnetotelluric sounding by finite element method

A finite element algorithm combined with divergence condition was presented for computing three-dimensional(3D) magnetotelluric forward modeling. The finite element equation of three-dimensional magnetotelluric forward modeling was derived from Maxwell's equations using general variation principle. The divergence condition was added forcedly to the electric field boundary value problem, which made the solution correct. The system of equation of the finite element algorithm was a large sparse, banded, symmetric, ill-conditioned, non-Hermitian complex matrix equation, which can be solved using the Bi-CGSTAB method. In order to prove correctness of the three-dimensional magnetotelluric forward algorithm, the computed results and analytic results of one-dimensional geo-electrical model were compared. In addition, the three-dimensional magnetotelluric forward algorithm is given a further evaluation by computing COMMEMI model. The forward modeling results show that the algorithm is very efficient, and it has a lot of advantages, such as the high precision, the canonical process of solving problem, meeting the internal boundary condition automatically and adapting to all kinds of distribution of multi-substances.

Three-dimensional land FD-CSEM forward modeling using edge finite-element method

A modeling tool for simulating three-dimensional land frequency-domain controlled-source electromagnetic surveys,based on a finite-element discretization of the Helmholtz equation for the electric fields,has been developed.The main difference between our modeling method and those previous works is edge finite-element approach applied to solving the three-dimensional land frequency-domain electromagnetic responses generated by horizontal electric dipole source.Firstly,the edge finite-element equation is formulated through the Galerkin method based on Helmholtz equation of the electric fields.Secondly,in order to check the validity of the modeling code,the numerical results are compared with the analytical solutions for a homogeneous half-space model.Finally,other three models are simulated with three-dimensional electromagnetic responses.The results indicate that the method can be applied for solving three-dimensional electromagnetic responses.The algorithm has been demonstrated,which can be effective to modeling the complex geo-electrical structures.This efficient algorithm will help to study the distribution laws of3-D land frequency-domain controlled-source electromagnetic responses and to setup basis for research of three-dimensional inversion.

Finite difference time domain method forward simulation of complex geoelectricity ground penetrating radar model

The ground penetrating radar(GPR) forward simulation all aims at the singular and regular models, such as sandwich model, round cavity, square cavity, and so on, which are comparably simple. But as to the forward of curl interface underground or “v” figure complex model, it is difficult to realize. So it is important to forward the complex geoelectricity model. This paper takes two Maxwell’s vorticity equations as departure point, makes use of the principles of Yee’s space grid model theory and the basic principle finite difference time domain method, and deduces a GPR forward system of equation of two dimensional spaces. The Mur super absorbed boundary condition is adopted to solve the super strong reflection on the interceptive boundary when there is the forward simulation. And a self-made program is used to process forward simulation to two typical geoelectricity model.

A Gravity Forward Modeling Method based on Multiquadric Radial Basis Function

It is one of the most important part to build an accurate gravity model in geophysical exploration.Traditional gravity modelling is usually based on grid method,such as difference method and finite element method widely used.Due to self-adaptability lack of division meshes and the difficulty of high-dimensional calculation.

Three-dimensional forward modeling for the SBTEM method using an unstructured fi nite-element method

In this study,we propose a three-dimensional(3D)forward modeling algorithm of surface-to-borehole transient electromagnetic(SBTEM)fields based on an unstructured vector fi nite-element method to analyze the characteristics of SBTEM responses for complex geoelectrical models.To solve the double-curl diff usion equation for the electric fi eld,we use an unstructured tetrahedral mesh to discretize the model domain and select the unconditionally stable backward Euler scheme to discretize the time derivative.In our numerical experiments,we use a grounded wire as a transmitting source.After validating the algorithm’s eff ectiveness,we first analyze the diffusion characteristics and detectability of the electromagnetic field.After that,we focus our attention on the distribution and the cause of zero bands for Ex and dBy/dt components with the hope of guiding future field surveys.Finally,by simulating diff erent models,we analyze the capability of the SBTEM method in detecting typical mineral veins so that we can provide a reference for mineral resource exploration in the deep earth.

Solution of scattering from rough surface with a 2D target above it by a hybrid method based on the reciprocity theorem and the forward-backward method

This paper proposes a hybrid method based on the forward-backward method （FBM） and the reciprocity theorem （RT） for evaluating the scattering field from dielectric rough surface with a 2D target above it. Here, the equivalent electric/magnetic current densities on the rough surface as well as the scattering field from it are numerically calculated by FBM, and the scattered field from the isolated target is obtained utilizing the method of moments （MOM）. Meanwhile, the rescattered coupling interactions between the target and the surface are evaluated employing the combination of FBM and RT. Our hybrid method is first validated by available MOM results. Then, the functional dependences of bistatic and monostatic scattering from the target above rough surface upon the target altitude, incident and scattering angles are numerically simulated and discussed. This study presents a numerical description for the scattering mechanism associated with rescattered coupling interactions between a target and an underlying randomly rough surface.

A Modified Back/Forward Sweep Method Based on the Electricity Consumption Data

With the development of distribution automation system, the centralized meter reading system has been adopted more and more extensively, which provides real-time electricity consumption data of end-users, and consequently lays foundation for operating condition on-line analysis of distribution network. In this paper, a modified back/forward sweep method, which directly uses real-time electricity consumption data acquired from the centralized meter reading system, is proposedto realize voltage analysis based on 24-hour electricity consumption data of a typical transformer district. Furthermore, the calculated line losses are verified through data collected from the energy metering of the distribution transformer, illustrating that the proposed method can be applied in analyzing voltage level and discovering unknown energy losses, which will lay foundation for on-line analysis, calculation and monitoring of power distribution network.

3D forward modeling and response characteristics of low-resistivity overburden of the CFS-PML absorbing boundary for ground-well transient electromagnetic method

This study used the stable and convergent Dufort-Frankel method to differentially discretize the diffusion equation of the ground-well transient electromagnetic secondary field.The absorption boundary condition of complex frequency-shifted perfectly matched layer(CFS-PML)was used for truncation so that the low-frequency electromagnetic wave can be better absorbed at the model boundary.A typical three-dimensional(3D)homogeneous half-space model was established and a low-resistivity cube model was analyzed under the half-space condition.The response patterns and drivers of the low-resistivity cube model were discussed under the influence of a low-resistivity overburden.The absorption boundary conditions of CFS-PML significantly affected the low-frequency electromagnetic waves.For a low-resistivity cube around the borehole,its response curve exhibited a single-peak,and the extreme point of the curve corresponded to the center of the low-resistivity body.When the low-resistivity cube was directly below the borehole,the response curve showed three extreme values(two high and one low),with the low corresponding to the center of the low-resistivity body.The total field response of the low-resistivity overburden was stronger than that of the uniform half-space model due to the low-resistivity shielding effect of electromagnetic waves.When the receiving-transmitting distance gradually increased,the effect of the low-resistivity overburden was gradually weakened,and the response of the low-resistivity cube was strengthened.It was affected by the ratio of the overburden resistivity to the resistivity of the low-resistivity body.

Iterative methods for a forward-backward heat equation in two-dimension

A finite difference method is introduced to solve the forward-backward heat equation in two space dimensions. In this procedure, the backward and forward difference scheme in two subdomains and a coarse-mesh second-order central difference scheme at the middle interface are used. Maximum norm error estimate for the procedure is derived. Then an iterative method based on domain decomposition is presented for the numerical scheme and the convergence of the given method is established. Then numerical experiments are presented to support the theoretical analysis.

Employing the ForWaRD Method to Improve Resolution of Conventional OTDR for Application in SHM

As a fiber sensor, optical time domain L reflectometer becomes more and more popular to measure parameters, such as strain and temperature in structural health monitoring （SHM） simultaneously. Since the accuracy of range resolution in optical time domain reflectometer （OTDR） is determined by the pulse width of laser, the range resolution in order of centimeter is achieved by employing of picoseconds lasers which are not commercial. In this paper, to achieve this accuracy with conventional OTDR, Fourier wavelet regularized deconvolution （ForWaRD） method is employed to deconvolve and denoise the detected signal simultaneously. Simulations show that this method improves resolution of conventional OTDR system to the order of several centimeters.

3D time-domain forward modeling of airborne transient electromagnetism considering superparamagnetic effect

The superparamagnetic effect arises from the superparamagnetism exhibited by a multitude of nano-sized magnetic mineral particles under an external electric field.This phenomenon manifests in transient electromagnetic data primarily as a deceleration in the attenuation rate of late-stage signals,a characteristic difficult to discern directly from airborne transient electromagnetic signals,consequently leading to significant misinterpretations of subterranean electrical structures.This study embarks on 3D forward modeling of airborne electromagnetic responses in the frequency domain,accounting for the superparamagnetic effect,utilizing an unstructured finite element method.Superparamagnetic responses in the time domain were obtained through frequency-time conversion.This investigation explores the influence of various parameters-such as magnetic susceptibility,time constants,and flight altitude-on the superparamagnetic effect by examining the response characteristics of typical targets.Findings indicate that in its late stages,the superparamagnetic effect can induce a relative anomaly of up to 300%.There is a positive correlation between magnetic susceptibility and the strength of the superparamagnetic effect.The influence of the time constant's upper and lower limits on the superparamagnetic effect is minimal;however,the range between these limits significantly affects the effect,showing a negative correlation with its intensity.Higher flight altitudes weaken the superparamagnetic signal.The impact is most pronounced when superparamagnetic minerals are shallowly buried,effectively shielding the underlying geology with the characteristics of a good conductivity anomaly,but this effect diminishes with greater depth.The insights from this study provide a theoretical framework for a deeper understanding of the superparamagnetic effect in transient electromagnetic signals and for more accurate interpretations of subterranean geological and electrical structures.

3D anisotropic modeling and identification for airborne EM systems based on the spectral-element method

The airborne electromagnetic （AEM） method has a high sampling rate and survey flexibility. However, traditional numerical modeling approaches must use high-resolution physical grids to guarantee modeling accuracy, especially for complex geological structures such as anisotropic earth. This can lead to huge computational costs. To solve this problem, we propose a spectral-element （SE） method for 3D AEM anisotropic modeling, which combines the advantages of spectral and finite-element methods. Thus, the SE method has accuracy as high as that of the spectral method and the ability to model complex geology inherited from the finite-element method. The SE method can improve the modeling accuracy within discrete grids and reduce the dependence of modeling results on the grids. This helps achieve high-accuracy anisotropic AEM modeling. We first introduced a rotating tensor of anisotropic conductivity to Maxwell＇s equations and described the electrical field via SE basis functions based on GLL interpolation polynomials. We used the Galerkin weighted residual method to establish the linear equation system for the SE method, and we took a vertical magnetic dipole as the transmission source for our AEM modeling. We then applied fourth-order SE calculations with coarse physical grids to check the accuracy of our modeling results against a 1D semi-analytical solution for an anisotropic half-space model and verified the high accuracy of the SE. Moreover, we conducted AEM modeling for different anisotropic 3D abnormal bodies using two physical grid scales and three orders of SE to obtain the convergence conditions for different anisotropic abnormal bodies. Finally, we studied the identification of anisotropy for single anisotropic abnormal bodies, anisotropic surrounding rock, and single anisotropic abnormal body embedded in an anisotropic surrounding rock. This approach will play a key role in the inversion and interpretation of AEM data collected in regions with anisotropic geology.

基于非结构四面体网格的三维模型瞬变电磁大尺度正演模拟

大尺度瞬变电磁三维正演生成的系数矩阵阶数往往高达百万乃至千万级,使用传统数值方法几乎无法同时兼顾计算效率和内存消耗.本文使用重启多项式Krylov子空间技术,结合预处理共轭梯度法,实现了高效的大尺度瞬变电磁三维正演模拟.采用非结构四面体网格对空间离散,使用矢量有限元方法离散控制方程,将瞬变电磁法的阶跃响应表示为矩阵指数函数和一个列向量的乘积.采用重启多项式Krylov子空间技术求解矩阵指数函数,对于给定的重启Krylov子空间维度,利用残差停止准则可以计算任意时刻指定精度的电磁响应.本文方法不需要求解线性方程组,通过GPU(Graphic Processing Unit)并行技术与优化重启多项式Krylov子空间参数,可以显著提高计算效率.通过与其他数值方法对比,验证了本文算法的优势和准确性.最后通过数值算例,表明本文提出的方法完全可以实现超百万级的大尺度三维正演模拟.

含激发极化效应的地空瞬变电磁直接时间域三维正演

当使用地空瞬变电磁法对诸如铜镍硫化物矿或石墨矿等含有激发极化效应的目标进行探测时,电磁感应信号和激发极化效应相互耦合,导致地空瞬变电磁晚期观测数据出现反号现象,使用传统的数据解释技术无法处理这种信号畸变.为此,本文针对含激发极化效应的地空瞬变电磁直接时间域三维正演算法开展研究.借助微分欧姆定律将Cole-Cole模型完整地引入到时间域控制方程中,对于在此过程中产生的分数阶导数,采用Caputo定义格式对其进行离散,从而建立含激发极化效应的时间域控制方程.然后,使用基于非结构化网格的有限元方法和后退欧拉离散格式,对时间域电场控制方程进行空间和时间离散,实现复杂介质模型含激发极化效应的地空瞬变电磁直接时间域三维正演.通过将本文三维正演结果与极化均匀半空间模型一维半解析解进行对比,验证该算法的准确性.在此基础上,本文对典型极化体模型和复杂矿体模型进行三维正演模拟,并分析极化参数对地空瞬变电磁响应的影响规律.

Forward-backward热方程差分逼近的直接算法

通过利用区域分解技术和并行算法的思想 ,把原问题分解为几个完全独立的子区域上的问题 ,并直接并行求解 ,然后把这些解作适当的线性组合 ,得到原问题的解 .给出了 Forward-

International Freight Forwarding Services Network in the Yangtze River Delta, 2005–2015: Patterns and Mechanisms

This study examined the spatio-temporal trajectories of the international freight forwarding service(IFFS) in the Yangtze River Delta(YRD) and explored the driving mechanisms of the service. Based on a bipartite network projection from an IFFS firm-city data source, we mapped three IFFS networks in the YRD in 2005, 2010, and 2015. A range of statistical indicators were used to explore changes in the spatial patterns of the three networks. The underlying influence of marketization, globalization, decentralization, and integration was then explored. It was found that the connections between Shanghai and other nodal cities formed the backbones of these networks. The effects of a city's administrative level and provincial administrative borders were generally obvious. We found several specific spatial patterns associated with IFFS. For example, the four non-administrative centers of Ningbo, Suzhou, Lianyungang, and Nantong were the most connected cities and played the role of gateway cities. Furthermore, remarkable regional equalities were found regarding a city's IFFS network provision, with notable examples in the weakly connected areas of northern Jiangsu and southwestern Zhejiang. Finally, an analysis of the driving mechanisms demonstrated that IFFS network changes were highly sensitive to the influences of marketization and globalization, while regional integration played a lesser role in driving changes in IFFS networks.

The parallel 3D magnetotelluric forward modeling algorithm

The workload of the 3D magnetotelluric forward modeling algorithm is so large that the traditional serial algorithm costs an extremely large compute time. However, the 3D forward modeling algorithm can process the data in the frequency domain, which is very suitable for parallel computation. With the advantage of MPI and based on an analysis of the flow of the 3D magnetotelluric serial forward algorithm, we suggest the idea of parallel computation and apply it. Three theoretical models are tested and the execution efficiency is compared in different situations. The results indicate that the parallel 3D forward modeling computation is correct and the efficiency is greatly improved. This method is suitable for large size geophysical computations.