Measurements of Majorana transition frequency shift in caesium atomic fountain clocks

The caesium atomic fountain clock is a primary frequency standard.During its operation,a Majorana transition frequency shift will occur once a magnetic field at some special locations along the atomic trajectory is singular.In this study,by developing a physical model,we analyzed the magnetic field requirements for atomic adiabatic transition and calculated the influence of the Majorana atomic transition on the atomic state via a quantum method.Based on the simulation results for the magnetic field in the fountain clock,we applied the Monte Carlo method to simulate the relationship between the Majorana transition frequency shift and the magnetic field at the entrance of the magnetic shielding,as well as the initial atomic population.Measurement of the Majorana transition frequency shift was realized by state-selecting asymmetrically populated atoms.The relationship between the Majorana transition frequency shift and the axial magnetic field at the entrance of the magnetic shielding was obtained.The measured results were essentially consistent with the calculated results.Thus,the magnetic field at the entrance of the magnetic shielding was configured,and the Majorana transition frequency shift of the fountain clock was calculated to be 4.57×10^(-18).

Theoretical calculations on Landé g-factors and quadratic Zeeman shift coefficients of nsnp ^(3)P_(0)^(o) clock states in Mg and Cd optical lattice clocks

The study of magnetic field effects on the clock transition of Mg and Cd optical lattice clocks is scarce.In this work,the hyperfine-induced Landég-factors and quadratic Zeeman shift coefficients of the nsnp ^(3)P_(0)^(o) clock states for ^(111,113)Cd and ^(25)Mg were calculated by using the multi-configuration Dirac–Hartree–Fock theory.To obtain accurate values of these parameters,the impact of electron correlations and furthermore the Breit interaction and quantum electrodynamical effects on the Zeeman and hyperfine interaction matrix elements,and energy separations were investigated in detail.We also estimated the contributions from perturbing states to the Landég-factors and quadratic Zeeman shift coefficients concerned so as to truncate the summation over the perturbing states without loss of accuracy.Our calculations provide important data for estimating the first-and second-order Zeeman shifts of the clock transition for the Cd and Mg optical lattice clocks.

A Yb optical clock with a lattice power enhancement cavity

We construct a power enhancement cavity to form an optical lattice in an ytterbium optical clock.It is demonstrated that the intra-cavity lattice power can be increased by about 45 times,and the trap depth can be as large as 1400Er when laser light with a power of only 0.6 W incident to the lattice cavity.Such high trap depths are the key to accurate evaluation of the lattice-induced light shift with an uncertainty down to~1×10-18.By probing the ytterbium atoms trapped in the power-enhanced optical lattice,we obtain a 4.3 Hz-linewidth Rabi spectrum,which is then used to feedback to the clock laser for the close loop operation of the optical lattice clock.We evaluate the density shift of the Yb optical lattice clock based on interleaving measurements,which is-0.46(62)mHz.This result is smaller compared to the density shift of our first Yb optical clock without lattice power enhancement cavity mainly due to a larger lattice diameter of 344μm.

A proposal for detecting weak electromagnetic waves around 2.6μm wavelength with Sr optical clock

Infrared signal detection is widely used in many fields.Due to the detection principle,however,the accuracy and range of detection are limited.Thanks to the ultra stability of the^(87)Sr optical lattice clock,external infrared electromagnetic wave disturbances can be responded to.Utilizing the ac Stark shift of the clock transition,we propose a new method to detect infrared signals.According to our calculations,the theoretical detection accuracy in the vicinity of its resonance band of 2.6μm can reach the order of 10-14W,while the minimum detectable signal of common detectors is on the order of 10^(-10)W.

Theoretical calculations of hyperfine splitting,Zeeman shifts,and isotope shifts of^(27)Al^(+)and logical ions in Al^(+)clocks

Based on the multiconfiguration Dirac-Hartree-Fock(MCDHF)method,similar models are employed to simultaneously calculate the first-order and second-order Zeeman coefficients as well as the hyperfine interaction constants of the related energy levels of ^(27)Al^(+)and its logical ions ^(9)Be^(+)and^(25)Mg^(+)in the^(27)Al^(+)optical clock.With less than 0.34%deviations from experimental values in Zeeman coefficients of^(27)Al^(+),these calculated parameters will be of great help for better evaluation of the systematic uncertainty.We also calculate the isotope shift parameters of the related energy levels,which could extend our knowledge and understanding of nuclear properties of these ions.

The ac Stark shifts of the terahertz clock transitions of barium

Wavelength-dependent AC Stark shifts and magic wavelengths of the terahertz clock transitions between the metastable triplet states 6s5d3D1 and 6s5d3D2are investigated with considering the optical lattice trapping of barium atoms with the linearly polarized laser. The trap depths and the slopes of light shift difference with distinct magic wavelengths of the optical lattices are also discussed in detail. Several potentially suitable working points for the optical lattice trapping laser are recommended and selected from these magic wavelengths.

Theoretical calculation of the quadratic Zeeman shift coefficient of the^(3)P_(0)^(o)clock state for strontium optical lattice clock

In the weak-magnetic-field approximation,we derived an expression of quadratic Zeeman shift coefficient of^(3)P_(0)^(o)clock state for^(88)Sr and^(87)Sr atoms.By using this formula and the multi-configuration Dirac-Hartree-Fock theory,the quadratic Zeeman shift coefficients were calculated.The calculated values C_(2)=-23.38(5)MHz/T^(2) for^(88)Sr and the^(3)p_(0)^(o),F=9/2,M_(F)=±9/2 clock states for^(87)Sr agree well with the other available theoretical and experimental values,especially the most accurate measurement recently.In addition,the calculated values of the^(3)p_(0)^(o),F=9/2,M_(F)=±9/2 clock states were also determined in our^(87)Sr optical lattice clock.The consistency with measurements verifies the validation of our calculation model.Our theory is also useful to evaluate the second-order Zeeman shift of the clock transition,for example,the new proposed^(1)S_(0),F=9/2,M_(F)=±5/2-^(3)P_(0)^(o),F=9/2,M_(F)=±3/2 transitions.

Relationship measurement between ac-Stark shift of^40Ca^+clock transition and laser polarization direction

Ac-Stark shift of atom levels is caused by an ac-electromagnetic field. As an electromagnetic wave, laser light does induce ac-Stark shift. It is proved experimentally that if the light is linearly polarized, the dynamic polarizability changes with polarization direction. The polarization direction of the linearly-polarized laser is tuned by 720°, and the ac-Stark shifts of the 4S1/2,m=±1/2→3D5/2,m=±1/2 clock transitions in ^40Ca^＋ are measured in steps of 10°. The frequency shifts change with laser polarization in a periodical manner and have values opposite to each other.

An Improved Power Efficient Clock Pulsed D Flip-flop Using Transmission Gate

Recent digital applications will require highly efficient and high-speed gadgets and it is related to the minimum delay and power consumption.The proposed work deals with a low-power clock pulsed data flip-flop(D flip-flop)using a transmission gate.To accomplish a power-efficient pulsed D flip-flop,clock gating is proposed.The gated clock reduces the unnecessary switching of the transistors in the circuit and thus reduces the dynamic power consumption.The clock gating approach is employed by using an AND gate to disrupt the clock input to the circuit as per the control signal called Enable.Due to this process,the clock gets turned off to reduce power consumption when there is no change in the output.The proposed transmission gate-based pulsed D flip-flop’s performance with clock gating and without clock gating circuit is analyzed.The proposed pulsed D flip-flop power consumption is 1.586μw less than the without clock gated flip-flop.Also,the authors have designed a 3-bit serial-in and parallel-out shift register using the proposed D flip-flop and analyzed the performance.Tanner Electronic Design Automation tool is used to simulate all the circuits with 45 nm technology.

模拟乒乓球运动的逻辑电路设计

阐述在数字逻辑电路实验教学中引入游戏电路设计。以模拟乒乓球游戏电路的设计为例,该游戏电路综合运用计数器、移位寄存器、锁存器等逻辑器件,利用按键模拟两位选手的乒乓球拍,利用发光二极管模拟乒乓球及其运动路径,A端与B端相互击球,数码管显示选手的当前得分,游戏难度可通过改变时钟电路的频率进行调节。

NIM-Sr2锶原子光晶格钟物理系统研究

锶原子光晶格钟在基础物理研究和时间频率精密测量领域中占有重要的地位。中国计量科学研究院在第1套锶原子光晶格钟NIM-Sr1的基础上,开展了进一步提升光钟性能的研究,研制出了第2套锶原子光晶格钟NIM-Sr2。NIM-Sr2的物理系统在量子参考体系制备、钟激光探寻及系统频移评估等方面进行了重新设计。在原子炉和磁光阱之间新增真空差分结构,使原子炉的运行对磁光阱区域真空压力的影响降低到1×10^(-8) Pa;将塞曼减速器中的通电线圈替换为永磁铁,优化了水冷反亥姆霍兹线圈的缠绕方式,并向外延伸塞曼减速器通光窗口,把磁光阱区域环境温度的不均匀性降低到了0.166 K。系统频移评估表明,这些物理系统的改进显著减小了NIM-Sr2的系统频移不确定度,达到了7.2×10^(-18)。

Circadian rhythm disruption and endocrine-related tumors

This review delved into the intricate relationship between circadian clocks and physiological processes,emphasizing their critical role in maintaining homeo-stasis.Orchestrated by interlocked clock genes,the circadian timekeeping system regulates fundamental processes like the sleep-wake cycle,energy metabolism,immune function,and cell proliferation.The central oscillator in the hypothalamic suprachiasmatic nucleus synchronizes with light-dark cycles,while peripheral tissue clocks are influenced by cues such as feeding times.Circadian disruption,linked to modern lifestyle factors like night shift work,correlates with adverse health outcomes,including metabolic syndrome,cardiovascular diseases,infec-tions,and cancer.We explored the molecular mechanisms of circadian clock genes and their impact on metabolic disorders and cancer pathogenesis.Specific associ-ations between circadian disruption and endocrine tumors,spanning breast,ovarian,testicular,prostate,thyroid,pituitary,and adrenal gland cancers,are highlighted.Shift work is associated with increased breast cancer risk,with PER genes influencing tumor progression and drug resistance.CLOCK gene expression correlates with cisplatin resistance in ovarian cancer,while factors like aging and intermittent fasting affect prostate cancer.Our review underscored the intricate interplay between circadian rhythms and cancer,involving the regulation of the cell cycle,DNA repair,metabolism,immune function,and the tumor microenvir-onment.We advocated for integrating biological timing into clinical consider-ations for personalized healthcare,proposing that understanding these connec-tions could lead to novel therapeutic approaches.Evidence supports circadian rhythm-focused therapies,particularly chronotherapy,for treating endocrine tumors.Our review called for further research to uncover detailed connections between circadian clocks and cancer,providing essential insights for targeted treatments.We emphasized the importance of public health interventions to mitigate lifestyle-related circadian disruptions and underscored the critical role of circadian rhythms in disease mechanisms and therapeutic interventions.

光抽运小铯钟光频移评估与抑制方法研究

光频移是光抽运小铯钟的主要频移之一。以国产光抽运小铯钟为例,讨论了光频移的主要来源,并提出了几种减小光频移的措施,包括:提高激光束准直度,减小镜面反射杂散光;综合利用原子饱和吸收谱和原子束荧光谱,校准探测光束和原子束的垂直度;特殊设计光回收结构和工艺,有效抑制漫反射杂散光;设计温度补偿电流方案,提高光频校正速率;设计基于液晶相位延迟器的光功率稳定环路,实现光功率稳定度Allan方差1 s进入10^(-5)量级,远端在10^(-4)量级;在确保原子高效抽运的情况下,结合整钟频率准确度变化趋势,选择合理的探测光功率。将前述减小光频移的措施实际应用于12台光抽运小铯钟产品,实测结果显示:将拟合误差值纳入评估,光频移系数bmax区间在2.04×10^(-13)/mW到4.96×10^(-13)/mW之间,按典型光功率值1.3 mW估算,长期稳定度受光频移的实际影响远小于6.45×10^(-16),对于目前批产的小铯钟而言,这部分频移量的影响是可以忽略的。

Evaluation of second-order Zeeman frequency shift in NTSC-F2

Caesium atomic fountain clock is a primary frequency standard,which realizes the duration of second.Its performance is mostly dominated by the frequency accuracy,and the C-field induced second-order Zeeman frequency shift is the major effect,which limits the accuracy improvement.By applying a high-precision current supply and high-performance magnetic shieldings,the C-field stability has been improved significantly.In order to achieve a uniform C-field,this paper proposes a doubly wound C-field solenoid,which compensates the radial magnetic field along the atomic flight region generated by the lead-out single wire and improves the accuracy evaluation of second-order Zeeman frequency shift.Based on the stable and uniform C-field,we launch the selected atoms to different heights and record the magnetically sensitive Ramsey transition|F=3,mF=-1→|F=4,mF=-1 central frequency,obtaining this frequency shift as 131.03×10^(-15)and constructing the C-field profile(σ=0.15 n T).Meanwhile,during normal operation,we lock NTSC-F2 to the central frequency of the magnetically sensitive Ramsey transition|F=3,mF=-1→|F=4,mF=-1 fringe for ten consecutive days and record this frequency fluctuation in time domain.The first evaluation of second-order Zeeman frequency shift uncertainty is 0.10×10^(-15).The total deviation of the frequency fluctuation on the clock transition induced by the C-field instability is less than 2.6×10^(-17).Compared with NTSC-F1,NTSC-F2,there appears a significant improvement.

一种移相时钟驱动的低纹波四相位电荷泵设计

针对传统的四相时钟电荷泵纹波大的缺点,提出了一个通过移相时钟分时驱动的新型电荷泵结构.电荷泵主体采用两组互补并联结构的四相电荷泵,输出级采用交叉耦合结构,消除了最后一级阈值电压损失,此外在每级输出节点增加二极管连接的NMOS作为辅助管,增加预充电,缩短建立时间.该电荷泵系统不同于传统的单一时钟驱动电荷泵,采用移相时钟驱动多支路并联电荷泵,分时对输出节点进行充电,以降低负载电容充放电时间,降低输出电压纹波.基于SMIC 65 nm工艺的Cadence Spectre仿真结果表明,该电路输入电压为1.8 V,时钟为50 MHZ,输出目标电压10 V,负载电容50 pF,在400 uA的电流驱动能力下,输出电压纹波最大仅为2 mV.具有低纹波的优点.

扫描位移过程中低功耗测试的设计与实现

针对扫描位移功耗过高带来的生产成本增加、良率降低的问题,提出采用时钟相位调整技术和逻辑阻隔技术相组合的方式来降低测试功耗。利用布局布线之后的时钟偏差和物理位置等信息对时钟相位进行调整,从而降低峰值功耗;通过寄存器输出端的扇出数量来决定阻隔逻辑电路插入点,从而降低平均功耗。将该方案应用于实际项目中,从面积、覆盖率、功耗角度分析了时钟相位调整技术和逻辑阻隔技术的特点。结果表明,在面积和覆盖率影响较小的情况下,采用两种技术组合后扫描位移的峰值功耗降低了73.24%,平均功耗降低了6.78%。该方案具有良好的实用性,可为大规模集成电路低功耗可测性设计提供参考。

^(87)Sr原子束的塞曼减速器磁场的研究

应用塞曼效应和多普勒冷却的理论,结合实验条件计算了87Sr原子束塞曼减速器的磁场。数值模拟给出了磁场线圈的层数、圈数、供电电流和其他参数,并据此制作了纺锤状线圈。测量结果表明,研制的纺锤状线圈的轴向磁场满足87Sr光晶格钟实验的要求。

铯原子喷泉钟频移的自动评定系统研究

'秒'定义频率9 192 631 770 Hz是理想值,在实际工作过程中,铯原子喷泉钟在外部环境(如引力场、电磁场等)、内部原子相互作用(如碰撞)下,原子样品的跃迁频率偏离了定义值,这些偏离量称为'频移'。为了获得被测原子钟信号和秒定义频率之间的偏差,需要测量所有频移量,并且给出其频率不确定度。介绍了频移自动评定系统的设计和实现,考虑了各项频移的运行周期和切换间隔,实时给出二阶塞曼频移、冷原子碰撞频移和黑体辐射频移的纠正量,计算分析获得了频移量的系统不确定度。

FPGA芯片内数字时钟管理器的设计与实现

在FPGA芯片内,数字时钟管理器(DCM)不可或缺,DCM主要完成去时钟偏移、频率综合和相位调整的功能,其分别由延迟锁相环(DLL)、数字频率合成器(DFS)以及数字相移器(DPS)三个模块来实现。对这三个模块的原理及设计进行了详细地阐述,并给出了仿真结果,该DCM电路通过了0.13μm工艺流片。测试结果表明,在低频模式下,该DCM能工作在24～230 MHz之间;在高频模式下,该DCM能工作在48～450 MHz之间,其输入及输出抖动容忍度在低频模式下能达到300 ps,在高频模式下能达到150 ps。

多极阱中汞离子数密度分布对二阶多普勒频移的影响

汞离子钟因其独特的优势,有望成为未来深空探测和下一代全球导航系统的核心装备。离子阱中离子云的性质,对汞离子钟的性能指标有重要影响。在绝热近似条件下,基于多极阱中离子数密度的径向分布模型,采用经典四阶龙格-库塔数值计算方法,从阱电极数和离子数的角度出发,分析了离子阱区内囚禁电势的组成及其分布,阐述了多极阱中汞离子云变化规律的物理机制,讨论了多极阱内的空间电荷效应以及二阶多普勒频移变化的成因,并同四极阱作了相应的比对研究。在此基础上提出了一些抑制空间电荷效应影响,减小二阶多普勒频移的建议。该项工作进一步深化了多极阱囚禁离子的技术研究,有助于提升离子钟的设计能力。