Orientation and alignment during materials processing under high magnetic fields

The characteristics of lattice structures can make crystal possess distinct anisotropic features, such as the varying magnetism in different crystal orientations and different directions. The anisotropic magnetism can also cause the free energy to vary in different orientations of crystal in a magnetic field(magnetic anisotropy energy). Magneto-anisotropy can make the crystal rotate by the magnetic force moment on the crystal with the easy axis towards the direction of the magnetic field, and can also promote the preferential growth along a certain crystal direction at the lowest energy state.By solidification, vapor-deposition, heat treatment, slip casting and electrodeposition under magnetic field, the crystal structure with high grain orientation is obtained in a variety of binary eutectics, peritectic alloys, multicomponent alloys and high temperature superconducting materials. This makes it possible to fabricate texture-functional material by using high magnetic field and magneto-crystalline anisotropy of crystal. The purpose of this article is to review some recent progress of the orientation and alignment in material processing under a high magnetic field.

ANALYSIS AND CHARACTERIZATION OF MICROSCOPIC MORPHOLOGY AND ORIENTATION STRUCTURE OF POLYANILINE POLYMERIZED IN A CONSTANT MAGNETIC FIELD

Conductive polyaniline(PAn-_M and PAn-_O) doped with dodecylbenzene sulfonic acid(DBSA) was synthesized by using emulsion polymerization method in the presence of a constant magnetic field(0.4 T) and the absence of magnetic field, respectively.The effects of magnetic field on the microscopic morphology and orientation structure of PAn were generally analyzed and characterized by using transmission electron microscope(TEM),X-ray diffraction(XRD) and through the conductivity anisotropy of unit resistance of t...

Primary Recrystallization of Grain Oriented Silicon Steel Strip Rolled by CSR and Annealed in Magnetic Field

The magnetic properties and textures of grain oriented silicon steel with different thickness rolled by cross shear rolling （CSR） of different mismatched speed ratio （MSR） and annealed in magnetic field under hydrogen were presented.Effects of the factors such as thickness and mismatched speed ratio on the magnetic properties and recrystallization texture were analyzed and the recrystallization principles in magnetic field annealing were discussed. The study would provide a new route for mass production of high quality ultra-thin grain oriented silicon steel strip.

Analysis and Characterization of Orientation Structure of Pre-oxidized PAN Fibers in High Magnetic Fields

PAN fibers pre-oxidized at 240℃, 260℃, 280℃, 300℃ were treated in 8 T, 12 T, 16 T high magnetic fields, respectively. The experimental result implied that there were two kinds of magnetic units cyan and carbon-nitrogen heterocycle in pre-oxidized PAN fibers, and the movement of magnetic units resulted in changes of orientation structure of pre-oxidized PAN fibers in high magnetic fields. Overall orientation increased with increase of magnetic field intensity and extension of processing time, whereas change of crystalline orientation depended on magnetic field intensity and content of carbon-nitrogen heterocycle due to the competition of two magnetic units. Furthermore, magnetic fields induced the conversion from amorphous region to crystal region and improved crystalline orooerties of ore-oxidized PAN fibers.

DEPENDENCE OF MAGNETISM OF Nd-Fe-B SINTERMAGNETS ON ORIENTATION MAGNETIC FIELD

The effect of the orientation magnetic field on the permanent magnetism of Nd-Fe-B sintermagnets is investigated. The results show that the variation law of magnetism with orientation field obviously changes at the critical orientation field and the intensity of the orientation field should he determined by the dimension ratio of the magnet for effectively utilizing its magnetic energy product.

Magnetic Field Design by Using Image Effect from Iron Shield

Permanent magnet rings are presented, which exploit the image effect in the surrounding circular iron shields. The theory is given for a general permanent ring when the magnetization orientation at each coordinate angle ψ changes by =(n+1)ψ, where n is a positive or negative integer. For the uniformly magnetized case n=-1, the permanent ring produces no field in its bore, and the field is that of a dipole outside. When the ring is surrounded by a soft iron shield, its field becomes uniform in the bore, and zero outside the ring. The field can be varied continuously by moving the iron shield along the magnet axis. A small variable field device was constructed by using NdFeB permanent rings, which produced a field flux density of 0-0.5 T in the central region.

基于ISTSMC和改进EKFSMO的PMSM无传感器矢量控制

在采用内环矢量控制(Field orientation control,FOC)和外环经典比例积分(Proportional integral,PI)控制的永磁同步电机(Permanent magnet synchronous motor,PMSM)驱动系统中,容易出现外部扰动检测精度低、抖振、速度环超调大等不确定性缺陷。为了解决PI控制的抖振缺点,提高系统抗干扰性,提出了一种积分超螺旋滑模控制(Integral super twisting sliding mode controller,ISTSMC)。为了实现无位置传感器控制以及电机转速与位置的在线估计,采用基于扩展卡尔曼滤波(Extended Kalmanfilter,EKF)的滑模观测器,并且设计了一种分段正弦型函数代替传统的基于sgn函数的滑模观测器降低抖振现象。在Matlab/Simulink仿真下,分析了该系统在各种故障扰动、反转运行和负载扰动下的速度响应和检测精度能力。结果证明了所提系统的可行性以及优越的动态性能。

Avian magnetoreception model realized by coupling a magnetite-based mechanism with a radical-pair-based mechanism

Many animal species have been proven to use the geomagnetic field for their navigation, but the biophysical mechanism of magnetoreception has remained enigmatic. In this paper, we present a special biophysical model that consists of magnetite-based and radical-pair-based mechanisms for avian magnetoreception. The amplitude of the resultant magnetic field around the magnetic particles corresponds to the geomagnetic field direction and affects the yield of singlet/triplet state products in the radical-pair reactions. Therefore, in the proposed model, the singlet/triplet state product yields are related to the geomagnetic field information for orientational detection. The resultant magnetic fields corresponding to two materials with different magnetic properties are analyzed under different geomagnetic field directions. The results show that ferromagnetic particles in organisms can provide more significant changes in singlet state products than superparam- agnetic particles, and the period of variation for the singlet state products with an included angle in the geomagnetic field is approximately 180 when the magnetic particles are ferromagnetic materials, consistent with the experimental results obtained from the avian magnetic compass. Further, the calculated results of the singlet state products in a reception plane show that the proposed model can explain the avian magnetoreception mechanism with an inclination compass.

Three dimensional dendritic morphology and orientation transition induced by high static magnetic field in directionally solidified Al-10wt.%Zn alloy

Effect of high static magnetic field on the dendritic morphology and growth direction in directionally solidified Al-10 wt.%Zn alloy were studied by three-dimensional(3D) X-ray micro-computed tomography, Electron Back-scattered Diffraction(EBSD) and X-ray Diffraction(XRD). The application of high static axial magnetic field(5T) during directional solidification was found to destabilize the solid/liquid interface and cause the growth direction of dendrite deviate from thermal gradient, leading to irregular solid/liquid interfacial shape and cellular to dendritic morphology transition. The thermoelectric magnetic convection(TEMC) caused by the interaction of thermoelectric effect and magnetic field was supposed to be responsible for the transition. In addition, the EBSD and XRD results confirm that the preferred growth direction of α-Al was found to transform from the traditionally expected <100> to<110>. The dendrite orientation transition(DOT) in Al-10 wt.%Zn alloy can be attributed to the effect of applied magnetic field on the anisotropy of crystal during solidification. The result indicates the potential application of high static magnetic field in altering the morphology and preferred growth direction of dendrite during directional solidification.

Aligning Crystal Orientation of Poly-Crystalline Bi-Te With a High Magnetic Field

We investigated the effect of aligning crystal orientation in the microstructures containing sub micro-sized grains on the thermoelectric properties for polycrystalline Bi-Te materials.Bi-Te powder,prepared through the conventional pulverization process,was sufficiently dispersed in an appropriate solvent,and then was formed into c-axis aligned green bodies under a designated high magnetic field.The green bodies were sintered with spark-plasma-sintering machine.The degree of crystal alignment of sintered bodies was examined with the electron-back-scatter-diffraction SEM and the X-ray diffraction patterns.It was observed that for both p and n type thermoelectric Bi-Te materials,aligning crystal orientation properly made electrical resistivity decreased with keeping Seebeck coefficient and thermal conductivity remained unchanged.As a typical result,the aligned Bi-Te material with the magnetic field of 10 tesla showed 30%enhancement of the thermoelectric performance.

Investigating Magnetic Field Orientation as an Operational Parameter in Thermoelectric MHD Solidification

A fully coupled 3-dimensional numerical model is used to analyse the effect of magnetic field orientation on dendritic growth.For materials that exhibit a significant thermoelectric power,the results show significant differences in the dendritic morphology for different orientations of the field.These variations can be attributed to fluid flow generated through Thermoelectric Magnetohydrodynamics.A simplified,steady-state,low-field solution during the early stages of growth is used to describe how the fluid flow alters with the orientation of the field and how these flow features can lead to the final morphologies for well developed dendrites.

Relation of the Coercivity with the Grain Alignment Degree in Nd－Fe－B Sintermagnets

The experimental results show that the coercivity of Nd-Fe-B sintermagnet decreases with increasing of the grain alignment degree of the magnets (i.e. decreasing of the orientation distribution coefficient σ).The coercivities of the magnets with different orientation degree are calculated based on the pinning,nucleation and starting field theory,respectively.The comparison of the calculated values with the experimental results shows that the theoretical results are deviating from the experiments seriously for both pinning mechanism and nucleation mechanism. In contrast with that,the calculated values based on the starting field theory are in good agreement with the experimental results.

Photodetachment of HF^- in an Electric Field

在一个电场的一个否定 HF- 离子的 Photdetachment 被使用二中心的模型和关上的轨道理论学习。一个分析公式面对一个电场为 HF- 的电子流动被介绍。结果证明在电子流动分发的摆动被在二个原子核之间的分子的离子核心和干扰的重新散布的效果引起。另外，在通过给定的空间点的轨道之间的干扰也在电子流动分发起一个重要作用。这研究面对外部地提供极的分子的相片分开的新理解。

基于Super-Twisting滑模观测器无刷直流电机调速控制

无位置传感器无刷直流电机作为动力送风呼吸防护装备的动力来源,以它为核心的动力送风系统动态性能指标决定了使用者的安全性和舒适性。针对常规滑模观测器在无位置传感器无刷直流电机控制过程中存在高频抖振以及转子位置相位滞后的问题,设计了一种基于Super-Twisting的二阶滑模观测器,其抑制了因一阶滑模面存在的不连续相而产生的抖振,以及因采用低通滤波器而导致的相位滞后和幅值衰减,同时对滑模观测器的开关函数进行改进。在此基础上采用磁场定向控制的双闭环控制系统进行系统调速仿真,同常规滑模观测器进行对比。实验结果表明:基于Super-Twisting滑模观测器的控制系统有效地抑制了系统抖振,降低了转子位置估算中存在的相位滞后,提升了电机转子位置的估算精度。其动态性能指标均优于常规滑模观测器的控制系统,提升了系统控制性能,达到了送风呼吸防护装置预期的控制效果。

基于虚拟电压矢量的磁场定向控制策略研究

针对双三相永磁同步电机(PMSM)矢量控制系统中定子相电流的谐波问题,在采用传统两矢量空间矢量脉宽调制算法的基础上,提出基于最大四矢量的空间矢量脉宽调制算法的磁场定向控制策略。其次,针对最大四矢量的空间矢量脉宽调制算法计算量大,设计复杂的问题,又提出了基于虚拟电压矢量的空间矢量脉宽调制算法的改进型磁场定向控制策略。最后,通过MATLAB/Simulink仿真平台,验证所提出的改进型控制算法策略的有效性。

Preparing High Silicon Steel by Sintering Fe-6.5%Si Powder Compacts in Static Magnetic Field

In this research,sintering Fe-6.5wt%Si Compact specimen in static magnetic field is proposed for preparing high silicon steel.It is found that the densifications of the compacts are affected remarkably by superimposing magnetic field.The density of the compacts can be increased when the MFD is higher than 0.2 T.The highest relative density of the samples is 97.2%.The magnetic property of silicon steel could be improved when superimpose static magnetic field in sintering process,the permeability of the compact are two times of that without magnetic field,and the magnetic property parallel to the direction of the magnetic field was evidently higher than that in perpendicular direction.

Study on Heat Treatment of Mg-8Gd-5Y-2Zn-0.5Zr Alloy Under High Magnetic Fields

The heat treatment microstructures and XRD patterns of the Mg-8Gd-5Y-2Zn-0.5Zr(wt.%) alloy in the absence and presence of a 10T high magnetic field have been investigated.The investigations show that the grains of α-Mg demonstrate a preferred orientation due to the magnetic driving force.In addition,high magnetic fields can promote the growth of the long period ordered structure(LPS) phase to the grain interior.And the corresponding mechanisms are also discussed in this article.

基于MRAS永磁同步电机无速度传感器的改进控制策略

为了优化永磁同步电机无速度传感器的控制策略,对模型参考自适应永磁同步电机控制算法进行了改进。设计了基于同步旋转坐标系下的定子磁链状态方程模型参考自适应的修正补偿,改善了可调模型的可控性,转速抖动小,收敛速度快;理论验证和仿真结果表明,改进后的控制策略对电机实际参数的依赖性低,适用于参数可发生变化的实际工况,提高了永磁同步电机矢量控制的鲁棒性以及系统稳定性。

Structures and magnetic properties of Fe-Si-O films RF-sputtered in a high magnetic field

We have investigated the effects of high magnetic fields on the microstructures and magnetic properties of Fe-Si-O films deposited by RF sputtering. Three typical sample appearances, hole-in-center, phase-separation and hybridization were obtained for the Fe-Si-O films prepared in the oxygen-argon flow ratio VO2/Vtotal【1.0%, magnetic field Bappl≤1.0 T regime, indicating that not only the distribution of plasma but also the angular distribution of sputtered atoms are influenced by a high magnetic fleld. In the oxygen-argon flow ratio VO3/Vtotal】2.0%, magnetic field Bappl≥2.0 T regime, strong (110) orientation of Fe3O4 grains and larger remanence and coercivity measured in the direction normal to the film plane appeared in the Fe-Si-O films. This result indicates that the high magnetic fields not only orient the Fe-Si-O film but also induce remarkable perpendicular magnetic anisotropy during the deposition.