中国产业部门如何走出“气候赌场”——基于CGE模型的隐含碳定价机制探析

基于CGE模型和SDA方法分析模拟了8种碳定价机制对宏观经济、减排目标和驱动因素的影响程度。结果表明:由于碳税和碳交易的价格形成过程不同,开征碳税对中国宏观经济的冲击更大,需要制定配套的税收返还措施,以有效弥补部分社会福利损失;价格-数量混合型碳定价机制对产业关联性较强部门如“交通运输设备制造业”“建筑业”和“化石能源”等部门的降碳效果更为显著;碳排放强度效应和中间投入结构效应是促进碳减排的主要驱动因素,且不同驱动因素对不同产业部门的作用程度存在显著差异。应坚持“政府+市场”双轮驱动,着力构建碳税与碳交易协同互补的碳定价机制,助力中国如期实现“碳达峰、碳中和”目标。

政府性融资担保对普惠金融发展的影响研究——基于CGE模型的实证检验

本文构建了一个包含融资担保与普惠金融模块的可计算一般均衡(CGE)模型,从微观企业、中观产业、宏观经济三个层面阐述政府性融资担保对普惠金融发展的影响。研究发现,微观层面,政府性融资担保政策显著提升了中小企业的信用扩张程度;中观层面,对于从事农林牧渔业、制造业、建筑业、信息传输、软件和信息服务业等风险较高且回报周期较长行业的中小企业而言,政府性融资担保政策对其产出增长具有显著的促进效果;宏观层面,政府性融资担保政策在提振经济增长、控制通胀风险、拉动投资和创造就业方面呈现出均衡的有效性。因此,推动政府性融资担保可持续发展,强化其对普惠金融的促进作用尤为重要。在此基础上,本文根据现存问题提出相关对策建议,以期为我国政府性融资担保行业高质量发展提供借鉴。

中国乡村绿色发展路径的多元外溢效应与补偿机制——基于CGE模型的情景模拟分析

通过构建可计算一般均衡模型,本文动态模拟2022—2031年乡村绿色发展路径对总体经济、农业部门与农户的直接影响效应,对工业服务业、城市居民与资源环境(碳排放水平)的多元外溢效应以及补偿机制对各部门、各主体的影响效应。结果表明:①从直接影响来看,乡村绿色发展对总体经济、农业部门的碳排放与对经济增长的影响呈正相关关系。②从外溢效应来看,乡村绿色发展整体上对工业和服务业的碳排放与对经济增长的外溢效应同样显现为正相关关系,而农业绿色创新对工业部门的碳排放与对经济增长的外溢效应为负相关。③从外溢补偿机制的影响效应来看,对农户绿色消费行为实施消费侧外溢补偿机制较为有效,能够全面提升各产业部门的经济增长和减少其碳排放;对农业绿色创新实施外溢补偿机制将引致创新资源的市场扭曲;而绿色能源供给侧引入外溢补偿机制则能进一步提升其结构性减排效应,但不利于总体经济和工业部门的增长。

CGE model-based analysis of the neutralized hybrid carbon policy and its decomposed effects on economic growth,carbon reduction,and energy utilization costs

The hybrid policy is a flexible policy tool that combines features of carbon trading and carbon taxation.Its economic and environmental effects under China's background are still not studied in detail.Given the exogenous carbon reduction targets,carbon prices,and carbon tax-rates,by computable general equilibrium modeling methods and factor decomposition methods,this article investigates direct and cascaded effects of the hybrid policy on economic growth,energy utilization,and carbon emission on the national level and the sector level,with China's national input-output data-set.Stepwisely,policy scenarios with irrational estimated results are selectively excluded based on comprehensive evaluation among economic,carbon reduction and other policy targets.As a result,against national economic conditions in 2007,the hybrid policy,with a carbon reduction target of -10%,a carbon tax-rate of around $10,and a ceiling carbon price of $40,is highly recommended,because of its significant lower economic loss,lower energy utilization cost,and practical robustness against fluctuation of energy market and carbon market.Furthermore,by decomposition analysis,carbon reduction-related costs are decomposed into a direct part that includes carbon allowance price and carbon tax,and an indirect part as the energy price incremental induced by direct carbon costs.Gross carbon reduction may be decomposed into three parts such as energy intensity,economic scale,and technical progress.And,carbon taxation is the main policy tool that stimulates to improve the energy efficiency.

Integrated Water and CGE Model of the Impacts of Water Policy on the Beijing's Economy and Output

The article used general equilibrium model to analyze the change of gross domestic product and industry output affected by water resources policies in Beijing City by using GEMPACK soft tool.The article researches on rules of water supply and demand,evaluating water resources,building water resources input and output table,establishing water computable general equilibrium model and stimulating water policy.The stimulation gives a scenario that increases water price by 10%.The result shows the following aspects.First,water resources policy infects gross domestic product and industry output in different ways.There are different behaviors in different industries as to the water policy. Agriculture industry has the same tendency as water price change and it has more sensitive to water quantity than to water price.For basic energy industries such as oil and chemistry and gas,they show diversity tendency.As to some high water consumer industry such as paper and textile etc.,water resource economic policy can infect them greatly and can promote them to accomplish more water-saving technology.Waste water and construction and service industries show the same tendency as to water policy.Second,government should pay more attention to water resource policy by macro economic administration.The simulation also shows that the output and supply and consumer price change more than expect as to water policy in a free market economic in water industry.So as to a government policy maker,one should be more carefully and prepare suitable forecast and plan to water policy and its negative impact.

The Impact of Strengthening Environmental Regulatory Policy on China's Economy——Evaluation Based on CGE Model

This paper has established a computable general equilibrium(CGE) model taking into account the costs of environmental regulation to evaluate the overall impact of enhanced environmental regulation on China's economy.The results demonstrate that if environmental regulation is strengthened to the point at which industrial waste discharge meets the current legal standard,economic growth rate will decrease by approximately1%,employment in the manufacturing sector will decrease by approximately 1.8%,and the total value of exports will decrease by approximately 1.7%.The report also shows that enhanced environmental regulation has impacted each region of China differently.This paper argues that during the implementation of environmental regulation,policymakers will need to have a complete understanding of potential regional and structural impacts.China's environmental regulation policy should be implemented gradually,beginning with key polluting industries and those with low correlation to economic growth.Additionally,this paper proposes that environmental regulation should be carried out during periods of economic growth.

RCEP对全球及中国区域电子产业发展的影响分析——基于全球与中国区域(含深圳)的CGE模型系统

以电子产业作为研究重点,采用可计算一般均衡(CGE)模型分析方法,运用全球-区域CGE模型链接的方法,将包含价值链分析框架的全球多区域可计算一般均衡模型——GTAP-GVC模型与中国多区域可计算一般均衡模型——TERM模型相链接,从国家和区域两个层面,综合测算RCEP对中国、RCEP其他成员国家以及我国深圳地区和国内其他地区的经济影响,尤其侧重中国电子产业的发展以及在国内区域间的溢出效应,并据此提出政策建议。研究显示,RCEP的建成将显著提高成员国的经济水平和社会福利,也将促使中国各个地区经济和贸易的增长;在电子产业上,RCEP成员国之间价值链活动尤其是复杂价值链活动更为活跃,国内各区域在电子产业的产业链内部的流通与合作也显著增长。

江苏省征收更高税率环境保护税的影响:基于动态CGE模型

环境保护税是治理环境问题的有效手段,我国现行的环境保护税制度存在税率较低等问题,难以充分发挥其环境治理能力.江苏省在生态环境方面依然有较大进步空间,提高环境保护税税率也有利于改善生态环境质量.构建江苏省2018年环境社会核算矩阵,运用动态CGE模型细化环境保护税征收对经济系统的影响,分析2018—2030年征收2倍、3倍、4倍现行环境保护税税率对江苏省的影响.结果表明:征收更高税率的环境保护税可以增加江苏省的环境保护税收入,减少污染物和二氧化碳的排放,具有减污降碳的协同作用.但更高税率的环境保护税也会对江苏省GDP、企业和居民收入、出口产生负面影响,并且税收负担主要被转移给居民.因此,建议江苏省结合经济发展目标和环境保护需求,合理科学地提高环境保护税税率,并将部分环境保护税收入用于建立减污降碳基金、提高养老金水平和为出口产品提供补贴,在提高生态环境质量的同时减少对宏观经济的负面影响.

基于CGE模型的可再生能源绿证交易机制模拟及其经济影响

绿证交易机制是中国推动能源结构和电力结构转型升级的重要经济手段。该研究构建了具有电力部门细分特征的中国“能源-环境-经济”递推动态CGE模型,模拟了在可再生能源电力消纳保障机制框架下实行强制性绿证交易的经济影响。研究发现:强制性绿证交易能够替代电价补贴政策促进新能源电力行业的发展,但所能实现的碳减排效果有限,2030年相比基准情景最高仅可削减3.804%的全国碳排放总量。可再生能源电力消纳保障机制的约束目标将对绿证交易机制的运行效果产生直接影响,有针对性地提高风电消纳目标,可以有效促进风电行业发展,但存在扭曲绿证交易市场、降低资源配置效率的风险。提高新能源电力的消纳责任权重需要以牺牲一定的经济发展为代价,但整体来看模拟期内对经济造成的负面冲击幅度较小,各类政策情景下实际GDP下降率不超过0.8%。在保证绿证真实绿色属性的前提下,具有较高灵活性的代理模式绿证交易可以缓解风、光电力消纳目标对用电行业生产成本和GDP造成的压力,更具成本有效性。扩大绿证交易市场行业覆盖范围能够激发绿证交易市场活力,进一步缓解强制性新能源电力消纳目标对经济发展造成的不利影响,但所能实现的碳减排效果也相对较弱。基于上述结论,该研究提出相应政策建议:通过完善奖惩机制强化可再生能源电力消纳保障机制的强制约束效力,保障绿证交易机制的实施效果;在保证绿证真实绿色属性的前提下可以选择更为灵活的绿证交易模式;为风电消纳责任权重设定适当的下限,适当引导资金流向海上风电等新兴可再生电力行业,更有效地利用可再生能源资源。

Economic Implications of CO2 Emission Reduction in Japan Applying a Dynamic CGE Model with Endogenous Technological Change： Use of Emission Permit Revenue

This study analyzes the economic and environmental impacts of a climate change measure in Japan using a single-country dynamic computable general equilibrium model with technological change as an endogenous variable. In this way, a comprehensive analysis of the relationships between climate change and its measures, technology, and economy has been done. The model uses technological change as the accumulation of knowledge capital that is derived from research and development investment. The study investigates the impacts of a climate change measure considering the use of emission permit revenue and technological change induced by the policy implementation in the Japanese economy. Simulation results show that there is compatibility between CO2 emission reduction and positive effects on GDP that depends on the ways of the revenue use and technological change induced by emission reduction. However, it is not possible to find the ways to realize positive effects on both GDP and welfare simultaneously in the study. The sensitivity analysis for the elasticity of substitution between knowledge capital and other inputs also confirms the obtained results.

Economic Implications of Avoiding Dangerous Climate Change： An Analysis Using the AIM/CGE [Global] Model

The purpose of this study is to analyze economic impacts of reducing greenhouse gases emissions significantly. A large amount of emissions reductions are required throughout this century to avoid dangerous climate change, and understanding the economic consequences under such situations is important and meaningful. The AIM/CGE [Global] model, a recursive dynamic computable general equilibrium model on a global scale, is applied to analyze carbon prices and changes in GDP when implementing five policy scenarios represented by emissions pathways, respectively. As a result of the analysis, higher carbon prices and larger decreases in GDP compared to the baseline emissions scenario are observed when emissions are reduced more deeply. However, such GDP losses are rather small and insignificant compared to the GDP growth observed throughout the century. These results suggest that although it is challenging to reduce emissions until the level to avoid dangerous climate change, there is a sufficient possibility to achieve it from economic perspectives.

Scheme of Constructing CGE Model of China's Direct Grain Subsidy Policy

This paper introduces the model of China's direct grain subsidy policy, adopts computable general equilibrium (CGE) theory, and advances the scheme of constructing the model of China's direct grain subsidy policy. On the basis of some assumptions, such as conforming to the complete competition of market, inexistence of move of capital and labor forces among countries, unchanged exchange rate and incomplete substitution, and the main body of behavior comprising representative households, producers, local government and central government, the model established in this paper includes production module and demand module. Moreover, the model takes into account equilibrium structure, the definition of profiting and macro condition for closure, the related coefficients this CGE model needs include Armingtion substitution elasticity of intermediate composite product, investment composite product and consumption composite product between import and domestic production; substitution elasticity among production factors; conversion elasticity of total sales between domestic absorption and export; elasticity of residents' expenditure; elasticity of price; elasticity of export demand; the relative share of all sectors in capital stock. This paper also points out the advantages and limitations of CGE model in analyzing direct grain subsidy policy.

New SOI power device with multi-region high-concentration fixed interface charge and the model of breakdown voltage

A new SOI power device with multi-region high-concentration fixed charge（MHFC） is reported. The MHFC is formed through implanting Cs or I ion into the buried oxide layer（BOX）, by which the high-concentration dynamic electrons and holes are induced at the top and bottom interfaces of BOX. The inversion holes can enhance the vertical electric field and raise the breakdown voltage since the drain bias is mainly generated from the BOX. A model of breakdown voltage is developed, from which the optimal spacing has also been obtained. The numerical results indicate that the breakdown voltage of device proposed is increased by 287% in comparison to that of conventional LDMOS.

An Analysis of the Possible Economic Effects of HIV/AIDS in Swaziland Using the SAM and CGE Models

This is a conceptual paper which was motivated by the fact that Swaziland does not have a Social Accounting Matrix （SAM） in place and as such there are many shocks that affect that country＇s economy but which cannot be analyzed effectively. Most notable of this is the economic effects of the HIV/AIDS scourge that is affecting that country of which it has been difficult to determine the effects it has had on the economy in an objective manner. This paper will highlight the usefulness of the SAM and Computable General Equilibrium （CGE） models in analyzing the possible economic effects of HIV/AIDS in Swaziland. The absence of a SAM for Swaziland means that empirical analysis of the effect of the disease on the economy could not be undertaken, but it is hoped that the arguments presented here will contribute to the use of these methods as tools for analyzing various shocks in an economy. The paper is divided into 4 parts. Part 1 is a brief introduction into the Swaziland economy, part 2 is a brief description of the SAM, description of CGE Modeling and a detailed application of the SAM data into the CGE modeling framework, part 3 introduces the HIV/AIDS situation in Swaziland and models its possible effects using a macroeconomic SAM and part 4 is the discussion and conclusion. The main aim of the paper then is to lay the basic framework to help small developing countries develop practical SAMs that will become an important tool in analyzing the performances of their economies.

Simulation Analysis of Macroeconomic Policy Orientations' Effects on the Industrial Economy——Based on Dynamic CGE Model

There are three different orientations of the macroeconomic policies,namely,factor-expansion,prudent-continuation and structural-adjustment.The paper uses the dynamic CGE model to simulate the effects of the three different orientations on the economy,and arrives at the following conclusions:while the factor-expansion policies can lead to growth of economic output,they also result in the further imbalance in the industrial structure and the "crowding-out effect" on the private investment.In addition,such growth is unsustainable in the long run;the growth of the industrial economy will decline rapidly to a lower level after reaching a certain high level.The prudent-continuation policies refer to the continuation of the current policies that sustain the current trends of the industrial economy,and such policies reduce the growth of the industrial economy to a lower level in the long run.The structural-adjustment policies reduce the economic output at the current stage;however,it can bring a gradual improvement of industrial structure and a balance of the supply and demand.In the long run,the optimized structure will improve the total factor productivity(TFP) and the production-possibility frontier,and thereby realize a longterm steady and rapid growth of the industrial economy.Four policy recommendations are proposed based on the simulation of the models,including taking the structural adjustment as the fundamental orientation of macroeconomic policies,lowering the "floor level" of economic growth with macro regulation,giving play to the fundamental role of market mechanism in structural adjustment and increasing the role of TFP in the growth of the industrial economy.

CGE Model Measures Carbon Duty's Impact on China's Exports

Carbon-motivated border tax adjustment is a unilateral international trade policy aimed at compensating for the loss ofcompetitiveness of carbon-intensive products due to carbon dioxide abatement actions.It violates fundamental principlesof the UNFCCC and potentially conflicts with the core WTO principle of non-discrimination as reflected in the GATTArticle Ⅰ and Article Ⅲ.Based on an analysis of carbon emissions embodied in China’s industrial exports,this paperevaluates with a recursive dynamic CGE model the potential impacts of the carbon duty on China’s industrial production,exports and employment.The results of a simulation show that with a tariff rate of US＄30 or US＄60 per ton of carbon,theoutput of China’s industrial sectors would decline by 0.62-1.22 percent,exports by 3.53-6.95 percent,and employment by1.22-2.39 percent.The authors suggest several measures of alleviating the impacts of carbon duty and put forward a carbonduty policy based on carbon consumption per capita as a countermeasure.

基于CGE模型的高炉+转炉炼钢企业碳减排效益评价研究

高炉+转炉炼钢企业碳减排效益受到总碳配额及碳配额分配量平衡关系的影响,二者的平衡关系不明确会降低碳减排效益评价效果,因此提出基于CGE模型的高炉+转炉炼钢企业碳减排效益评价方法。采用CGE模型对高炉+转炉炼钢企业总碳配额、碳配额分配之间的平衡关系进行有效分析,结合S-SBM模型与三阶段DEA方法,评价分析福建省五个地级市在2016—2021年的碳减排效益。经分析发现各地级市之间的碳减排效益存有差异性,其中福州及厦门两地高炉+转炉炼钢企业碳减排效益最高,而剩余地区的碳减排效益均在0.8以下,碳减排效益较低。从地理位置角度来看,福州及厦门地区的经济辐射效应会影响其余城市的碳减排效益,是造成周边城市碳减排效率低的主要原因。

碳达峰与数字经济发展“双赢”的政策配置研究

为了探究碳减排政策和数字产业政策及其配置的政策机制与“双赢”效果,本文根据中国经济实践构建数字经济-能源的动态可计算一般均衡模型,并按照两类政策的不同配置设计了15种政策情景,模拟评估了各种情景下政策组合的碳强度和数字经济规模的动态行为。研究发现:①实现减排目标的碳减排政策将优化能源需求结构,抑制高耗能产业产出,助推低耗能产业发展并优化能源需求结构,但是不可避免地会对中国宏观经济产生成本推动的负效应;②数字产业政策不仅显著促进了数字产业部门的产出增长,而且对传统产业的需求存在替代效应,推动了数字化转型的进程;③碳减排政策与数字产业政策的组合既促进了传统产业的“数字化”与“绿色低碳化”结构升级,也有利于碳减排与数字经济发展“双赢”;④碳减排政策和数字产业政策的适当配置才能规避“边际碳排放”问题和“经济抑制效应”,并助力产业结构转型升级。

面向新型工业化的碳定价政策与创新投入协同优化

碳定价政策是实现“双碳”目标的核心市场机制,创新发展是推动新型工业化的内在驱动力。如何协同设计碳定价政策和创新投入政策,加速工业绿色低碳转型,是中国实现新型工业化过程中的关键问题。研究构建了一个包含创新要素和创新活动部门的动态可计算一般均衡模型,重点描述创新活动对于可再生能源技术进步和工业部门能源效率提升的促进机制。基于该模型,评估不同碳定价政策和碳收入用于创新活动的多种情景的政策效果,结合新型工业化主要特征,从经济、碳排放、减排成本、能源消耗、电气化水平和创新活动水平等维度进行了模拟分析和比较,得到了优化的政策组合。结果表明,通过将碳定价政策结合碳收入按一定比例分配给创新活动部门和风电光伏,可以在实现节能减排的同时稳定经济增长,降低减排成本,提高可再生能源比例,促进能源低碳转型,实现工业部门的低碳增长,推动新型工业化进程。

基于多区域CGE模型的水污染间接经济损失评估——以长江三角洲流域为例

通过构建长江三角洲流域多区域CGE模型,模拟了2011年水污染对长江三角洲流域内部地区(上海、流域内浙江、流域内江苏)造成的间接经济损失.并且构建间接影响系数来反映流域内不同区域和行业受水污染的间接波及程度.研究结果表明:水污染对流域内区域的经济影响差异明显,从GDP绝对值减少量来看,上海GDP损失最大(161.3亿元),但从GDP百分比变化来看,流域内浙江损失更为显著(2.84%);上海经济对长江三角洲流域水污染最为敏感,其间接经济损失将是其直接经济损失的3.5倍左右,而流域内江苏、流域内浙江仅为0.92倍和1.98倍.