High impedance fault detection in distribution network based on S-transform and average singular entropy

When a high impedance fault(HIF)occurs in a distribution network,the detection efficiency of traditional protection devices is strongly limited by the weak fault information.In this study,a method based on S-transform(ST)and average singular entropy(ASE)is proposed to identify HIFs.First,a wavelet packet transform(WPT)was applied to extract the feature frequency band.Thereafter,the ST was investigated in each half cycle.Afterwards,the obtained time-frequency matrix was denoised by singular value decomposition(SVD),followed by the calculation of the ASE index.Finally,an appropriate threshold was selected to detect the HIFs.The advantages of this method are the ability of fine band division,adaptive time-frequency transformation,and quantitative expression of signal complexity.The performance of the proposed method was verified by simulated and field data,and further analysis revealed that it could still achieve good results under different conditions.

Simulation Analysis of Transmission-Line Impedance Transformers for Petawatt-Class Pulsed Power Accelerators

Based on the transmission line code TLCODE, a 1D circuit model for a transmission- line impedance transformer was developed and the simulation results were compared with those in the literature. The model was used to quantify the efficiencies of voltage-transport, energy- transport and power-transport for a transmission-line impedance transformer as functions of ψ （the ratio of the output impedance to the input impedance of the transformer） and Г （the ratio of the pulse width to the one-way transit time of the transformer） under a large scale of m （the coefficient of the generalized exponential impedance profile）. Simulation results suggest that with the increase in Г, from 0 to ∞, the power transport efficiency first increases and then decreases. The maximum power transport efficiency can reach 90% or even higher for an exponential impedance profile （m = 1）. With a consideration of dissipative loss in the dielectric and electrodes of the transformer, two representative designs of the water-insulated transformer are investigated for the next generation of petawatt-class z-pinch drivers. It is found that the dissipative losses in the electrodes are negligibly small, below 0.1%, but the dissipative loss in the water dielectric is about 1% to 4%.

Research on Numerical Simulation of 3D Leakage Magnetic Field and Short-circuit Impedance of Axial Dual-low-voltage Split-winding Transformer

It is difficult to accurately calculate the short-circuit impedance, due to the complexity of axial dual-low-voltage split-winding transformer winding structure. In this paper, firstly, the leakage magnetic field and short-circuit impedance model of axial dual-low-voltage split-winding transformer is established, and then the 2D and 3D leakage magnetic field are analyzed. Secondly, the short-circuit impedance and split parallel branch current distribution in different working conditions are calculated, which is based on field-circuit coupled method. At last, effectiveness and feasibility of the proposed model is verified by comparison between experiment, analysis and simulation. The results showed that the 3D analysis method is a better approach to calculate the short-circuit impedance, since its analytical value is more closer to the experimental value compared with the 2D analysis results, the finite element method calculation error is less than 2%, while the leakage flux method maximum error is 7.2%.

A Contribution to the Analysis of Frequency Response and Impedance Measurements to Evaluation and Diagnosis of Power Transformers

This paper has an objective to show a developed quantitative criterion,based in two mathematical variables that explicit the deviation degree of a normal situation,applying simultaneously data from terminal impedances and frequency response.Based in more than 100-measured equipment,of different applications(step-up transformer,transmission transformer,etc.,),for a period of 10 years,the work presents some examples of practical application of this methodology in Brazilian Electrical System.

Fast High Order Algorithm for Three-Dimensional Helmholtz Equation Involving Impedance Boundary Condition with Large Wave Numbers

Acoustic fields with impedance boundary conditions have high engineering applications, such as noise control and evaluation of sound insulation materials, and can be approximated by three-dimensional Helmholtz boundary value problems. Finite difference method is widely applied to solving these problems due to its ease of use. However, when the wave number is large, the pollution effects are still a major difficulty in obtaining accurate numerical solutions. We develop a fast algorithm for solving three-dimensional Helmholtz boundary problems with large wave numbers. The boundary of computational domain is discrete based on high-order compact difference scheme. Using the properties of the tensor product and the discrete Fourier sine transform method, the original problem is solved by splitting it into independent small tridiagonal subsystems. Numerical examples with impedance boundary conditions are used to verify the feasibility and accuracy of the proposed algorithm. Results demonstrate that the algorithm has a fourth- order convergence in and -norms, and costs less CPU calculation time and random access memory.

The c-axis complex permittivity and electrical impedance in BaFe_2As_2: Experimental examination on transformation validity

Complex permittivity and electrical impedance have been measured along the c-axis in single crystals BaFe_2 As_2,which are the conductors known as the parent compound of 122-type iron superconductor. The resultant relative errors defined in the study indicate the existence of the transformation between complex permittivity and electrical impedance in the conductors, and these two physics quantities possibly reveal different aspects of the consistent superconductivityrelevant physics picture.

Calculating the Phase Transformation Kinetics Using Impedance Spectroscopy for Sb2Te3

This paper describes a simple form, the theory to determine the crystallization fraction during the phase transformation of a solid, at a constant heating rate, from data obtained by impedance spectroscopy, where the change of the applied alternating voltage and measured current are proportional to the microstructural changes at the sample, corresponding to the volume fraction of a series layer model of two phases. To determine the volume fraction of each phase present in the sample, electrical data are obtained: conductivity and permittivity at DC, which are modeled by an electrical circuit composed by 2-RC, taking into that the permittivity and the occupied volume correspond to the filling fraction of each phase. By Cathodic Ersion or Sputtering, samples were obtained in film form of about 500 in thickness, composed of an alloy of Sb2Te3, in amorphous phase. To ensure the existence of the phase transformation in the sample, phase transition tests are performed by changes in: Reflection Optics, Electrical Resistivity and X-Ray Diffraction, showing clearly the presence of such a transformation. In the final part of this work, it completely shows the experimental results, giving a clear and precise idea of the kinetics of phase transformation of Sb2Te3 alloy, by impedance spectroscopy technique, which proves to be a simple and practical calculation tool.

Analysis of Transforming dq Impedances of Different Converters to A Common Reference Frame in Complex Converter Networks

DQ impedance-based method has been widely used to study the stability of three-phase converter systems.As the dq impedance model of each converter depends on its local dq reference frame,the dq impedance modeling of complex converter networks gets complicated.Because the reference frames of different converters might not fully align,depending on the structure.Thus,in order to find an accurate impedance model of a complex network for stability analysis,converting the impedances of different converters into a common reference frame is required.This paper presents a comprehensive investigation on the transformation of dq impedances to a common reference frame in complex converter networks.Four different methods are introduced and analyzed in a systematic way.Moreover,a rigorous comparison among these approaches is carried out,where the method with the simplest transformation procedure is finally suggested for the modeling of complex converter networks.The performed analysis is verified by injecting two independent small-signal perturbations into the d and the q axis,and doing a point-by-point impedance measurement.

基于Transformer模型的IGBT剩余寿命预测

为了提前预测IGBT的剩余寿命(RUL),减小失效造成的损失并辅助维护,提出了一种基于Transformer模型的RUL预测方法,使用瞬态热阻曲线预测RUL。首先,使用不同的热循环参数进行老化试验,观察到IGBT模块结-壳瞬态热阻会随着老化而变化;然后,通过处理采集到的数据,计算出瞬态热阻并删除异常值;最后,训练一个Transformer神经网络来预测IGBT的寿命。试验结果表明,根据瞬态热阻的变化,神经网络能很好地预测IGBT剩余寿命。Transformer模型平均预测误差为0.188%,与长短时记忆网络模型进行对比,Transformer模型的预测准确度提高了0.126%。

Numerical Analysis of the Output-Pulse Shaping Capability of Linear Transformer Drivers

Output-pulse shaping capability of a linear transformer driver （LTD） module under different conditions is studied, by conducting the whole circuit model simulation by using the PSPICE code. Results indicate that a higher impedance profile of the internal transmission line would lead to a wider adjustment range for the output current rise time and a narrower adjustment range for the current peak. The number of cavities in series has a positive effect on the output- pulse shaping capability of LTD. Such an improvement in the output-pulse shaping capability can primarily be ascribed to the increment in the axial electric length of LTD. For a triggering time interval longer than the time taken by a pulse to propagate through the length of one cavity, the output parameters of LTD could be improved significantly. The present insulating capability of gas switches and other elements in the LTD cavities may only tolerate a slightly longer deviation in the triggering time interval. It is feasible for the LTD module to reduce the output current rise time, though it is not useful to improve the peak power effectively.

A New Characterization Approach of Weld Nugget Growth by Real-Time Input Electrical Impedance

The in-process changes of weld nugget growth during the Resistance Spot Welding were investigated based on the resistance of input electrical impedance. To compute the time varying resistance of input electrical impedance, the welding voltage and current signals are measured simultaneously and then converted into complex-valued signals by using Hilbert transform. Comparing with the dynamic contact resistance as reported in literature, it showed that the time varying resistance of input electrical impedance can be accurately correlated with the physical changes of weld nugget growth. Therefore, it can be used to characterize the in-process changes of weld nugget growth. Several new findings were reported based on the investigation of spot welds under no weld, with and without weld expulsion conditions.

Effects of metoclopramide on gastric motility measured by short-term bio-impedance

AIM:To analyze the accuracy of short-term bio-impedance as a means of measuring gastric motility.METHODS: We evaluated differences in the short-term electrical bio-impedance signal from the gastric region in the following conditions: (1) fasting state, (2) after the administration of metoclopramide (a drug that induces an increase in gastric motility) and (3) after food ingestion in 23 healthy volunteers. We record-ed the real component of the electrical impedance signal from the gastric region for 1000 s. We performed a Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) on this data and then compared the signal among the fasting, medicated, and postprandial conditions using the median of the area under the curve, the relative area under the curve and the main peak activity.RESULTS: The median of the area under the curve of the frequency range in the region between 2-8 cycles per minute (cpm) decreased from 4.7 cpm in the fasting condition to 4.0 cpm in the medicated state (t=3.32, P=0.004). This concurred with the decrease seen in the relative area under the FFT curve in the region from 4 to 8 cpm from 38.3% to 26.6% (t=2.81, P=0.012) and the increase in area in the region from 2 to 4 cpm from 22.4% to 27.7%, respectively (t=-2.5, P=0.022). Finally the main peak position also decreased in the region from 2 to 8 cpm. Main peak activity in the fasting state was 4.72 cpm and declined to 3.45 cpm in the medicated state (t=2.47, P=0.025). There was a decrease from the fasting state to the postprandial state at 3.02 cpm (t=4.0, P=0.0013). CONCLUSION: Short-term electrical bio-impedance can assess gastric motility changes in individuals experiencing gastric stress by analyzing the area medians and relative areas under the FFT curve.

Calculation of Eddy Current Loss and Short-circuit Force in SSZ11-50000/110 Power Transformer

The ?method is used in this paper to calculate the leakage magnetic field of SSZ11-50000/110 Power transformer, and by which the structures’ influences to the main leakage flux are analyzed. Through the combination of the product and TEAM Problem 21B, the surface impedance method shows its great advantage in the calculation of eddy current loss.

基于同步压缩变换的电缆缺陷定位研究

由于采集信号为入射波与多反射波的叠加,且多分量信号之间存在耦合不服从线性叠加原理,导致以采用魏格纳分布(Wigner-Ville distribution,WVD)为核函数的传统时频域反射法(time-frequency domain reflection,TFDR)存在严重的交叉项干扰,影响对缺陷的定位和判断。针对这一问题,本文提出一种基于同步压缩变换的电缆缺陷定位方法,该方法采用同步压缩变换(synchrosqueezing transform,SST)替代WVD以消除交叉项干扰,并以高分辨率定位电缆缺陷。同时分析参考信号相关参数,针对不同长度电缆测试,提出参考信号设计原则。该方法的主要步骤包括:通过采用TFDR法获取时域定位信号;然后采用SST求取压缩和重排后的时频谱图,以获取更精确的时频表达并消除交叉项干扰。最后,搭建了10kV交联聚乙烯电缆仿真模型进行研究,并选取了长度为500 m含中间接头的XLPE电力电缆和某地约32km海底电缆对算法进行实验验证。仿真及实验结果表明:SST算法对信号进行重排后能有效消交叉相的干扰,提高了时频域反射法定位精度。

基于阻抗控制的电流互感器取能控制策略研究

针对电流互感器取能电源在输电线路小电流时存在供能死区、大电流时CT铁芯深度饱和导致异常运行状态的问题,提出一种阻抗控制式电流互感器取能控制方法。首先,建立取能CT等效电路模型,运用负载阻抗分析方法,对取能系统励磁特性问题展开研究;其次,给出阻抗控制式取能电路拓扑结构,并考虑不同原边电流工况的影响,对取能电流互感器提出阻抗调节控制策略;最后,搭建电流互感器取能综合实验平台进行实验验证,实验结果表明,容性阻抗运行特性的调节,显著提升了小电流工况下的系统取电功率,而在大电流工况下,感性阻抗运行特性使得铁芯的饱和状态得到抑制,可向负载提供稳定的电压和功率。

锂离子电池阻抗在线测量装置设计

锂离子电池的交流阻抗能够反映电池内部信息,是电池状态在线监测的有力工具。阻抗在线测量装置的设计是实现基于阻抗的电池状态在线估计及故障预警技术的关键。本文基于嵌入式微控制器设计了锂离子电池交流阻抗在线测量装置,采用全相位快速傅里叶变换算法将时域数据转换到频域,并对转换结果进行插值运算,实现了0.01 Hz~10 kHz频率范围内交流阻抗的在线测量,有效解决了当前阻抗在线测量装置基于传统快速傅里叶变换算法所产生的频谱泄露、栅栏效应以及相位计算不准确的问题。通过对不同容量、不同正极材料的电池进行静态和动态阻抗测量,验证了装置的可靠性与快速性,并且放电末期动态阻抗急剧变化特征对电池的状态具有一定的指示能力。本文设计可方便集成于电池管理系统中,在锂离子电池状态在线估计及故障预警等方面具有一定的应用价值。

基于局部放电超声信号的变压器绕组短路阻抗自动化测量技术

为了预防变压器绕组变形,延长变压器的使用寿命,提出基于局部放电超声信号的变压器绕组短路阻抗自动化测量技术。获取变压器局部放电超声信号,采用小波提取变压器局部放电超声信号的特征;通过双向二维主成分分析算法(2DPCA)对冗余的特征信息进行降维,结合特征的能量变化率,检测变压器绕组短路状态;若变压器发生绕组短路,结合变压器等效电路模型自动化测量变压器绕组短路阻抗,采用降低互感器自动化测量误差的方法完成测量结果修正。实验结果表明,该方法自动化测量变压器绕组短路阻抗时的误差较小,负载率过大不会影响该方法的变压器绕组短路阻抗的自动化测量结果,同时可依据局部放电超声信号检测变压器绕组状态。

高速列车用不饱和聚酯腻子的耐蚀性和老化机理

利用电化学阻抗谱、湿热老化等方法研究了不饱和聚酯腻子的耐蚀性和老化机理。结果表明:在3.5%NaCl溶液中浸泡6 h后,腐蚀溶液便渗入腻子/铝合金界面,并发生电化学腐蚀,不饱和聚酯腻子阻抗下降明显,防护能力下降较快;在湿热老化过程中,不饱和聚酯腻子光泽和色差逐渐增加,表面随着树脂的老化和降解变得光滑且局部产生空洞;不饱和聚酯腻子在老化初期存在着后固化现象;老化和降解更容易在芳香酯的位置发生。

Equivalent Impedance Parameter Calculation of Three-phase Symmetrical Loads for Harmonic Source Location

The equivalent impedance parameters of loads have been widely used to identify and locate the harmonic sources.However,the existing calculation methods suffer from outliers caused by the zero-crossing of the denominator.These outliers can result in inaccuracy and unreliability of harmonic source location.To address this issue,this paper proposes an innovative method of equivalent impedance parameter calculation of three-phase symmetrical loads that avoid outliers.The correctness and effectiveness of the proposed method are verified by simulations on Simulink using actual monitoring data.The results show that the proposed method is not only simple and easy to implement but also highly accurate.