Multi-segment and Multi-ply Overlapping Process of Multi Coupled Activities Based on Valid Information Evolution

Complex product development will inevitably face the design planning of the multi-coupled activities, and overlapping these activities could potentially reduce product development time, but there is a risk of the additional cost. Although the downstream task information dependence to the upstream task is already considered in the current researches, but the design process overall iteration caused by the information interdependence between activities is hardly discussed; especially the impact on the design process＇ overall iteration from the valid information accumulation process. Secondly, most studies only focus on the single overlapping process of two activities, rarely take multi-segment and multi-ply overlapping process of multi coupled activities into account; especially the inherent link between product development time and cost which originates from the overlapping process of multi coupled activities. For the purpose of solving the above problems, as to the insufficiency of the accumulated valid information in overlapping process, the function of the valid information evolution （VIE） degree is constructed. Stochastic process theory is used to describe the design information exchange and the valid information accumulation in the overlapping segment, and then the planning models of the single overlapping segment are built. On these bases, by analyzing overlapping processes and overlapping features of multi-coupling activities, multi-segment and multi-ply overlapping planning models are built; by sorting overlapping processes and analyzing the construction of these planning models, two conclusions are obtained： （1） As to multi-segment and multi-ply overlapping of multi coupled activities, the total decrement of the task set development time is the sum of the time decrement caused by basic overlapping segments, and minus the sum of the time increment caused by multiple overlapping segments; （2） the total increment of development cost is the sum of the cost increment caused by all overlapping process. And then, based on overlapping degree analysis of these planning models, by the V1E degree function, the four lemmas theory proofs are represented, and two propositions are finally proved： （1） The multi-ply overlapping of the multi coupled activities will weaken the basic overlapping effect on the development cycle time reduction （2） Overlapping the multi coupled activities will decrease product development cycle, but increase product development cost. And there is trade-off between development time and cost. And so, two methods are given to slacken and eliminate multi-ply overlapping effects. At last, an example about a vehicle upper subsystem design illustrates the application of the proposed models; compared with a sequential execution pattern, the decreasing of development cycle （22%） and the increasing of development cost （3%） show the validity of the method in the example The proposed research not only lays a theoretical foundation for correctly planning complex product development process, but also provides specific and effective operation methods for overlapping multi coupled activities.

Enhancement of thermal rectification by asymmetry engineering of thermal conductivity and geometric structure for multi-segment thermal rectifier

Thermal rectification is an exotic thermal transport phenomenon,an analog to electrical rectification,in which heat flux along one direction is larger than that in the other direction and is of significant interest in electronic device applications.However,achieving high thermal rectification efficiency or rectification ratio is still a scientific challenge.In this work,we performed a systematic simulation of thermal rectification by considering both efforts of thermal conductivity asymmetry and geometrical asymmetry in a multi-segment thermal rectifier.It is found that the high asymmetry of thermal conductivity and the asymmetry of the geometric structure of multi-segment thermal rectifiers can significantly enhance the thermal rectification,and the combination of both thermal conductivity asymmetry and geometrical asymmetry can further improve thermal rectification efficiency.This work suggests a possible way for improving thermal rectification devices by asymmetry engineering.

DDoS Defense Algorithm Based on Multi-Segment Timeout Technology

Through the analysis to the DDoS（distributed denial of service） attack, it will conclude that at different time segments, the arrive rate of normal SYN （Synchronization） package are similar, while the abnormal packages are different with the normal ones. Toward this situation a DDoS defense algorithm based on multi-segment timeout technology is presented, more than one timeout segment are set to control the net flow. Experiment results show that in the case of little flow, multi-segment timeout has the ability dynamic defense, so the system performance is improved and the system has high response rate.

A two-parameter multiple shooting method and its application to the natural vibrations of non-prismatic multi-segment beams

This paper presents an enhanced version of the standard shooting method that enables problems with two unknown parameters to be solved.A novel approach is applied to the analysis of the natural vibrations of Euler-Bernoulli beams.The proposed algorithm,named as two-parameter multiple shooting method,is a new powerful numerical tool for calculating the natural frequencies and modes of multi-segment prismatic and non-prismatic beams with different boundary conditions.The impact of the axial force and additional point masses is also taken into account.Due to the fact that the method is based directly on the fourth-order ordinary differential equation,the structures do not have to be divided into many small elements to obtain an accurate enough solution,even though the geometry is very complex.To verify the proposed method,three different examples are considered,i.e.,a three-segment non-prismatic beam,a prismatic column subject to non-uniformly distributed compressive loads,and a two-segment beam with an additional point mass.Numerical analyses are carried out with the software MATHEMATICA.The results are compared with the solutions computed by the commercial finite element program SOFiSTiK.Good agreement is achieved,which confirms the correctness and high effectiveness of the formulated algorithm.

Multi-segmented nanowires for vortex magnetic domain wall racetrack memory

A vortex domain wall's(VW) magnetic racetrack memory's high performance depends on VW structural stability,high speed, low power consumption and high storage density. In this study, these critical parameters were investigated in magnetic multi-segmented nanowires using micromagnetic simulation. Thus, an offset magnetic nanowire with a junction at the center was proposed for this purpose. This junction was implemented by shifting one portion of the magnetic nanowire horizontally in the x-direction(l) and vertically(d) in the y-direction. The VW structure became stable by manipulating magnetic properties, such as magnetic saturation(M_(4)) and magnetic anisotropy energy(K_(u)). In this case, increasing the values of M_(4) ≥ 800 kA/m keeps the VW structure stable during its dynamics and pinning and depinning in offset nanowires,which contributes to maintenance of the storage memory's lifetime for a longer period. It was also found that the VW moved with a speed of 500 m/s, which is desirable for VW racetrack memory devices. Moreover, it was revealed that the VW velocity could be controlled by adjusting the offset area dimensions(l and d), which helps to drive the VW by using low current densities and reducing the thermal-magnetic spin fluctuations. Further, the depinning current density of the VW(J_(d)) over the offset area increases as d increases and l decreases. In addition, magnetic properties, such as the M_(4) and K_(u),can affect the depinning process of the VW through the offset area. For high storage density, magnetic nanowires(multisegmented) with four junctions were designed. In total, six states were found with high VW stability, which means three bits per cell. Herein, we observed that the depinning current density(J_(d)) for moving the VW from one state to another was highly influenced by the offset area geometry(l and d) and the material's magnetic properties, such as the M_(4) and K_(u).

High-power and high optical conversion efficiency diode-end-pumped laser with multi-segmented Nd：YAG/Nd：YVO-4

A novel flat-flat resonator consisting of two crystals（Nd：YAG ＋ Nd：YVO4） is established for power scaling in a diode-end-pumped solid-state laser. We systematically compare laser characteristics between multi-segmented（Nd：YAG ＋ Nd：YVO4） and conventional composite（Nd：YAG ＋ Nd：YAG） crystals to demonstrate the feasibility of spectral line matching for output power scale-up in end-pumped lasers. A maximum continuous-wave output power of 79.2 W is reported at 1064 nm, with Mx2= 4.82, My2= 5.48, and a pumping power of 136 W in the multi-segmented crystals（Nd：YAG ＋ Nd：YVO4）. Compared to conventional composite crystals（Nd：YAG ＋ Nd：YAG）, the optical-optical conversion efficiency of multi-segmented crystals（Nd：YAG ＋ Nd：YVO4） from 808 nm to 1064 nm is enhanced from 30% to 58.8%,while the laser output sensitivity as affected by the diode-laser temperature is reduced from 55% to 9%.

Double tractors swing microendoscopic discectomy technique for multi-segmental lumbar disc herniation

Objective To evaluate the effect of double tractors swing microendoscopic discectomy technique in multisegmental lumbar disc herniation.Methods From December 2006 to November 2009,153 patients with multisegmental lumbar disc herniation

海上多段生产水平气井试井解释方法及其应用

以南海北部海域X气田1H气井为例,建立了多段水平气井模型,进行试井解释研究。通过对该井实际试井解释的应用效果对比,分析多段水平气井模型相对于常规水平井模型的优势。研究表明,应用多段水平气井模型可对水平气井的有效段数、长度、间隔等参数进行合理解释,解释结果更符合储层实际。

鱼骨状分支水平井井形设计优化

针对鱼骨状分支水平井井形设计问题,应用分段耦合模型优化确定了不同参数的设计原则,并应用正交实验方法评价了各参数的敏感性。结果表明:影响鱼骨状分支水平井产能的参数主要为分支展布参数(分支点位置、同异侧和对称性)和分支形态参数(分支长度、数目、角度和间距),其中分支形态参数对产能影响的强弱顺序依次为:分支长度、分支数目、分支角度、分支间距。鱼骨状分支水平井形态设计原则是:异侧、非对称,分支点位置靠近主井筒两端,分支数不少于2支,分支角度不小于30°,实际应用时可结合工程技术能力综合确定。方法应用于胜利油田3口鱼骨状水平井产能计算,预测误差小于3%;设计的东海平湖油气田八角亭油藏BO2井,初期产能达350 m3/d。

非常规井数值模拟技术研究进展与发展趋势

与常规井数值模拟相比,非常规井数值模拟侧重于刻画垂直、水平井筒内的多相流动,解释由于摩擦、静水力、加速度以及滑移造成的各相之间的速度差及压力损失,模拟井下流量控制设备及复杂现象.从复杂结构井的流量方程、多相井筒管流与油藏渗流耦合模拟、多段井模型、井下流量控制设备模拟、近井区域粗化、井下复杂现象模拟和嵌入式裂缝模型7个方面出发总结了非常规井数值模拟技术研究进展和主要缺陷.基于多段井模型的井筒-油藏耦合数值模拟、扩展井模型与油藏模型耦合模拟、流固耦合数值模拟、对井下监测调控设备的数值模拟以及多段压裂复杂结构井的数值模拟是未来的发展趋势.

考虑多段流动耦合的鱼骨刺井产能评价模型

根据实际油藏中鱼骨刺井井眼轨迹的三维空间展布特征,建立上下封闭边界油藏中鱼骨刺井生产段油藏渗流数学模型,考虑主井眼与分支井眼完井方式和井筒内流动损失,形成主井眼生产段井筒内变质量管流、主井眼生产段近井油藏渗流、分支井眼生产段井筒内变质量管流和分支井眼生产段近井油藏渗流耦合作用的鱼骨刺井产能评价模型,并进行应用分析。结果表明:鱼骨刺井生产时,主井眼生产段沿程压降呈非线性增加,分支井眼与主井眼生产段交汇处存在压降突变点;主井眼与分支井眼生产段的势相互干扰,主井眼生产段径向流量分布呈两端高、中间低、交汇点处减小的特征,而分支井眼沿程径向流量呈跟端低、中间逐渐增大、指端高的特点。

基于多段井模型的非均质储层水平井分段动用政策研究

受储层非均质性的影响,水平井生产过程中内部动用的差异性,严重影响了其开采效果.为了使采出能够最大化和均匀化,需要对水平井进行分段动用.利用考虑井筒变质量流与油层中渗流耦合的多段井模型,将不同钻遇情况的井筒分段离散化,对水平井分段动用政策界限进行了研究.研究表明：在水平井钻遇单层时,好差段同时动用效果最好,极差大于5时,这种动用优势体现更明显;在钻遇多层时,先动用物性较差层段,达到中含水期阶段,动用物性较好层段可以获得最好开采效果,极差在2～10时,这种动用方式体现的最好.通过实际井组动用效果的分析,说明这一分段动用政策对新钻水平井的开采设计具有一定的指导意义.

分段多簇压裂水平井渗流特征及产能分布规律

为了直观反映分段多簇压裂水平井渗流特征,在优选了水平井合理压裂段数的基础上,利用流线模拟方法,研究了分段多簇压裂水平井流线场、压力场及饱和度场分布特征,分析了裂缝产能的分布规律.研究表明:整个渗流区域先后经历了裂缝附近线性流、裂缝附近拟径向流和油水井连通后的拟径向流3个渗流阶段;剩余油一部分分布在压裂裂缝段与段之间的低压区无法驱替,另一部分则分布在注水井与注水井之间的压力平衡区;端部外侧缝汇集着大多数流线,是水平井产油/液的主要来源;水平井端部裂缝见水早,含水上升快.

考虑井筒变质量流动的溶解气驱油藏水平井流入动态特性研究

目前,国内外研究学者应用数值模拟方法研究溶解气驱油藏水平井流入动态时未考虑井筒流动的影响,对于高产、小井径水平井会产生较大的计算误差。针对存在的问题,使用Eclipse油藏数值模拟软件中考虑井筒变质量流与油层中渗流耦合的多段井模型,研究了井筒变质量流动对溶解气驱油藏水平井流入动态的影响。模拟结果表明:当油藏压力较高时,不同油藏衰竭程度时水平井无因次IPR曲线基本重合;但当油藏压力较低时,溶解气析出,油相饱和度减少,油相相对渗透率降低,油藏内两相渗流阻力和水平井筒内两相流动阻力增大,水平井无因次IPR曲线上凸趋势迅速增大。

超低渗透油藏分段多簇压裂水平井产能影响因素与渗流规律——以鄂尔多斯盆地长8超低渗透油藏为例

水平井分段多簇压裂是开发超低渗透油藏的有效手段之一。以鄂尔多斯盆地长8超低渗透油藏黄平34-22分段多簇压裂水平井井组为研究对象,对裂缝参数与分段射孔参数进行了优化。利用网格加密技术,建立了分段多簇压裂水平井井组数值机理模型,研究了储层应力敏感、裂缝半长、裂缝导流能力、改造区和非改造区渗透率以及采油速度对分段多簇压裂水平井产能的影响。研究结果表明:弹性开发时上述参数对产能的影响比注水开发时更加显著;储层应力敏感对产能不利,裂缝半长和导流能力的增大对产能有利,但综合考虑收益与施工成本及难度,与采油速度一样,它们均存在最优值;进一步提高改造区的渗透率对产能的提升有限,而提高非改造区的渗透率可以大幅提高产能;封闭油藏分段多簇压裂水平井的渗流可分为井筒储集影响阶段、初始拟径向流动阶段、裂缝线性流阶段、系统椭圆流阶段和边界影响流阶段。

基于扩展有限元的页岩水平井多裂缝模拟研究

页岩储层水平井分段多簇压裂簇间距优选是压裂技术的关键,建立了水力压裂流固耦合数学模型,基于扩展有限单元法模拟多条裂缝的扩展过程,研究多条裂缝同时扩展的转向规律,以及应力干扰、水平主应力差、裂缝间距等因素与裂缝转向角度的关系.结果表明：应力干扰作用对裂缝宽度具有限制作用,单条裂缝张开宽度比两条裂缝的大;裂缝转角随应力差的减小而增大,随压裂时间的增加而增大.簇间距越小,应力干扰越强,转角越大,综合主缝均匀扩展、支撑剂填充以及复杂裂缝网络形成等条件,确定最优簇间距为30~40 m.多条裂缝同时扩展时,中间裂缝会受到两边裂缝的限制作用,簇间距越小,限制作用越强,裂缝发育时间越长,扩展速度越慢.

水平井井筒与气藏流动耦合数值模拟研究

水平井技术不断发展与成熟,已经成为动用地质储量行之有效的方法,并逐渐在气藏的开发中广泛应用。随着水平井研究的不断深入,有大量学者认为,水平井井筒流动与直井有着明显区别。水平井水平段的流动是变质量流动,井筒与储层之间存在流动耦合。在水平井产能设计中不能忽略井筒损失的影响。近年来数值模拟技术不断完善,主流模拟软件已经推出模拟结果的三维显示功能。利用数值模拟软件,研究水平井井筒与储层的流动耦合,使理论公式计算与研究成果展示结合起来,能够更直观地认识渗流规律。主要应用Eclipse软件中的多段井模拟技术,以实际区块的水平井数据为基础,研究井筒损失对水平井的影响以及井筒与气藏的流动耦合规律,认为水平井井筒的紊流是影响水平井产能的主要因素,投产初期控制产气量,维持较低的生产压差,可以延长无水采气期,提高开采效果。

考虑水平井井筒摩阻效应的数值模拟研究

水平井井筒流动与直井有着明显区别。水平井水平段的流动为变质量流动。需要考虑井筒摩阻效应对水平井产能的影响。本文主要应用E clipse软件中的多段井模拟技术,研究在考虑井筒摩阻情况下,水平井井筒的流动规律。在靠近水平井井筒趾端的位置,压力变化较小,越靠近跟端,压力变化越大。从开发指标看:随着趾端注入量的增加,无水采出程度增加,达到1.2~1.3倍时最大,而后又开始下降。

非均质油藏水平段内产能动用规律分析及对策——以浅海区M断块砂岩油藏为例

为了明确水平井钻遇储层的物性差异对非均质油藏水平段内产能动用规律的影响,本文以M断块高孔渗底水油藏为例,通过建立水平井井筒内流动非线性方程,求解了非均质油藏水平段内产量分布及压力分布规律;同时结合Eclipse数值模拟软件多段井模块Multi-Segment Well Model监测水平井不同水平位置、不同计算时间的流量、压力等指标。方程求解和数模论证结果印证了本断块水平井存在水平井段生产端产量大、末段产量小的分布特征,水平段内压力从水平井的末端至生产端是逐渐减小的。现场实践表明,分段开采可以有效改善因储层非均质性导致的水平井动用效果差问题,该研究对于同类长水平段非均质储层的开发具有一定的指导意义。

多级压裂水平井分段测试压力分析方法

多级压裂水平井缝间渗流规律及相互干扰程度对于确定生产过程中缝间干扰程度、诊断产水缝及来水方向具有重要意义。基于Cinco-Ley有限导流裂缝模型,采用点源法,将压裂缝离散为若干裂缝微元,联立内外边界条件构建矩阵求取每个裂缝微元的流量,通过各测试段裂缝微元流量之和进行约束,建立了多级压裂水平井分段测压的试井模型。如果分段测试各测试段流量呈现规则的U型分布,则导数曲线与全井段测试曲线重合;无量纲流量比合段测试流量偏高的压力导数曲线在井储和线性流阶段相对全井段测试曲线上移,反之相对全井段测试曲线下移。各测试段裂缝半长减小,压力导数曲线线性流段向上移动;裂缝间距增大,线性流阶段持续时间延长;裂缝导流能力增大,早期压力导数下降但趋势减缓;缝间干扰出现在第2过渡流阶段,水平井中部测试段压力导数出现上翘。提出的半解析模型在简化条件下与商业试井软件数值试井结果吻合度极高,证明离散求解方法准确、可靠。水平井分段测压实例解释拟合效果好,得到的参数为诊断水平井缝间产液情况、制定开发调整措施提供了依据。