A Particle Filter Based Compressive Sensing Method for Tracking Moving Wideband Sound Sources

Tracking moving wideband sound sources is one of the most challenging issues in the acoustic array signal processing which is based on the direction of arrival(DOA) estimation. Compressive sensing(CS) is a recent theory exploring the signal sparsity representation, which has been proved to be superior for the DOA estimation. However, the spatial aliasing and the offset at endfire are the main obstacles for CS applied in the wideband DOA estimation. We propose a particle filter based compressive sensing method for tracking moving wideband sound sources. First, the initial DOA estimates are obtained by wideband CS algorithms. Then, the real sources are approximated by a set of particles with different weights assigned. The kernel density estimator is used as the likelihood function of particle filter. We present the results for both uniform and random linear array. Simulation results show that the spatial aliasing is disappeared and the offset at endfire is reduced. We show that the proposed method can achieve satisfactory tracking performance regardless of using uniform or random linear array.

Integrated site-specific quantification of faecal bacteria and detection of DNA markers in faecal contamination source tracking as a microbial risk tracking tool in urban Lake ecosystems

The presence of feacal-derived pathogens in water is responsible for several infectious diseases and deaths worldwide. As a solution, sources of fecal pollution in waters must be accurately assessed, properly determined and strictly controlled. However, the exercise has remained challenging due to the existing overlapping characteristics by different members of faecal coliform bacteria and the inadequacy of information pertaining to the contribution of seasonality and weather condition on tracking the possible sources of pollution. There are continued ef forts to improve the Faecal Contamination Source Tracking(FCST) techniques such as Microbial Source Tracking(MST). This study aimed to make contribution to MST by evaluating the efficacy of combining site specific quantification of faecal contamination indicator bacteria and detection of DNA markers while accounting for seasonality and weather conditions' eff ects in tracking the major sources of faecal contamination in a freshwater system(Donghu Lake, China). The results showed that the use of cyd gene in addition to lacZ and uidA genes differentiates E. coli from other closely related faecal bacteria. The use of selective media increases the pollution source tracking accuracy. BSA addition boosts PCR detection and increases FCST efficiency. Seasonality and weather variability also influence the detection limit for DNA markers.

Sand-dust storms in China: temporal-spatial distribution and tracks of source lands

Sand-dust storm is a special natural disaster that frequently occurs in deserts and their surrounding areas. With the data published onSurface Meteorological Monthly Bulletin andSurface Chart during 1971–1996, the temporal-spatial distribution and annual variation of sand-dust storms are analyzed on the basis of the case study of atmospheric processes. Furthermore, the tracks and source areas of sand-dust storms are determined with the aid of GIS. The results show that except some parts of Qinghai Province and Inner Mongolia as well as Beijing, sand-dust storms decrease apparently in time and space in recent decades in China. Sand-dust storms occur most frequently in spring, especially in April. According to their source areas, sand-dust storms are classified into two types, i.e., the inner-source and outer-source sand-dust storms. Most of the outer-source sand-dust storms move along the north and west tracks. The north-track outer-source sand-dust storms always intrude into China across the Sino-Mongolian border from Hami, a city in the eastern part ofXinjiang, to Xilin Gol, a league in Inner Mongolia, while the west-track ones intrude into China from both southern and northern Xinjiang. The source lands of inner-source sand-dust storms concentrate in the Taklimakan Desert and its surrounding areas in southern Xinjiang, southern part of the Junggar Basin in north of Xinjiang, the Hexi Corridor in western Gansu Province, the dry deserts of Inner Mongolia and the Qaidam Basin in Qinghai.

Linear Track Estimation Using Double Pulse Sources for Near-Field Underwater Moving Target

The double pulse sources （DPS） method is presented for linear track estimation in this work. In the field of noise identification of underwater moving target, the Doppler will distort the frequency and amplitude of the radiated noise. To eliminate this, the track estimation is necessary. In the DPS method, we first estimate bearings of two sinusoidal pulse sources installed in the moving target through baseline positioning method. Meanwhile, the emitted and recorded time of each pulse are also acquired. Then the linear track parameters will be achieved based on the geometry pattern with the help of double sources spacing. The simulated results confirm that the DPS improves the performance of the previous double source spacing method. The simulated experiments were carried out using a moving battery car to further evaluate its performance. When the target is 40-60m away, the experiment results show that biases of track azimuth and abeam distance of DPS are under 0.6° and 3.4m, respectively. And the average deviation of estimated velocity is around 0.25m/s.

Assembly process and source tracking of microbial communities in sediments of Dongting Lake

●Soil erosion resulted in homogenization of bacterial communities in the watershed.●Microbial community heterogeneity among erosion sites made soil tracing possible.●Assembly process results showed that the tracking results can achieve high precision.●Dryland was the main source of sediment deposition based on the result of FEAST.Sediment source tracing can accurately provide a theoretical basis for controlling soil erosion effectively,by identifying the most serious types of land use.Traditional sediment tracing methods are based on physical,chemical,biological,and composite fingerprinting,which have not included microbes.As high-throughput sequencing becomes more prevalent,microorganisms can provide more information than what we think.Thus,whether the microorganism can also be used as a special fingerprint factor for sediment source identification during soil erosion,we have tested it by using microbial source tracking tool FEAST to quantify the microbe contribution from five types of eroded land(including dryland,urban,paddy field,forest and grassland)to the depositional areas(Niubitan)in the Yuanjiang basin.The source microbial community in the erosive area was heterogeneous,and assembly process analysis further demonstrated that the source tracking results could reach higher accuracy.The results of FEAST showed that dryland(35.50%),urban(17.21%),paddy field(8.14%),and forest(1.07%)were the major contributors to Niubitan.Our results follow the general soil erosion rules and prove its validity.Taken together,a new perspective is provided by these results for tracing sediment sources in erosion-sedimentary systems.

Using Host-Specificity of Cryptosporidium to Understand Contaminant Sources, Seasonality, and Human Health Risk in Three Watersheds of Differing Land-Use

Three tributaries of the Grand River watershed (Ontario, Canada), each representing different watershed types (urban, agricultural/rural, and mixed land-use) were examined to understand the spatial, temporal, and host-source distribution of the waterborne pathogen, Cryptosporidium. Cryptosporidium was frequently found throughout the study (73%, 65/89) with occurrence and concentrations observed to be similar among the varying watershed types. However, applying advanced genotyping techniques, marked differences in dominant host sources could be observed in each watershed. The agricultural/rural and mixed land-use watersheds were dominated by genotypes typically associated with cattle (i.e., C. andersoni), while the urban watershed had the highest diversity of Cryptosporidium genotypes with a variety of wildlife as the common source of contamination (e.g., muskrat and cervine genotypes). A similar seasonal trend observed in the urban, agricultural, and mixed land-use watershed suggests that factors beyond specific land use activities (e.g. autumn manure spreading) may influence the timing and concentration of Cryptosporidium in these streams. Corresponding genotyping results provided additional insight into source inputs during these seasonal peaks, indicating that wildlife may be important seasonal contributors to Cryptosporidium contamination in these streams. Despite the abundance of Cryptosporidium in these watersheds, most of the genotypes observed were of limited human health importance. This study provides evidence regarding the significance of including genotyping results into studies examining waterborne Cryptosporidium. Using this technique can provide a greater understanding of the risk to the population using water sources, as well as provide insight into the probable sources and timing of contamination. This ancillary information can contribute to implementation of targeted management strategies to further protect sources of drinking water and recreation areas.

AN ADAPTIVE MOVING TARGET TRACKING ALGORITHM FOR SMART ANTENNA SYSTEMS

In wireless communication environment, the time-varying channel and angular spreads caused by multipath fading and the mobility of Mobile Stations (MS) degrade the performance of the conventional Direction-Of-Arrival (DOA) tracking algorithms. On the other hand, although the DOA estimation methods based on the Maximum Likelihood (ML) principle have higher resolution than the beamforming and the subspace based methods, prohibitively heavy computation limits their practical applications. This letter first proposes a new suboptimal DOA estimation algorithm that combines the advantages of the lower complexity of subspace algorithm and the high accuracy of ML based algo- rithms, and then proposes a Kalman filtering based tracking algorithm to model the dynamic property of directional changes for mobile terminals in such a way that the association between the estimates made at different time points is maintained. At each stage during tracking process, the current suboptimal estimates of DOA are treated as measurements, predicted and updated via a Kalman state equation, hence adaptive tracking of moving MS can be carried out without the need to perform unduly heavy computations. Computer simulation results show that this proposed algorithm has better per- formance of DOA estimation and tracking of MS than the conventional ML or subspace based algo- rithms in terms of accuracy and robustness.

Tracking PCB Contamination in Ontario Great Lakes Tributaries: Development of Methodologies and Lessons Learned for Watershed Based Investigations

Project Trackdown is an investigative environmental program aimed at tracking sources of polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) contamination in Great Lakes tributaries. The program uses a multimedia weight of evidence approach for identifying sources of PCBs to the environment. PCB concentrations in environmental media (sediment, water, suspended sediment and soil), passive samplers and/or exposed biota (mussels, young-of-the-year fish and benthic invertebrates) are used in combination to evaluate bioavailability and identify local anomalies within a tributary. These lines of evidence can be assessed with simple chemometric techniques and fingerprinting of PCB congener profiles, and, combined with anecdotal information such as land use history and tributary alterations, may be used to identify ongoing and locally controllable sources of PCBs to the Great Lakes. The program was successful at developing environmental triggers to differentiate potential source areas from background PCB conditions in urban areas, allowing efforts to focus on identifying active ongoing sources of PCB contamination. Project Trackdown has been carried out in three tributaries to Lake Ontario (Cataraqui River, Etobicoke Creek and Twelve Mile Creek) and two tributaries that flow into the Detroit River (Turkey Creek and Little River). Local ongoing PCB sources have been identified in four projects, leading to abatement or remediation measures. As a collaborative initiative between the Ontario Ministry of the Environment and Environment Canada, Project Trackdown has successfully identified several PCB sources leading to substantial cleanup efforts aimed ultimately at reducing PCB contamination to the Great Lakes.

Considerations for Application of SOBI to Order Tracking

Current methods of order tracking, such as synchronous resampling, Gabor filtering, and Vold-Kalman filtering have undesirable traits. Each method has two or more of the following deficiencies: requires measurement or estimate of rotational speed over time, failure to isolate the contribution of crossing orders in the vicinity of the crossing time, large computational expense, end effects. In this work a new approach to the order tracking problem is taken. The Second Order Blind Identification (SOBI) algorithm is applied to synthesized data. The technique is shown to be very successful at isolating crossing orders and circumvents all of the above deficiencies. The method has its own restric-tions: multiple sensors are required and sensors must be mounted on a structure that responds quasi-statically to exci-tation of the rotational system.

Optimum Energy Harvesting for Series-Connected Power Sources with Uniform Voltage Distribution

This paper presents a power system architecture where SIPO （series-input parallel-output） converters are controlled to achieve uniform inpt voltages across their respective series-connected power sources while also tracking the system optimum power point; the system optimum power point is the maximum power drawn from the series-connected power sources while their voltages are kept uniformly distributed. With proper uniform input voltage distribution control, near maximum use of the power sources is achieved by employing only one MPT （maximum power tracking） controller instead of multiple MPT controllers dedicated for their respective power sources. Provided that the maximum power point voltages of the input power sources are similar, the resulting system architecture offers near-maximum power transfer with a lower parts count. A feasibility study using computer simulation has successfully validated two SIPO power architectures and their control concepts for optimum power transfer.

Proof of Effectiveness of PASCOFLAIR®in Subjects Suffering from Examination Anxiety Using Quantitative EEG in Combination with Eye-Tracking (EnkephaloVision). A Double-Blind, Randomized, Placebo Controlled, 2-Armed, Phase IV Study in Parallel Design

The pharmaco-dynamic action of plant-derived drugs still remains a big challenge in the field of pharmacology. This applies especially for the discovering of the possible mechanism of action. With respect to the brain, surrogate parameters may be very helpful. Non-invasive pharmaco-EEG has been proven to provide valid information on drug effects in general. Fast dynamic EEG recording with epoch length of 364 ms has now been achieved in combination with Eye-Tracking in order to elucidate single scenes during cognitive and emotional challenges (EnkephaloVision). The present investigation deals with the psychophysiological characterization of the effect of a plant-derived preparation marketed in Germany under the name of PASCOFLAIR® containing 425 mg of passionflower extract in subjects suffering from examination anxiety. Forty healthy volunteer subjects (17 men and 23 woman), with ages varying between 18 and 40 years (26 ± 6.726 for men and 25 ± 5.397 for women) were included into the study when having a score higher than 60 in the PAF (Pr&#220fungsangstfragebogen). Spectral power analysis of pre-drug data with respect to beta waves revealed a significant correlation to the score of the PAF. Increases of delta, theta and beta waves as induced by 4 cognitive and 4 emotional challenges were attenuated in the presence of 2 tablets of PASCOFLAIR® already 45 minutes after intake in a statistically significant manner in comparison to placebo. Regarding attenuation of beta1 and beta2 spectral power, effects on glutamatergic and GABAergic neurotransmission, respectively, can be suspected according to our knowledge of frequency—transmitter relations. Accordingly, this attenuation must be interpreted as ability to counteract examination induced stress symptoms. Results confirm and extend earlier experimental data showing a calming action of PASCOFLAIR®.

面向光伏能量收集应用的实时MPPT预估算法研究

对于环境中存在的各种类型能量源,其往往具有不同的阻抗特性以及输出功率范围。为了提高能量收集系统的能量萃取能力,合理的接口电路设计是关键。基于此,通过对环境中光伏(Photovoltaic,PV)能量源微弱直流特性以及高效率收集和转化的研究,在传统开路电压法(Open-Circuit Voltage,OCV)的基础上,结合输入电压纹波控制,提出了一种可实时最大功率点追踪(Maximum Power Point Tracking,MPPT)的预估算法。该预估算法根据能量源的输出特性,采用了分数开路电压法(Fractional Open-Circuit Voltage,FOCV),并根据纹波大小动态调节变换器的工作模式,实现阻抗匹配。为了尽可能减小因采样带来的能量损失,采用可片上全集成的较小的采样电容,并逐周期的进行开路电压采样和计算,实现了对源功率变化的高精度追踪。仿真结果表明,所提出的追踪算法能够实时监测能量源的状态,具有高的追踪速度和追踪精度,且采样时间仅需100 ns。能量源功率在1μW~10 mW范围内变化时,最短的追踪时间仅需4.37μs,追踪精度可达99.7%。

基于广义互相关时延估计(TDOA)算法的声源定位跟踪系统设计与实现

为实现在二维平面内对声源进行实时定位和动态跟踪,运用时延估计(TDOA)互相关算法设计一种原声监听头阵列的CC-TDOA声源定位跟踪系统,实现对多个原声监听头进行同步采样,再进行信号放大及运算处理,运用LCD屏实时显示目标声源的距离和方位角度,同时运用二维云台控制激光笔对准声源,并持续动态跟踪声源。模拟仿真及真实环境实验测试表明,采用基于到达时间差的互相关定位算法,计算量小,精度较高,测试角度误差小于2o,距离误差小于1.2%,可以满足多种智能应用场合中声源实时定位与跟踪的要求。

滇西南沧源岩溶洞穴硝洞堆积物来源分析

岩溶洞穴是第四纪时期古人类活动的重要场所。开展岩溶洞穴碎屑沉积物的沉积特征及物质来源分析,对其沉积环境演变历史及古人类活动研究都具有重要意义。本文在了解硝洞洞穴及其周围不同沉积物黏土矿物特征的基础上,结合硝洞洞穴沉积物的粒度和矿物学等特征对其物质来源进行了分析。结果表明:硝洞洞穴沉积物的主要来源为洞穴外地表较高处的沉积物,其通过片流作用被带入洞穴内进行堆积。其次,还同时堆积有少量灰岩不溶性物质及其经历进一步风化成壤作用后形成的物质,总体可能存在4次进一步的风化成壤作用。此外,也有洞壁崩塌的石灰岩角砾和岩块参与堆积,总体存在4次大量灰岩角砾或岩块参与堆积过程,而最近一次的堆积作用,显然受到了人类活动的影响。

光伏发电光源自动跟踪设计探索

为了在各种天气条件下持续追踪太阳光,从而充分利用太阳能的辐射能量,以STC12C5A60S2单片机作为控制器,利用光强检测跟踪法和视日轨迹跟踪法进行跟踪,能够根据气象条件自动切换追踪方式。研究了最大功率点追踪技术。在Matlab/Simulink环境下,利用扰动观察法进行模拟和仿真。仿真实验结果表明,该方法可以实现对太阳位置的最大功率点追踪。

李渡特香型大曲层次间微生物群落结构与风味物质变化规律研究

目前对于特香型大曲不同层次间微生物群落结构和数量变化特征,及其与风味物质的关联性尚不清晰。该研究运用绝对定量和相对定量扩增子测序技术,揭示特香型大曲不同层次结构的微生物组成及变化规律,并对主要细菌和真菌的来源进行了溯源分析。同时运用顶空固相微萃取-气相色谱质谱联用技术(headspace solid phase microextraction-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry,HS-SPME-GC-MS),比较分析大曲不同层次的风味化合物含量。结果表明,曲心的细菌总生物量显著低于曲皮和中层,为曲皮的55%,中层的53%。魏斯氏菌属(Weissella)、乳杆菌属(Lactobacillus)和肠杆菌属(Enterobacter)为曲皮的主要细菌类型,高温放线菌属(Thermoactinomyces)为曲心的特征优势细菌,而糖多孢菌属(Saccharopolyspora)在中层和曲心含量远高于曲皮。伊萨酵母属(Issatchenkia)和丝孢毕赤酵母属(Hyphopichia)为曲皮的主要酵母,曲霉属(Aspergillus)为曲心的优势霉菌。曲心的醇类、醛酮类、吡嗪类和醚酚类的总含量均高于曲皮和中层,而曲皮的酯类的总含量高于曲心。该项研究结果为优化特香型大曲制曲工艺,进而运用生态发酵技术提升大曲品质提供了重要参考。

基于相关性反馈的开源系统跨层需求追踪方法

大型复杂软件系统的需求分析与生成是一个由上而下逐层分解的过程,跨层需求间追踪关系的构建对于项目的管理、开发与演化都至关重要.开源系统的松耦合贡献方式需要每位参与者能便捷地理解需求的来龙去脉及需求状态,这依赖跨层需求间的追踪.问题描述日志是开源系统中需求的常见呈现方式,其无固定模板要求,内容多样(含文本、代码、调试信息等),术语使用自由,跨层需求间抽象层次大,给自动追踪带来极大的挑战.提出一种面向关键特征维度的相关性反馈方法,通过静态分析项目代码结构,抽取代码相关术语及其间的关联强度,构建代码词汇库,以缓解跨层需求的抽象层次差距及用语不统一的问题;通过度量词汇对需求描述的重要性并基于此筛选关键特征维度,以对查询语句进行针对性的优化,有效减少需求描述长度、内容形式等方面的噪音.通过在3个开源系统需求集上针对两个场景的实验,表明所提方法相比基线方法在跨层需求追踪方面的优越性,相比VSM、Standard Rocchio和Trace BERT,F2值的最大提升分别可达29.01%、7.45%和59.21%.

计及网络动态特性的电-热互联系统仿射优化法

热网动态特性带来能量传输延时的同时,使得空间上的源荷不确定性对系统造成的影响存在时序上的先后差异,导致电-热互联系统日前调度转变为复杂的时空耦合问题。为此,该文提出一种计及网络动态特性的仿射优化法。首先,利用流量分段法与节点网络模型,构建计及能量传输延时且适用于环网的热网动态模型。在此基础上,利用仿射算法与牛顿-拉夫逊能流计算原理,通过线性化建模方式与模型凸化方法,构建仿射凸优化模型。其次,利用仿射优化法解决电-热互联系统不确定性优化调度问题,实现对源荷不确定性传播轨迹的跟踪及其影响的量化分析。最后,33节点电-热互联系统仿真算例证明,所提方法能够揭示网络动态特性下源荷不确定性影响机理,并获得具有低保守性、高经济性的调度方案。

新疆库车坳陷东部中—新生代构造-热演化与油气勘探远景分析

【研究目的】库车坳陷油气资源丰富,但与油气生成与保存相关的构造-热演化研究很薄弱。【研究方法】本研究通过对库车坳陷东部典型钻孔样品开展磷灰石裂变径迹测试分析与热史模拟,精确重建了库车坳陷东部自中生代以来的构造-热演化史,并评价了烃源岩成熟演化期次。【研究结果】本文基于原位LA-ICP-MS法测试的磷灰石裂变径迹年龄介于77.7~104.5 Ma,远小于地层年龄,有效地记录了晚白垩世的快速隆升事件。通过热史模拟揭示出库车坳陷东部地区自侏罗纪以来经历了早白垩世—晚始新世(120~40 Ma)和晚中新世至今(10~0 Ma)两期快速隆升事件,分别是由拉萨地块、印度板块与欧亚板块南缘碰撞的远程效应造成的。【研究结论】库车坳陷东部地区的差异性构造隆升是由南天山由北向南逐渐推进的俯冲挤压造成的。库车坳陷东部地区侏罗系烃源岩在多期沉降作用影响下表现为多阶段成熟演化模式,但受构造隆升事件的影响,曾在早白垩世—晚始新世和晚中新世至今处于停滞阶段。本研究厘定了库车坳陷东部自中生代以来的构造-热演化史,明确了主要烃源岩成熟演化过程,对区域构造演化和下一步油气勘探具有重要的指导意义。

城市不同环境空间下PM_(2.5)及表层土壤细菌群落结构差异性研究

为探究不同环境空间下空气微生物的组成特征和来源,在桂林城区与市郊选择8类典型的人类活动环境空间,分别采集大气细颗粒物(PM_(2.5))及表层土壤样本,利用高通量测序技术分析样本的细菌群落结构。结果表明:在不同环境空间下,PM_(2.5)样本间的细菌群落结构差异性较小,表层土壤则表现出较明显的城区与市郊差异性,同一采样点的PM_(2.5)与表层土壤也表现出较大的差异性。PM_(2.5)与表层土壤中的主要细菌门为变形菌门(Proteobacteria)、放线菌门(Actinobacteria)、绿弯菌门(Chloroflexi)、拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)及厚壁菌门(Firmicutes),其相对丰度总和超过80%。各个环境空间中的微生物群落差异均表明人类活动对微生物群落的影响较大。此外,不同环境空间中的优势菌属也有所不同,这与环境的特点、细菌的生态功能相关。PM_(2.5)中的优势菌属为异样根瘤菌属(Allorhizobium Neorhizobium Pararhizobium Rhizobium)、假双头斧形菌属(Pseudolabrys)、甲基杆菌属(Methylobacterium)和不动杆菌属(Acinetobacter),而表层土壤中的优势菌属为鞘氨醇单胞菌属(Sphingomonas)、异常球菌属(Deinococcus)、马赛菌属(Massilia)和酸杆菌门(Acidobacteria)下的Subgroup_6属。