Modeling of Hydrogen Blending on the Leakage and Diffusion of Urban Buried Hydrogen-Enriched Natural Gas Pipeline

With the introduction of various carbon reduction policies around the world,hydrogen energy,as a kind of clean energy with zero carbon emission,has attracted much attention.The safe and economical transportation of hydrogen is of great significance to the development of hydrogen energy industries.Utilizing natural gas pipelines to transport hydrogen is considered to be an efficient and economical way.However,hydrogen has a higher risk of leakage due to its strong diffusion capacity and lower explosive limit than conventional natural gas.Therefore,it is of great significance to study the leakage and diffusion law of hydrogen-enriched natural gas(HENG)pipelines for the safe transportation of hydrogen energy.In this study,the leakage and diffusion characteristics of urban buried HENG pipelines are investigated numerically,and the dangerous degree of leakage is analyzed based on the time and area when the gas concentration reaches the lower explosive limit.The influences of hydrogen blending ratio(HBR),operating pressure,leakage hole size and direction,as well as soil type on the leakage and diffusion law of HENG are analyzed.Results show that the hydrogen mixing is not the key factor in increasing the degree of risk after gas leakage for urban buried HENG pipelines.When the HBR is 5%,10%,15% and 20%,the corresponding first dangerous time is 1053,1041,1019 and 998 s,respectively.Thiswork is expected to provide a valuable reference for the safe operation and risk prevention of HENG pipelines in the future.

CFD Investigation of Diffusion Law and Harmful Boundary of Buried Natural Gas Pipeline in the Mountainous Environment

The leakage gas from a buried natural gas pipelines has the great potential to cause economic losses and environmental pollution owing to the complexity of the mountainous environment.In this study,computational fluid dynamics(CFD)method was applied to investigate the diffusion law and hazard range of buried natural gas pipeline leakage in mountainous environment.Based on cloud chart,concentration at the monitoring site and hazard range of lower explosion limit(LEL)and upper explosion limit(UEL),the influences of leakage hole direction and shape,soil property,burial depth,obstacle type on the diffusion law and hazard range are analyzed.Results show that the leakage gas is not radially diffused until it reaches the ground,and the velocity of gas diffusion to the ground and the hazard range decrease as the angle between the leaking direction and the buoyancy direction increases.Triangular and square leak holes have a faster diffusion rate and a wider hazard range than circular.The diffusion rate of leakage gas in soil rises as soil granularity and porosity increase.The time of leakage gas diffusion to the ground increases significantly with the increase of burial depth,and the hazard range reduces as burial depth increases.Boulder-type obstacles will alter the diffusion path of the leakage gas and accelerate the expansion of the hazard distance,while trench-type obstacles will cause the natural gas to accumulate in the trench and form a high concentration region slowing the expansion of the surface gas concentration.

Numerical Study on the Leakage and Diffusion Characteristics of Low-Solubility and Low-Volatile Dangerous Chemicals from Ship in Inland Rivers

Considering the accidents of ships for dangerous chemicals transportation in inland rivers,a numerical method for the simulation of the leakage and diffusion processes of dangerous chemicals in inland rivers is proposed in this paper.Geographic information,such as rivers and buildings in the model,is obtained through Google Earth and structures of rivers and buildings are described by Auto CAD.In addition,the Fluent is adopted to simulate the leakage and diffusion processes of the dangerous chemicals where the standard k-εmodel is used to calculate the turbulent flow.Considering the interaction between chemicals and water,the VOF method is used to describe the leakage,drift and diffusion process of dangerous chemicals groups on the water surface.Taking a section of the Yangtze River as an example,the leakage and diffusion processes from a ship carrying 3,000 tons of low-solubility and low-volatile dangerous chemicals are studied,and the characteristics of leakage and diffusion are analyzed in detail.During the simulation,the area of the maximum group of leaked dangerous chemicals reaches up to about 1800 m2,and the number reaches up to 45.Furthermore,the influence of density,viscosity,water velocity and leakage velocity on the leakage and diffusion processes is investigated in this paper.

Numerical study on effects of the cofferdam area in liquefied natural gas storage tank on the leakage and diffusion characteristics of natural gas

The leakage and diffusion characteristics of natural gas were investigated in the condition of the leakage of liquefied natural gas(LNG) in the storage tank.Fluent was adopted to simulate the process in a series of three-dimension unsteady state calculations.The effects of different heights of the cofferdam(1.0 m, 2.0 m and 3.0 m),wind directions,ambient temperature,leakage location,leakage volume on the diffusion process of natural gas were investigated.The diffusion characteristics of the natural gas clouds over cofferdam were found.Under windless condition,when the gas clouds met,the gas clouds rose due to the collision,which made them easier to cross the cofferdam and spread out.The higher the ambient temperature was,the higher the gas concentration around the cofferdam was,and the smaller the gas concentration difference was.When the leakage occurred,the higher coffe rdam was more beneficial to delay the outward diffusion of gas clouds.However,when the leaka ge stopped,the higher cofferdam went against the dissipation of gas clouds.Under windy condition,the time to form stable leakage flow field was faster than that of windless,and the lower cofferdam further reduced this time.Therefore,considering the effect of barrier and dissipation,it was suggested that the rational height of cofferdam should be designed in the range of 1.0 m to 2.0 m.In case of emergency,the leakage of gas should be deduced reasonably by combining the measurement of gas concentration with the rolling of gas clouds.When windless,the leakage area should be entered between the overflows of gas clouds.

Numerical Simulation of Methane Leakage Diffusion in the Space with Multi-buildings

Using κ-εturbulent equation and SIMPLE arithmetic, a multi-buildings space model was set up under realistic circumstances. The methane （CH4） leakage diffusions from 3 gas-transporting pipelines with different pressures under 3 different wind flow conditions in the space with multi-buildings were simulated and the simulation results were contrasted and analyzed. Simulation results indicate that the leakage diffusion of CH4 could be influenced by surrounding buildings, besides the effect of the wind flow. In addition, CH4 gassy columniation will be bended to be adsorbed by surrounding buildings forming a high concentration zone when the pipe pressure is rather low or the wind velocity is rather fast. It will greatly increase the fatalness to the ambience and surrounding buildings.

Bibliometric Analysis of Research Trends and Hot Spots of Leakage and Diffusion of Hazardous Gases

Dangerous gases widely exist in modern production and people’s daily life.Once they are used or maintained improperly,they are very easy to leak,leading to major accidents seriously endangering people’s health and asset safety,such as fire,explosion,burns,poisoning,asphyxia,etc.In this paper,the data collected from CNKI was taken as the research object,and the relevant research in the field of leakage and diffusion of hazardous gases was analyzed through visual analysis by using the VOSviewer software,so as to provide reference for subsequent scholars.

Leakage and diffusion characteristics of underground hydrogen pipeline

Soil corrosion and hydrogen embrittlement are the main factors of hydrogen pipeline failure. The gas escapes, diffuses and accumulates in the soil and enters the atmosphere when leak occurs. The mechanism of gas diffusion in buried pipelines is very complicated. Mastering the evolution law of hydrogen leakage diffusion is conducive to quickly locating the leakage point and reducing the loss. The leakage model of the underground hydrogen pipeline is established in this paper. The effect of leakage hole, soil type, pipeline pressure, pipeline diameter on hydrogen leakage diffusion were investigated. The results show that when the hydrogen pipeline leaks, the hydrogen concentration increases with the increase of leakage time, showing a symmetrical distribution trend. With the pipeline pressure increase, hydrogen leakage speed is accelerated, and longitudinal diffusion gradually becomes the dominant direction. As the leakage diameter increases, hydrogen leakage per unit of time increases sharply. Hydrogen diffuses more easily in sandy soil, and its diffusion speed, concentration, and range are higher than that in clay soil. The research content provides a reference and basis for the detection and evaluation of buried hydrogen pipeline leakage.

具有leakage项时滞与脉冲影响的反应扩散细胞神经网络指数同步

研究了具有leakage项时滞与脉冲影响的反应扩散细胞神经网络全局指数同步问题,通过构造恰当的Lyapunov泛函并利用一些不等式分析技巧,得到了基于p-范数的耦合神经网络系统全局指数同步条件,结果分析表明较大的扩散系数更有利于系统实现同步.

一类具有混合时滞和leakage时滞的随机反应扩散神经网络在间歇控制下的指数同步（英文）

研究一类具有混合时滞和leakage时滞的随机反应扩散神经网络在间歇控制下的全局指数同步问题。构造适当的Lyapunov泛函,结合随机分析的技巧,得到系统在周期性间歇控制下实现指数同步的条件。与已有的结论相比,本结果去掉了对混和时滞的限制条件,降低了同步条件的保守性。数值模拟验证了所得结论的有效性。

Simulation Analysis of Ammonia Leakage and Dispersion in a Large-Scale Refrigeration System

The use of ammonia in large-scale refrigeration systems(such as those used for a stadium)requires adequate ammonia leakage prevention mechanisms are put in place.In the present study,numerical simulations have been conducted to study the dispersion law in the ammonia machinery room of the refrigeration system for the 2022 Beijing Winter Olympics.The wind speed,and release location have been varied to investigate their effects on the dispersion profile.Different positions of the leakage points in the ammonia storage tank have been found to lead to different areas affected accordingly.In general,the dangerous region area decreases with an increase in the wind speed.However,when the wind is aligned with the leakage direction,this trend is reverted.The study may offer an effective method to predict the impact of ammonia dispersion and implement the safe operation of such large-scale systems.

具有Leakage变时滞的脉冲反应扩散神经网络的鲁棒指数稳定性

研究一类具有Leakage变时滞和不确定参数的脉冲反应扩散神经网络的平衡点的鲁棒指数稳定性。所研究模型中的Leakage时滞为变时滞,脉冲既与神经元当前状态有关,又与Leakage时滞和传输时滞所产生的历史状态有关。利用Lyapunov函数、Razumikhin技巧和线性矩阵不等式(LMI)方法获得了系统鲁棒指数稳定的新的判别条件。最后给出一个实例说明结果的有效性和实用性。

天然气管道掺氢输送研究现状与分析

天然气管道掺氢输送是实现大规模、远距离和低成本氢气运输的手段之一,但氢气掺入天然气管道给管线运行工况、安全维护等带来了不容忽视的影响,具有一定的安全隐患。为此,围绕国内外天然气管道掺氢输送的技术研究与工程应用现状,讨论了影响天然气管道掺氢安全输送的主要因素,即掺氢引起的天然气物性改变、氢致失效和掺混不均,以及掺氢管道泄漏扩散和燃爆的安全问题。结果表明,天然气掺氢后,对现有管材提出了新要求,需开展相关实验以揭示氢致失效机理,掺氢天然气管道停输后是否发生气体分层与管道是否发生氢致失效密切相关。掺氢天然气管道泄漏扩散及自燃的安全范围、发生燃爆所需的最小掺氢比及燃爆机理尚不明晰,实验研究与实际运营存在差距。针对天然气管道掺氢输送的规范、标准及相关监管政策仍处于发展阶段,需要结合系统的研究数据及实践进一步完善。以上结果明晰了掺氢输送存在的风险,可为大规模掺氢混输的工程推广与实际运营提供参考。

埋地掺氢天然气管道泄漏扩散数值模拟研究

为减少掺氢天然气在输送过程中因泄漏引发的安全问题,基于流体力学及多孔介质理论,采用Fluent软件建立城市埋地掺氢天然气管道泄漏扩散的三维数值模型,分析掺氢比例、泄漏孔径、管道压力、管道埋深和土壤类型等因素对掺氢天然气泄漏量及甲烷、氢气爆炸下限竖直方向上扩散距离的影响。结果表明:掺氢比例越大,掺氢天然气泄漏量越小,甲烷爆炸下限等值线扩散至地表所需时间越长,而氢气则相反;泄漏孔径10 mm时的泄漏量约为孔径5 mm时泄漏量的2倍,泄漏孔径20 mm时的泄漏量约为10 mm时泄漏量的2倍,且泄漏孔径越大,甲烷和氢气的爆炸下限等值线到达地表所需时间越短;管道压力越大,掺氢天然气泄漏量越大且扩散速度越快,危险系数越高;管道埋深1.1 m泄漏量最大,其次为1.4、0.8 m,埋深越浅,甲烷和氢气的爆炸下限等值线到达地表所需时间越短;土壤类型对掺氢天然气的泄漏扩散有重要的影响,土壤类型为粉质砂土时,掺氢天然气泄漏量及扩散速度最大,其次为壤土,最后为黏土。

波流联合作用下掺氢输气海管泄漏扩散研究

由于氢气密度低,泄漏后的掺氢天然气在海洋波流作用下的浮升扩散行为有别于纯天然气,其泄漏扩散规律有待明晰。利用计算流体力学方法数值模拟了波流联合作用下掺氢输气海管泄漏扩散的过程,结果表明气体泄漏的过程可分为泄漏初期、向上浮升以及横向迁移3个阶段。当掺氢比φ_(H2)<50%时,氢气泡的运动轨迹受天然气泡的影响显著。气体浮升高度和扩散直径的变化与时间成正相关,且随着掺氢比的增大,泄漏气体到达液面所需的时间延长。天然气泡和氢气泡直径在上升的过程中都逐渐增大,两者的浮升速度随浮升高度的增加先增大后减小,天然气泡的浮升速度衰减更快。氢气泡直径随掺氢量的增加而增大,天然气泡直径随掺氢量的增大而减小,两者的上升速度随着掺氢量的增大都表现出先增大后减小的趋势,且氢气泡的上升速度大于天然气泡的上升速度。波长和海流流速越大,泄漏气体的扩散直径越大。

天然气泄漏扩散实验与高斯预测模型优化

众所周知,掌握天然气扩散规律是天然气泄漏监测方案设计的重要依据,其中利用高斯模型来预测天然气泄漏扩散规律已成为天然气事故风险评估和安全疏散的重要技术,但目前还没有适用于天然气等轻气泄漏扩散浓度测量的实验装置。为解决高斯预测模型对天然气泄漏扩散预测精度较低的问题,采用天然气扩散浓度监测实验平台,借由阵列布置的激光甲烷浓度探头测量不同风速和不同泄漏速率下,扩散下游空间内不同高度和位置的甲烷浓度,进一步修正了高斯扩散模型中的抬升高度和侧向、垂向扩散系数。研究结果表明:①自主设计的甲烷浓度监测实验平台,可实现下游扩散空间内任意位置的泄漏气云捕捉和分布式浓度测量;②天然气泄漏的气云抬升现象不明显,仅在无风、泄漏速率较小时出现了明显的气云向上抬升。结论认为,通过实验优化后的高斯扩散模型计算精度显著提升,对比查表获取的经验参数,本研究优化后的高斯模型预测扩散浓度偏差由33%降低至16%,显著降低了预测误差,成果对天然气泄漏风险评估与泄漏监测系统的设计具有重要指导意义。

基于CNN-LSTM的钻井泵液力端故障诊断方法研究

钻井泵液力端工作环境复杂,容易发生故障,传统故障诊断方法难以满足钻井现场需求。针对五缸式钻井泵,开展了基于深度神经网络的钻井泵液力端故障诊断研究,设计了CNN-LSTM故障诊断模型结构,研究了LSTM对故障诊断模型性能影响。结果表明,提出的CNN-LSTM模型实现了钻井泵液力端多种工况下9类故障快速准确诊断,通过引入LSTM结构,将故障诊断准确率提升了7.85%,达到了97.67%。因此提出的CNN-LSTM故障诊断模型可为钻井现场提供一种高效准确的钻井泵液力端故障诊断方法。

COMSOL仿真模拟埋地天然气管道多孔瞬态泄漏与扩散

为研究埋地天然气管道多个泄漏孔下的扩散规律,以多孔介质中埋地管道的泄漏孔个数、泄漏孔间距、管道埋深为变量研究流体运输扩散现象.使用COMSOL软件构建三维模型,基于多孔介质中气体扩散物理模型,设置土壤域为多孔介质域观察管道非稳态过程泄漏扩散现象,并采用有限元法模拟多物理场耦合作用.结果表明:土壤域内多个泄漏孔释放的甲烷气体达到饱和时间比单孔泄漏约缩短120min;泄漏孔间距为300mm比间距为100mm时形成土壤表面危险半径约增加1.5倍;埋地管道上方覆土厚度与固定时间内土壤表面气体浓度变化呈负相关;泄漏孔个数和孔径的增加与土壤内甲烷含量变化呈正相关.研究结果可为天然气泄漏事件应急预案的制定提供技术支持.

屏蔽门漏风对地铁站台公共区弥散送风效果的影响研究

弥散送风系统(DASS)能为地铁站台公共区提供舒适的热环境,但地铁实际运行中站台存在屏蔽门漏风,对DASS送风气流的影响需要进一步研究。采用数值模拟方法,对屏蔽门漏风作用下站台公共区DASS的送风效果进行研究,并对DASS送风板开启位置进行了优化。结果表明:不考虑屏蔽门漏风作用时,一侧射流式DASS方案的站台公共区温度分布不均匀,靠近送风口一侧温度高,局部区域高于32℃;列车进站时,送风侧吊顶满布弥散送风板的方案使送风出现短路,部分气流直接从楼扶梯口排出,站台公共区靠近送风口一侧温度高于30℃,温度分布不均匀;楼扶梯附近的吊顶板封闭时,避免了气流短路现象,站台公共区温度在23~30℃范围内,送风效果得到改善;列车离站时,将楼扶梯附近的吊顶板封闭,人员活动区温度在28℃以内,满足热舒适要求。

临近车辆对LNG槽车泄漏扩散规律的影响研究

为降低LNG槽车行驶过程中发生泄漏对临近车辆造成爆炸威胁的可能性,通过CFD数值模拟,研究LNG泄漏在临近车辆周围的浓度分布特征,研究车辆间距等因素对LNG泄漏扩散过程的影响规律。研究表明:在风速2m/s,泄漏孔径0.1m,LNG泄漏口下风向10、20、30m处,空间内甲烷气云的流动状态和浓度分布趋势基本保持不变,泄漏口轴心处甲烷气体流速最高并向周围依次递减;临近车辆的阻挡作用使得高浓度甲烷气云积聚于车头处,随着临近车辆间距的增加,其后方出现回流,流场分布形态更加紊乱,易出现甲烷气云积聚现象;LNG槽车与临近车辆间距为30m且泄漏10s内,临近车辆周围的甲烷气云浓度低于爆炸下限,建议后方车辆宜与LNG槽车保持30m以上的安全距离。

海上平台超临界CO_(2)管道泄漏扩散规律实验研究

CO_(2)封存是实现中国“双碳”目标的有效技术途径之一,海上CO_(2)封存通常依托海上油气平台管道回注,CO_(2)回注过程中可能发生泄漏而严重影响作业人员安全。以恩平15-1海上平台为研究对象,开展超临界CO_(2)泄漏扩散规律实验研究。通过缩比设计,搭建与恩平15-1相应的物理模型实验平台,利用相似理论和量纲分析方法,设计了超临界CO_(2)泄漏扩散参数,开展了海上平台管道CO_(2)在不同泄漏压力(1.5~3.0 MPa)、泄漏孔径(0.5~6.2 mm)、泄漏方向(水平、竖直、斜45°)及环境风速(0~0.5 m/s)下的相似模型实验,研究泄漏CO_(2)在平台上的扩散情况及浓度分布规律。结果表明:压力和环境风速的变化,会影响CO_(2)泄漏后的近场射流,但对其远场扩散的影响较小;CO_(2)浓度会在泄漏约20 s后达到峰值并保持稳定,不会随泄漏时间的增加而增大;泄漏口径会显著影响泄漏口轴向CO_(2)浓度的分布规律。研究结果为海上平台CO_(2)泄漏监测与安全防护设计提供了参考。