Conventional multi-stage constant current charging strategies often use higher multiples of current to charge the battery in pursuit of shorter charging times.However,this leads to an increase in battery temperature,w...Conventional multi-stage constant current charging strategies often use higher multiples of current to charge the battery in pursuit of shorter charging times.However,this leads to an increase in battery temperature,while shortening the charging time.This in turn affects the safety of the charging process.Furthermore,the higher charging currents are not ideal for shortening the charging time in the later stages of charging.To solve the aforementioned problems,in this study,a multi-stage constant current charging strategy is presented.This strategy can shorten the battery charging time by using the increase in battery temperature during the charging process as a constraint,using a genetic algorithm to calculate the charging current value,and investigating the phased approach to charging.Finally,the charging strategy is experimentally validated at different ambient temperatures and different initial SOCs.The experimental results show that the charging strategy proposed in this paper not only reduces the amount of calculations,but also reduces the temperature rise by up to 46.4%and charging time by up to 4.2%under different operating conditions.展开更多
Pyropia haitanensis has prominent stress-resistance characteristics and is endemic to China. Studies into the stress responses in these algae could provide valuable information on the stress-response mechanisms in the...Pyropia haitanensis has prominent stress-resistance characteristics and is endemic to China. Studies into the stress responses in these algae could provide valuable information on the stress-response mechanisms in the intertidal R hodophyta. Here, the ef fects of salinity and light intensity on the quantum yield of photosystem II in P y. haitanensis were investigated using pulse-amplitude-modulation fluorometry. Total RNA and genomic DNA of the samples under dif ferent stress conditions were isolated. By normalizing to the genomic DNA quantity, the RNA content in each sample was evaluated. The c DNA was synthesized and the expression levels of seven potential internal control genes were evaluated using q RT-PCR method. Then, we used ge Norm, a common statistical algorithm, to analyze the q RT-PCR data of seven reference genes. Potential genes that may constantly be expressed under dif ferent conditions were selected, and these genes showed stable expression levels in samples under a salinity treatment, while t ubulin, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase and actin showed stability in samples stressed by strong light. Based on the results of the pulse amplitude-modulation fluorometry, an absolute quantification was performed to obtain gene copy numbers in certain stress-treated samples. The stably expressed genes as determined by the absolute quantification in certain samples conformed to the results of the ge Norm screening. Based on the results of the software analysis and absolute quantification, we proposed that e longation factor 3 and 18 S ribosomal RNA could be used as internal control genes when the P y. haitanensis blades were subjected to salinity stress, and that α-tubulin and 18 S ribosomal RNA could be used as the internal control genes when the stress was from strong light. In general, our findings provide a convenient reference for the selection of internal control genes when designing experiments related to stress responses in Py. haitanensis.展开更多
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 51677058)
文摘Conventional multi-stage constant current charging strategies often use higher multiples of current to charge the battery in pursuit of shorter charging times.However,this leads to an increase in battery temperature,while shortening the charging time.This in turn affects the safety of the charging process.Furthermore,the higher charging currents are not ideal for shortening the charging time in the later stages of charging.To solve the aforementioned problems,in this study,a multi-stage constant current charging strategy is presented.This strategy can shorten the battery charging time by using the increase in battery temperature during the charging process as a constraint,using a genetic algorithm to calculate the charging current value,and investigating the phased approach to charging.Finally,the charging strategy is experimentally validated at different ambient temperatures and different initial SOCs.The experimental results show that the charging strategy proposed in this paper not only reduces the amount of calculations,but also reduces the temperature rise by up to 46.4%and charging time by up to 4.2%under different operating conditions.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.41476140,41306151,41676157,41506172)the Strategic Leading Science and Technology Projects of Chinese Academy of Sciences(No.XDA11020404)+1 种基金the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(No.2015M582153)the Science and Technology Plan of Jiangsu Province(No.BE2016330)
文摘Pyropia haitanensis has prominent stress-resistance characteristics and is endemic to China. Studies into the stress responses in these algae could provide valuable information on the stress-response mechanisms in the intertidal R hodophyta. Here, the ef fects of salinity and light intensity on the quantum yield of photosystem II in P y. haitanensis were investigated using pulse-amplitude-modulation fluorometry. Total RNA and genomic DNA of the samples under dif ferent stress conditions were isolated. By normalizing to the genomic DNA quantity, the RNA content in each sample was evaluated. The c DNA was synthesized and the expression levels of seven potential internal control genes were evaluated using q RT-PCR method. Then, we used ge Norm, a common statistical algorithm, to analyze the q RT-PCR data of seven reference genes. Potential genes that may constantly be expressed under dif ferent conditions were selected, and these genes showed stable expression levels in samples under a salinity treatment, while t ubulin, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase and actin showed stability in samples stressed by strong light. Based on the results of the pulse amplitude-modulation fluorometry, an absolute quantification was performed to obtain gene copy numbers in certain stress-treated samples. The stably expressed genes as determined by the absolute quantification in certain samples conformed to the results of the ge Norm screening. Based on the results of the software analysis and absolute quantification, we proposed that e longation factor 3 and 18 S ribosomal RNA could be used as internal control genes when the P y. haitanensis blades were subjected to salinity stress, and that α-tubulin and 18 S ribosomal RNA could be used as the internal control genes when the stress was from strong light. In general, our findings provide a convenient reference for the selection of internal control genes when designing experiments related to stress responses in Py. haitanensis.
