Experimental observations on the nonproportional multiaxial ratchetting of cast AZ91 magnesium alloy at room temperature

The nonproportional multiaxial ratchetting of cast AZ91 magnesium (Mg) alloy was examined by performing a sequence of axial-torsional cyclic tests controlled by stress with various loading paths at room temperature (RT).The evolutionary characteristics and path dependence of multiaxial ratchetting were discussed.Results illustrate that the cast AZ91 Mg alloy exhibits considerable nonproportional additional softening during cyclic loading with multiple nonproportional multiaxial loading paths;multiaxial ratchetting presents strong path dependence,and axial ratchetting strains are larger under nonproportional loading paths than under uniaxial and proportional45°linear loading paths;multiaxial ratchetting becomes increasingly pronounced as the applied stress amplitude and axial mean stress increase.Moreover,stress-strain curves show a convex and symmetrical shape in axial/torsional directions.Multiaxial ratchetting exhibits quasi-shakedown after certain loading cycles.The abundant experimental data obtained in this work can be used to develop a cyclic plasticity model of cast Mg alloys.

Experimental Study on Non-proportional Multiaxial Strain Cyclic Characteristics and Ratcheting of U71Mn Rail Steel

An experimental study was carried out on the strain cyclic characteristics and ratcheting of U71Mn rail steel subjected to non-proportional multiaxial cyclic loading. The strain cyclic characteristics were researched under the strain-controlled circular load path. The ratcheting was investigated for the stress-controlled multiaxial circular, elliptical and rhombic load paths with different mean stresses, stress amplitudes and their histories. The experiment shows that U71Mn rail steel features the cyclic non-hardening/softening, and its strain cyclic characteristics depend greatly on the strain amplitude but slightly on its history. However, the ratcheting of U71Mn rail steel depends greatly not only on the values of mean stress and stress amplitude, but also on their histories. In the meantime, the shape of load path and its history also apparently influence the ratcheting. The ratcheting changes with the different loading paths.

MULTIAXIAL CREEP-FATIGUE LIFE EVALUATION UNDER PROPORTIONAL LOADING

A new method was proposed for the multiaxial creep-fatigue life evaluation under proportional loadings. Because this method was derived from the strain range partitioning method with a multiaxiality factor, it was possible to consider the influence of both creep-fatigue interaction and multiaxial stress state on fatigue life. In order to predict the combined axial-torsional fatigue life the damage under combined loading was defined as linear summation of the damages under axial loading and torsional loading. Axial-torsional creep-fatigue tests were carried out using tubular specimens of 316LC austenitic stainless steel and the ferritic rotor steel. This rotor steel was developed for the permanent magnet type eddy current retarder in heavy trucks. Experimentally obtained lives of both steels were well corresponded with the lives predicted by the proposed method. It was found that the proposed method was effective in multiaxial fatigue life evaluation under proportional creep-fatigue loadings.

Fatigue Property of Additively Manufactured Ti-6Al-4V under Nonproportional Multiaxial Loading

The low cycle fatigue strength properties of the additively manufactured Ti-6Al-4V alloy are experimentally investi-gated under proportional and nonproportional multiaxial loading.The fatigue tests were conducted using hollow cylinder specimens with and without heat treatments,at room temperature in air.Two fatigue tests were conducted:one for proportional loading and one for nonproportional loading.The proportional loading was represented by a push-pull strain path(PP)and the nonproportional loading by a circle strain path(Cl).The failure lives of the additively manufactured specimens were clearly reduced drastically by internal voids and defects.However,the sizes of the defects were measured,and the defects were found not to cause a reduction in fatigue strength above a critical size.The fracture surface was observed using scanning electron microscopy to investigate the fracture mechanisms of the additively manufactured specimens under the two types of strain paths.Different fracture patterns were recognized for each strain paths;however,both showed retention of the crack propagation,despite the presence of numerous defects,probably because of the interaction of the defects.The crack propagation properties of the materials with numerous defects under nonproportional multiaxial loading were clarified to increase the reliability of the additively manufactured components.

EFFECT OF NON-PROPORTIONAL OVERLOADING ON FATIGUE CRACK GROWTH

The effect of proportional and non-proportional overloading on mode l fatigue crack growth have been studied,and the influences of crack tip plastic zone,crack tip blunting as well as crack closure were discussed.Proportional(model I)overloading may cause more serious crack growth retardation than non-proportional(mixed mode)overloading.Therefore,for estimating the fatigue life of engineering structures to simplify a real overload which may of- ten be non-proportional as a proportional one is not always safe.

LIFE PREDICTION APPROACH FOR RANDOM MULTIAXIAL FATIGUE

According to the concept of critical plane, a life prediction approach forrandom multiaxial fatigue is presented. First, the critical plane under the multiaxial randomloading is determined based on the concept of the weight-averaged maximum shear strain direction.Then the shear and normal strain histories on the determined critical plane are calculated and takenas the subject of multiaxial load simplifying and multiaxial cycle counting. Furthermore, amultiaxial fatigue life prediction model including the parameters resulted from multiaxial cyclecounting is presented and applied to calculating the fatigue damage generated from each cycle.Finally, the cumulative damage is added up using Miner's linear rule, and the fatigue predictionlife is given. The experiments under multiaxial loading blocks are used for the verification of theproposed method. The prediction has a good correction with the experimental results.

VISCO-PLASTIC CONSTITUTIVE MODEL FOR UNIAXIAL AND MULTIAXIAL RATCHETING AT ELEVATED TEMPERATURES

Based on the experimental results of the ratcheting for SS304 stainless steel, a new visco-plastic cyclic constitutive model was established to describe the uniaxial and multiaxial ratcheting of the material at room and elevated temperatures within the framework of unified visco-plasticity. In the model, the temperature dependence of the ratcheting was emphasized, and the dynamic strain aging occurred in the temperature range of 4 00-600℃ for the material was taken into account particularly. Finally, the prediction capability of the developed model was checked by comparing to the corresponding experimental results.

A UNIFIED MULTIAXIAL FATIGUE DAMAGE PARAMETER

According to the critical plane principle, a unified multiaxialfatigue damage parameter is presented based on the varying behaviourof the strains on the critical plane. Both the parameters of themaximum shear strain amplitude and normal strain excursion betweenadjacent turning points of the maximum shear strain on the criticalplane are considered in the multiaxial fatigue damage parme- terpresented. An equivalent strain amplitude is made with bothparameters of the maximun shear strain amplitude and normal strainexcursion by means of von Mises criterion. Thus a new multiaxialfatigue damage model is given based on the critical plane approach.

基于极值外推的特种车辆疲劳耐久性多轴载荷谱编制

非道路特种车辆服役载荷谱是整车结构耐久性的关键,为此提出基于极值外推的特种车辆疲劳耐久性多轴服役载荷编制方法。考虑到多轴载荷谱外推时的载荷通道之间具有相位关系,开展以临界平面损伤参量为基础的多轴载荷等效合成研究;构建极值超出量服从广义Pareto分布的多轴外推模型。利用等效合成载荷谱进行载荷外推,将基于等效合成系数获取的外推量分配到每个载荷通道上,实现考虑相位关系的多轴载荷外推。以典型工况下特种车辆的轮端六向力信号为研究对象进行多轴外推,并对比外推前后的载荷谱与采集载荷谱通道之间的相位关系、穿级计数、雨流计数和功率谱密度。研究结果表明:基于极值外推的特种车辆整车疲劳耐久性多轴载荷编制,可以实现在相同典型工况下多轴载荷谱的有效预测。

考虑轮压载荷的铸造起重机多轴疲劳特性分析

铸造起重机金属结构是一种典型的复杂焊接结构,在移动轮压载荷和复杂焊缝几何的共同作用下,一些非常规部位时常出现疲劳裂纹。针对某在役铸造起重机主梁轨道下方T型钢与小筋板连接焊缝区域发生的密集疲劳裂损问题,采用Soild-Shell混合单元和子模型技术,建立了裂损局部区域的精细有限元模型,模拟了移动轮压载荷作用下整体金属结构的完整应力时间历程,分析了裂损部位的多轴特性。采用基于临界平面法的多轴疲劳模型,计算并讨论了裂损区域的疲劳性能。结果表明:多轴应力是导致裂损部位萌生裂纹的主要原因,F-S多轴疲劳模型可以有效评估裂损部位的疲劳性能。

A TWO-SURFACE MODEL DESCRIBING RATCHETTING BEHAVIORS AND TRANSIENT HARDENING UNDER NONPROPORTIONAL LOADING

A new superposed rule of Mroz's kinematic hardening rule and Ziegler's kinematic hardening rule based on two-surface model is proposed in the paper. Some experimental results on ratchetting of 2014-T6 aluminum alloy are predicted very well under multiaxial loading. In addition the conformability of the model is discussed for transient cyclic hardening under two kinds of nonproportional cyclic loading paths., i.e. square and rhombic path.

EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION ON FATIGUE CRACK PROPAGATION UNDER TENSION-TORSION LOADING

Various proportional and nonproportional tension-torsion fatigue tests are conducted on aeronautical material-LY12CZ aluminum alloy. The stress and strain states under tension-torsion loading are analyzed by an elastic-plastic finite element method. The relation between the orientation of crack propagation and each stress and strain component is investigated. Analytical results are compared with experimental data. Results demonstrate that the fatigue cracks tend to be propagated perpendicular to the direction of the largest principle strains under proportional loading, and grow alone one of the maximum shear strain planes under 45° and 90° out-of-phase loadings.

一种新的多轴疲劳寿命预测模型及其应用

机械部件在运行过程中承受多轴循环加载时易发生附加强化效应,采用单轴疲劳寿命计算公式对其寿命进行预测会产生较大误差,而现有多轴疲劳寿命预测模型由于含有大量材料常数也不便于工程应用。针对上述问题,基于不同应力对疲劳微裂纹的萌生、促进作用机制,结合剪切损伤模型,提出一种新的损伤参量表达形式,并结合Manson-Coffin-Basquin方程推导得到对应的多轴疲劳寿命预测模型。采用两种材料在非比例加载、比例加载路径下的实验数据对提出的寿命预测模型进行验证,并与FS(Fatemi-Socie)模型的预测结果进行对比,结果表明,提出的模型具有良好的预测效果。最后将该模型应用于大摆锤吊臂疲劳寿命预测,结果说明吊臂满足疲劳寿命要求。

Viscoplastic constitutive model of a nickel-based superalloy under multiaxial loading conditions

Based on Chaboche constitutive model,a viscoplastic constitutive model of nickel-based alloy under multiaxial loading is proposed by introducing Lemaitre damage model and non-proportional hardening factor.Lemaitre damage model can characterize the effect of microscopic defects on the fatigue behavior and non-proportional hardening factor is used to describe non-proportional hardening phenomenon.Subsequently,the stress–strain hysteresis loops at room and high temperatures under different loading conditions are simulated by the proposed constitutive model.Comparison between experiments and simulations confirms that the proposed model can reasonably predict the fatigue behavior of nickel-based alloy under different multiaxial loadings.At last,the fatigue life predictions under different multiaxial loadings are investigated,and comparison between experiments and simulations verifies the accuracy of the proposed model.

Correction Method for Calculating Critical Plane Position of Geometric Discontinuity Steel Structure Under Multiaxial Loading

Critical plane method is one of the most promising approaches to predict the fatigue life when the structure is subjected to the multiaxial loading.The stress-strain status and the critical plane position for smooth specimens are calculated using theoretical approaches when the loading mode is a continuous function.However,because of the existence of stress concentration and the characteristic of multiaxial non-proportion,it is difficult to calculate the stress-strain status and the critical plane position of geometric discontinuity structure by theory method.In this paper,a new numerical simulation method is proposed to determine the critical plane of geometric discontinuity structure under multiaxial loading.Firstly,the strain status of dangerous point is analyzed by finite element method.Secondly,the maximum shear strain amplitude of arbitrary plane is calculated using coordinate transformation principle.Finally,the plane which has the maximum shear strain amplitude is defined as the critical plane.The critical plane positions are analyzed when loading mode and notch parameters are different.Meanwhile,the relationship between notch depth and associated parameters on critical plane as well as that between loading amplitude and associated parameters on critical plane are given quantitatively.

An enhanced damage plasticity model for predicting the cyclic behavior of plain concrete under multiaxial loading conditions

Some of the current concrete damage plasticity models in the literature employ a single damage variable for both the tension and compression regimes,while a few more advanced models employ two damage variables.Models with a single variable have an inherent dificulty in accounting for the damage accrued due to tensile and compressive actions in appropriately different manners,and their mutual dependencies.In the current models that adopt two damage variables,the independence of these damage variables during cyclic loading results in the failure to capture the effects of tensile damage on the compressive behavior of concrete and vice-versa.This study presents a cyclic model established by extending an existing monotonic constitutive model.The model describes the cyclic behavior of concrete under multiaxial loading conditions and considers the influence of tensile/compressive damage on the compressive/tensile response.The proposed model,dubbed the enhanced concrete damage plasticity model(ECDPM),is an extension of an existing model that combines the theories of classical plasticity and continuum damage mechanics.Unlike most prior studies on models in the same category,the performance of the proposed ECDPM is evaluated using experimental data on concrete specimens at the material level obtained under cyclic multiaxial loading conditions including uniaxial tension and confined compression.The performance of the model is observed to be satisfactory.Furthermore,the superiority of ECDPM over three previously proposed constitutive models is demonstrated through comparisons with the results of a uniaxial tension-compression test and a virtual test.

Investigation on the Anisotropic Transformation Surfaces of Super-Elastic NiTi Shape Memory Alloys Under Multiaxial Cyclic Loading Conditions

The cyclic transformation behaviors of polycrystalline super-elastic NiTi shape memory alloys (SMAs)under multiaxial loading paths with different angles between axial and torsional loading orientations were experimentally investigated.The experimental results showed that the start stresses of forward and reverse transformations decreased with the increase'in the number of cycles and exhibit obvious anisotropic evolutions.The start stresses of forward and reverse transformations in the tensile and torsional directions did not satisfy the yon Mises criterion.The shape of transformation surface during the forward and reverse transformations evolved with the increase in the number of cycles.Then,new cyclic anisotropic transformation surfaces were established by introducing an anisotropic tensor into the von Mises equivalent stress based on a typical transformation criterion related to J2 and J3.Moreover,the evolution equations of material parameters used in the proposed transformation surfaces were established to describe the subsequent evolutions of transformation surfaces.Finally,the start stresses of forward and reverse transformations predicted using the proposed transformation surfaces were compared with the experimental results.It shows that the proposed transformation surfaces can reasonably describe the start stresses of forward and reverse transformations,which are helpful for establishing a three-dimensional cyclic constitutive model to describe the cyclic transformation behaviors of super-elastic NiTi SMAs.

一种统一的多轴疲劳损伤参量

在分析多轴损伤临界面上的应变变化特性的基础上，根据多轴疲劳临界损伤平面原理，提出利用多轴临界面上的最大剪切应变幅与相临两个最大剪切应变值之间的法向应变幅所合成的vonMises等效应变幅作为多轴疲劳损伤参量，该参量不含有任何材料常数，不仅同时能够适用于多轴比例与非比例加载下，而且可退化成单轴的形式．经四种材料的试验验证，结果是令人满意的．

多轴非比例加载高周疲劳研究进展

综述了近年来国内外在非比例载荷下多轴高周疲劳研究的进展和现状,其中主要评述了各种多轴疲劳寿命估算方法及微观机理的研究,并提出了今后在非比例载荷下多轴高周疲劳研究工作的设想.

水平轴风力机轮毂强度和疲劳寿命分析方法研究

针对水平轴风力机轮毂复杂的几何外形、载荷与边界条件,研究其强度和疲劳寿命数值分析方法。应用结构分析软件ANSYS并结合疲劳分析软件FE-safe对风力机轮毂进行强度和多轴疲劳寿命分析。研究了风力机轮毂结构强度数值分析中的一些关键技术问题,如网格划分、载荷施加、边界约束条件的处理及分析技巧等;利用叶片根部极限载荷对轮毂进行强度校核,得出轮毂极限载荷下的应力分布。基于风力机叶片根部随机载荷谱和线性累积损伤方法,研究了轮毂多轴疲劳特性及疲劳寿命分析方法;研究了轮毂材料的S-N曲线定义和各工况下随机载荷谱的分析处理方法。算例表明:本文的工作为水平轴风力机轮毂强度、刚度及多轴疲劳寿命分析等提供了实用的分析方法。