Study of GaAs/GaAlAs Multilayer Structural Materials by Electrolyte Electroreflectance

Electrolyte electroreflectance (EER) has been widely employed to investigate the electronic energy band structure and related physical properties of semiconductors. The electrolyte electroreflectance (EER) method combined with electrochemical anodic dissolution was used to study GaAs/GaAlAs multilayer structural materials. According to variation of the EER spectra during anodic dissolution the characteristics of GaAs/GaAlAs multilayer structural materials such as properties of the interface, p-n junction positions and Al content profiles were obtained.

OptoGPT: A foundation model for inverse design in optical multilayer thin film structures

Optical multilayer thin film structures have been widely used in numerous photonic applications.However,existing inverse design methods have many drawbacks because they either fail to quickly adapt to different design targets,or are difficult to suit for different types of structures,e.g.,designing for different materials at each layer.These methods also cannot accommodate versatile design situations under different angles and polarizations.In addition,how to benefit practical fabrications and manufacturing has not been extensively considered yet.In this work,we introduce OptoGPT(Opto Generative Pretrained Transformer),a decoder-only transformer,to solve all these drawbacks and issues simultaneously.

Ultrastructure of the Blepharoplast and the Multilayered Structure in Spermatogenesis in Osmunda cinnamomea var. asiatica

The ultrastructure of the blepharoplast and the multilayered structure (MLS) in the fern Osmunda cinnamomea var. asiatica Fernald have been studied by electron microscopy with respect to spermatogenesis. The blepharoplast appears in the young spermatid. The differentiating blepharoplast is approximately a spherical body, which is composed of densely stained granular material in the center and some cylinders outside of it. The differentiated blepharoplast is also a sphere, but without the densely stained material in the center, consisting of scattered or radially arranged cylinders. The MLS seen in the spermatid lies between the basal bodies and the giant mitochondrion. In the early developmental stage, the MLS only consists of lamellar layers, each of which runs parallel to one another and forms a strip. In the mid stage, the MLS is composed of the microtubular ribbon (MTr), the lamellar layers and a layer of plaque. In the late stage, the MLS forms accessory band, osmiophilic crest and a layer of osmiophilic material. The MTr grows out from the MLS and extends along the surface of the nucleus to unite with the nuclear envelope in a complex. The basal body coming from the cylinder produces the axoneme of the flagella in the distal end and the wedge-shaped structure in the proximal end, respectively. In the present study, the ultrastructural features of blepharoplast and the MLS of the protoleptosporangiopsida fern, O. cinnamomea var. asiatica, have been described and compared with those of other kinds of pteridophytes in detail. The lamellar layers appearing before the formation of the MTr was found and reported for the first time.

Multilayer ANN indoor location system with area division in WLAN environment

An indoor location system based on multilayer artificial neural network（ANN） with area division is proposed.The characteristics of recorded signal strength（RSS）,or signal to noise ratio（SNR） from each available access points（APs）,are utilized to establish the radio map in the off-line phase.And in the on-line phase,the two or three dimensional coordinates of mobile terminals（MTs） are estimated according to the similarity between the new recorded RSS or SNR and fingerprints pre-stored in radio map.Although the feed-forward ANN with three layers is sufficient to describe any nonlinear mapping relationship between inputs and outputs with finite discontinuous points,the efficient inputs for better training performances are difficult to be determined because of complex and dynamic indoor environment.Then,the discussion of distance relativity for different signal characteristics and optimal strategies for multi-mode phenomenon avoidance is presented.And also,the feasibility and effectiveness of this method are verified based on the experimental comparison with normal ANN without area division,K-nearest neighbor（KNN） and probability methods in typical office environment.

STRESS ANALYSIS AND GEOMETRICAL CONFIGURATION SELECTION FOR MULTILAYER PIEZOELECTRIC DISPLACEMENT ACTUATOR

Multilayer piezoelectric ceramic displacement actuators are susceptible to cracking in the region near the edge of the internal electrode, which may cause system damage or failure. In this paper, the stress distribution of a multilayer piezoelectric composite is investigated in a working environment and the optimized geometrical con?guration of the piezoelectric layer is obtained. The stress distribution in the structure and the stress concentration near the edge of the internal electrode, induced by non-uniform electric ?eld distribution, are analyzed by moir′e interferometry experiment and ?nite element numerical simulation. Based on the above analysis, two optimized geometrical models are presented for the purpose of geometrical con?guration selection, with which stress concentration can be reduced signi?cantly while the feasibility of the machining process and the basic structural functions occurring in the conventional model are retained. The numerical results indicate that the maximum stress in the optimized models is e?ectively diminished compared to the conventional model. For instance, the peak value of the principal stress in the optimized model II is 93.1% smaller than that in the conventional model. It is proved that stress concentration can be e?ectively relaxed in the latter of the two optimized models and thus the probability of fracture damage can be decreased.

Hot deformation behavior and related microstructure evolution in Au−Sn eutectic multilayers

Hot compression was performed on a multilayered Au−20Sn eutectic alloy to investigate the deformation behavior and microstructure evolution.During hot compression,microstructural spheroidization was initiated from plastic instability regions,and it was preferentially activated in vertical lamellae with a growth direction parallel to the compressive direction.Continuous dynamic recrystallization associated with lattice dislocations was the mechanism in both AuSn and Au5Sn multilayers.After spheroidization,strain accumulations were weakened in both of the equiaxed phases,and the deformation mechanism was substantially replaced by grain boundary sliding and migration.Based on these findings,hot rolling was conducted on an as-cast Au−20Sn alloy and a foil with a thickness of~50μm was successfully prepared.The present study can promote the development of Au−20Sn foils,and provide insights into the deformation behavior and microstructure evolution of multilayered eutectic alloys.

The effect of multilayer structure on magnetic properties of FePt thin films

The Fe/Pt multilayer films with different structures were deposited by RF magnetron sputtering on glass substrates, and the L10-FePt films were obtained after the asdeposited samples were subjected to vacuum annealing at various temperatures. Results show that the Fe/Pt multilayer structure can effectively reduce the ordering temperature of FePt film, and the in-plane coercivity of [Fe （5.2 nm）/Pt （5.2 nm）]7 multilayers can reach 161.2 kA/m after annealed at 350℃ for 30 min. When Fe and Pt layer thickness is equal, the coercivity of the film is the largest. On the other hand, the different Fe-Pt crystalline phases such as Fe3Pt and FePt3 phases are formed after annealing when the thickness ratio of Fe/Pt deviates from 1 after annealing. When Fe and Pt have the same thickness, the thinner single layer gets the lower ordering temperature and the larger coercivity.

Structure and Tribological Property of TiBN Nanocomposite Multilayer Synthesized by Ti-BN Composite Cathode Plasma Immersion Ion Implantation and Deposition

A Ti-BN complex cathode is made from Ti and h-BN powders by the powder metallurgy technology, and TiBN coating is obtained by plasma immersion ion implantation and deposition with this Ti-BN composite cathode. The TiBN coating shows a self-forming multilayered nanocomposite structure while with relative uniform elemental distributions. High resolution transmission electron microscopy images reveal that the multilayered structure is derived from different grain sizes in the nanocomposite. Due to the existence of h-BN phase, the friction coefficient of the coating is about 0.25.

Multilayer doped-GeSe OTS selector for improved endurance and threshold voltage stability

Selector devices are indispensable components of large-scale memristor array systems.The thereinto,ovonic threshold switching(OTS)selector is one of the most suitable candidates for selector devices,owing to its high selectivity and scalability.However,OTS selectors suffer from poor endurance and stability which are persistent tricky problems for applica-tion.Here,we report on a multilayer OTS selector based on simple GeSe and doped-GeSe.The experimental results show im-proving selector performed extraordinary endurance up to 1010 and the fluctuation of threshold voltage is 2.5%.The reason for the improvement may lie in more interface states which strengthen the interaction among individual layers.These develop-ments pave the way towards tuning a new class of OTS materials engineering,ensuring improvement of electrical perform-ance.

Acoustic carpet invisibility cloak with two open windows using multilayered homogeneous isotropic material

We present a method for designing an open acoustic cloak that can conceal a perturbation on Hat ground aria simultaneously meet the requirement of communication and matter interchange between the inside and the outside of the cloak. This cloak can be constructed with a multilayered structure and each layer is an isotropic and homogeneous medium. The design scheme consists of two steps： firstly, we apply a conformal coordinate transformation to obtain a quasi-perfect cloak with heterogeneous isotropic material; then, according to the profile of the material distribution, we degenerate this cloak into a multilayered-homogeneous isotropic cloak, which has two open windows with negligible disturbance on its invisibility performance. This may greatly facilitate the fabrication and enhance the applicability of such a carpet-type cloak.

Optical properties of the electromagnetic waves propagating in an elliptical cylinder multilayer structure

Theoretical description of the wave propagation in an elliptical cylinder multilayer structure under the conditions of H polarization and E polarization is presented. A transfer matrix method has been developed for elliptical cylinder waves. The formulas of reflection and transmission coefficients for an elliptical cylinder multilayer structure are driven. Reflection and transmission coefficients of elliptical cylinder waves by a single elliptical cylinder interface is presented. The obtained formulas can be generalized to the cold plasma filled structures and thus the obtained results in the limit of circular cylinder structures are investigated.

MODE THEORY OF MULTILAYER WAVEGUIDE STRUCTURE WITH DISCONTINUITIES

TEn mode (whose electric field is zero in the normal direction of the boundaries between layers) and TMn mode (whose magnetic field is zero in the normal direction of the boundaries between layers) are defined. Then conditions under which pure TEn (TMn) modes may exist in multilayer waveguide structure with discontinuities are presented. E (H) step wavguides, ridged wavguides, microstrip lines and fin lines all satisfy the conditions, and hold for TEn (TMn) mode. The conventional conclusion that ridged waveguides with inhomogeneous dielectric-slab loading, microstrip lines and fin lines only hold for hybrid modes is revised. Compared with hybrid modes, the number of unknown variations and matching equations is reduced by half for pure TEn (TMn) modes, and the computation cost is decreased dramatically.

STRUCTURE AND INTERFACE PROPERTIES OF Fe/C MULTILAYERS

Fe/C multilayer thin films were deposited by magnetron sputtering. Small angle X-ray diffraction measurements show very well periodicity of the samples. The modulation period determined from a modified Bragg equation agrees well with that determined from deposition rate. The interfacial roughness parameter ξof several samples calculated by X-ray diffraction is between 3.5(?) and 5.6(?).

Multi-layer analytic solution for k-ωmodel equations via a symmetry approach

Despite being one of the oldest and most widely-used turbulence models in engineering computational fluid dynamics(CFD),the k-ωmodel has not been fully understood theoretically because of its high nonlinearity and complex model parameter setting.Here,a multi-layer analytic expression is postulated for two lengths(stress and kinetic energy lengths),yielding an analytic solution for the k-ωmodel equations in pipe flow.Approximate local balance equations are analyzed to determine the key parameters in the solution,which are shown to be rather close to the empirically-measured values from the numerical solution of the Wilcox k-ωmodel,and hence the analytic construction is fully validated.The results provide clear evidence that the k-ωmodel sets in it a multilayer structure,which is similar to but different,in some insignificant details,from the Navier-Stokes(N-S)turbulence.This finding explains why the k-ωmodel is so popular,especially in computing the near-wall flow.Finally,the analysis is extended to a newlyrefined k-ωmodel called the structural ensemble dynamics(SED)k-ωmodel,showing that the SED k-ωmodel has improved the multi-layer structure in the outer flow but preserved the setting of the k-ωmodel in the inner region.

A modified single edge V-notched beam method for evaluating surface fracture toughness of thermal barrier coatings

The surface fracture toughness is an important mechanical parameter for studying the failure behavior of air plasma sprayed(APS)thermal barrier coatings(TBCs).As APS TBCs are typical multilayer porous ceramic materials,the direct applications of the traditional single edge notched beam(SENB)method that ignores those typical structural characters may cause errors.To measure the surface fracture toughness more accurately,the effects of multilayer and porous characters on the fracture toughness of APS TBCs should be considered.In this paper,a modified single edge V-notched beam(MSEVNB)method with typical structural characters is developed.According to the finite element analysis(FEA),the geometry factor of the multilayer structure is recalculated.Owing to the narrower V-notches,a more accurate critical fracture stress is obtained.Based on the Griffith energy balance,the reduction of the crack surface caused by micro-defects is corrected.The MSEVNB method can measure the surface fracture toughness more accurately than the SENB method.

Microstructures,mechanical and oxidation behaviors of C/C composites modified by NiAl alloy

Carbon/carbon composites modified by NiAl alloy were prepared using vacuum reactive melt infiltration methods with NiAl and titanium mixed powders as raw materials. The microstructures were investigated by scanning electron microscopy. The fracture behavior, infiltration and oxidation mechanism were further discussed. The results indicated that NiAl alloy exhibited good wettability on the C/C preform because a TiC reaction layer formed at the interface. Multi-layer（PyC/TiC/NiAl＋TiC） coating evenly and compactly distributed on the surface of the carbon fiber in tubular form. The penetration depth of molten NiAl alloys depended on the reaction between the PyC and titanium. The impact fracture was inclined to along the interface between the NiAl permeability layer and C/C matrix. Al_2TiO_5 and TiO_2 formed on the surface, while the interior multi-layer tubular structure partially remained after oxidation at 1773 K for 30 min.

White Organic Light Emitting Devices Based on Multiple Emissive Nanolayers

In this paper,a white organic light-emitting device(WOLEDs) with multiple-emissive-layer structure has been fabricated.The device has a simple structure of indium tin oxide(ITO)/NPB(20 nm)//DPVBi(20 nm)/CDBP:x Ir(btp)2acac(10 nm)/Alq3(25 nm)/BCP(5 nm)/Cs F(1 nm)/Al(150 nm)(x= 0.15,2.5 and 3.0 wt%),where NPB and BCP are used as the hole-injecting layer,electron transporting and hole blocking layer,respectively.White light emission was realized in an OLED with 2.5% Ir(btp)2acac doping concentration.The device exhibits peak efficiency of 1.93 cd/A at 9 V and maximum brightness of 7005 cd/m^2 at 14 V.The Commission International de I'Eclairage(CIE)(1931) coordinates of white emission are well within the white zone,which moves from(0.35,0.33) to(0.26,0.30) when the applied voltage is varied from 5 V to 14 V.

Precipitation of Epsilon Copper in Ferrite Antibacterial Stainless Steel

The precipitation of epsilon copper at 1023 K ageing in ferrite antibacterial stainless steel was investigated by a combination of electron microscopy and micro-Vickers hardness measurement. The results show that epsilon copper precipitation occurs within 90 s, Complex multilayer structure confirmed as twins and stacking faults on {111}ε-Cu planes was observed in the precipitates. The precipitates grow by the lengthwise enlargement of a set of parallel layers, having [111]ε-Cu and [112]ε-Cu preferred growth orientations. The volume fraction of precipitates f formed within 120 min can be predicted by a modified Avrami equation （In1/1-f= kt ＋ b）. Simultaneously, substituent atom clusters with a size of 5-10 nm was found to occur in the solution and cause matrix strain. The precipitate morphology and distribution on the surface of ferrite antibacterial stainless steel are associated with surface crystallographic orientation of the matrix. The precipitates are predominantly located within the ferrite grains of 〈110〉 orientation. The precipitates located on {111}α-Fe surface planes have sphere or ellipse shape.

Synthesis of Nitrogen Incorporated Carbon Nanotubes with Different Diameters by Catalytic Pyrolysis of Butylamine

Bamboo-like nitrogen-doped carbon（CNx） nanotubes were synthesized by chemical vapor deposition （CVD） at a high reaction temperature of 600―900 °C. The butylamine and Fe/SBA-15 molecular sieve have been used as precursor and catalyst, respectively. Transmission electron microscopy（TEM） and high resolution transmission electron microscopy（HRTEM） observations show that the outer diameter and wall thickness as well as the inner diameter were increased with increasing reaction temperature in a temperature range of 600―800 °C. A synergism mechanism of the growth through bulk diffusion and the competitive growth through surface diffusion functions during the synthesis of CNx nanotubes was proposed.

Recent development of transient electronics

Transient electronics are an emerging class of electronics with the unique characteristic to completely dissolve within a programmed period of time. Since no harmful byproducts are released, these electronics can be used in the human body as a diagnostic tool, for instance, or they can be used as environmentally friendly alternatives to existing electronics which disintegrate when exposed to water. Thus, the most crucial aspect of transient electronics is their ability to disintegrate in a practical manner and a review of the literature on this topic is essential for understanding the current capabilities of transient electronics and areas of future research. In the past, only partial dissolution of transient electronics was possible, however, total dissolution has been achieved with a recent discovery that silicon nanomembrane undergoes hydrolysis. The use of single- and multi-layered structures has also been explored as a way to extend the lifetime of the electronics. Analytical models have been developed to study the dissolution of various functional materials as well as the devices constructed from this set of functional materials and these models prove to be useful in the design of the transient electronics.