Multilevel Tests and Measurement Evaluation Methods for the Application of Composite Materials in Spacecraft Structures

With the implementation of new-generation launch vehicles,space stations,lunar and deep space exploration,etc.,the development of spacecraft structures will face new challenges. In order to reduce the spacecraft weight and increase the payload,composite material structures will be widely used. It is difficult to evaluate the strength and life of composite materials due to their complex mechanism and various phenomena in damage and failure.Meanwhile,the structures of composite materials used in spacecrafts will bear complex loads,including the coupling loads of tension,pressure,bending,shear,and torsion. Static loads,thermal loads,and vibration loads may occur at the same time,which asks for verification requirements to ensure the structure safety. Therefore,it is necessary to carry out a systematic multi-level experimental study. In this paper,the building block approach (BBA) is used to investigate the multilevel composite material structures for spacecrafts. The advanced measurement technology is adopted based on digital image correlation (DIC) and piezoelectric and optical fiber sensors to measure the composite material structure deformation. The virtual experiment technology is applied to provide sufficient and reliable data for the evaluation of the composite material structures of spacecrafts.

Mechanical Simulation of Hierarchical Micro-Nano Structure of Butterfly Wings

The ridge-cross rib microstructures of Carystoides escalantei butterfly wing scales have been reproduced by 2D and 3D models via the ANSYS software,and the structural analyses under tensile and bending deformation,as well as the relative failure analyses are performed for those models.It has been found that the curved model in which the ridges acted as triangular prisms while the cross-ribs acted as bend cuboids could simulate the real scale configuration more accurately.Besides,it also shows much more even stress distribution under deformation and better mechanical properties than the rectangular one,in which both ridges and cross-ribs are modeled as regular cuboids.

Two-dimensional bifunctional electrocatalyst(Mo-NiFe-LDH)with multilevel structure for highly efficient overall water splitting

To effectively address energy challenges,it is crucial to explore efficient and stable bifunctional nonprecious metal catalysts.In this study,a Mo-doped nickeliron layered double hydroxide with flower-cluster architecture was successfully prepared by a one-step hydrothermal method,which demonstrated a good water splitting performance.After an appropriate amount of Mo doping,some lattice distortions in the material provided reactive sites for the adsorption and conversion of intermediates,thus optimising the charge distribution of the material.Moreover,the multidimensional void structures formed after doping had a larger specific surface area and accelerated the penetration of the electrolyte,which significantly improved the activity of the catalyst in alkaline media.At 10 mA·cm^(-2),the hydrogen and oxygen evolution overpotentials of Mo-doped nickel-iron double hydroxides(Mo-NiFe LDH/NF-0.2)were 167 and 220 mV,respectively,with an excellent durability up to 24 h.When the Mo-NiFe LDH/NF-0,2 catalyst was used as the cathode and anode of an electrolytic cell,the catalyst achieved a current density of 10 mA·cm^(-2)at an applied voltage of 1.643 V.This study provides a novel approach for designing excellent bifunctional electrocatalysts containing nonprecious metals.

Multilevel Micro Structures of the Clam Make the Sealing Even Tighter

Excellent fluid sealing performance is crucial to ensuring the safety of important equipment,especially in aerospace field,such as space capsule and fuel chamber.The frequently opening and closing of the sealing devices is particularly important.Driven by this background,clams(Mactra chinensis)which can open and close their double shells with superior sealing performance,are studied in this work.Here,we show that the clam’s sealing ability is the result of its unique multilevel intermeshing microstructures,including hinge teeth and micro-blocks.These microstructures,which resemble gear teeth,engage with each other when the shell closes,forming a tight structure that prevents the infiltration of water from the outside.Furthermore,the presence of micron blocks prevents the penetration of finer liquids.The simulation results of the bionic end seal components show that the multilevel microstructure has a superior sealing effect.This research is expected to be applied to undersea vehicles that require frequent door opening and closing.

Correlates of Parental Choice of Child Discipline Methods in Ghana: A Multilevel Modeling Approach

This study applied multilevel modeling to investigate the impact of observed predictors and different levels or groups that households belong, on parents’ choice of discipline methods using data from 8156 households derived from a nationwide survey by the Ghana Statistical Service (GSS) in 2011. The aim of the study is to provide in-depth information on why parents choose particular discipline methods as corrective measures to reduce unwanted child behaviour in the present and to increase desirable ones in the future. The results of the study show that, religion and age-group of household heads have significant effect on household’s likelihood to choose physical discipline methods whereas the wealth index of a household and ethnicity of the household head, have significant effect on households’ likelihood to choose non-physical and psychological aggression methods. The results further show significant contextual effect on the differences in choices of parents at the household and regional levels. The choice of physical discipline methods by parents was consistent across households and regional levels unlike non-physical and psychological aggression methods whose application varied across the regions. Households in the Northern, Eastern and Volta regions mostly chose to apply physical discipline methods whereas in the Upper West, Western and Northern regions the most chosen discipline methods were non-physical discipline methods. Psychological aggression discipline methods were predominantly applied in the Upper East, Central and Northern regions of the country.

多组分多层级3D打印材料研究进展

多组分多层级3D打印材料(McMl3DPMs)是一种新兴的先进材料,源于多孔材料、复合材料和增材制造的融合。由于增材制造赋予了Mc Ml3DPMs三维架构跨越广泛组分构成和结构类型的能力,Mc Ml3DPMs拥有杰出的机械性能,甚至是通常被认为相互排斥的性能(例如高强度和高韧性)。本文重点介绍为了实现高性能结构用Mc Ml3DPMs所必须解决的科学挑战以及最近研究工作对此做出的努力,将从结构设计、制造过程建模、缺陷表征和性能评价3个方面对相关案例进行回顾。最后,本文指出了当前研究的不足之处,并展望了Mc Ml3DPMs的未来发展,包括讨论了进一步推进这一新兴领域发展的几个可能的研究方向。

学习共同体对大学生社会情感能力的影响机制研究

社会情感能力是个体获得全面发展、适应和服务社会的必备技能。学习共同体作为一种高影响力的教育活动,以师生互动和同伴互动为主要作用形式,对大学生能力发展产生赋权增能的社群效应。探讨学习共同体对促进大学生社会情感能力发展的作用机制,可为提升本科人才培养质量提供行动指南。鉴于学生个体嵌套于学校环境,通过建构多水平结构方程模型,以107所本科高校的127 512名本科生样本为研究对象,从个体水平和学校水平出发考察学习共同体体验、学习共同体投入两个维度(师生互动与同伴互动)对大学生社会情感能力的影响。研究发现,学习共同体体验在个体水平和学校水平上均显著直接预测社会情感能力。在个体水平上,学习共同体通过师生互动和同伴互动的中介作用间接预测社会情感能力;在学校水平上,师生互动在学习共同体体验和社会情感能力之间发挥显著的中介效应,而同伴互动发挥的中介效应不显著。相比而言,学校水平上的师生互动、个体水平上的同伴互动更能积极预测社会情感能力。基于此,参与学习共同体是大学生锻炼和提升社会情感能力的重要途径,高校需要继续加大对学习共同体环境的支持力度,构建同向而行的师生互动关系和同伴互动关系,努力营造良好的社会情感教育氛围。

多层次结构与半监督学习的谣言检测研究

当前谣言检测工作主要基于监督学习,需要人为标记数据而导致检测具有滞后性。为了充分利用大量的未标记数据,及时检测社交网络中的虚假谣言。提出了一种基于多层次结构与半监督学习谣言检测模型(multi-level semi spuervised graph convolutional neural network, MSGCN)。该模型构建了一种多层次检测模块,基于图卷积网络对有限的标记样本进行训练以提取多层次传播结构特征、扩散结构特征和全局结构特征。其次,引入随机模型扰动集成无标签数据的动态输出进行一致性预测,提出互补伪标签法来获取高质量伪标签数据,并将其加入标记数据扩充样本。最后在有监督交叉熵损失和无监督一致性损失约束下提高模型质量。在公开的Twitter15、Twitter16和Weibo数据集上的实验结果表明,所提出模型在30%标记样本下准确率达到88.3%、90.1%和95.5%,在少量的标记样本下便可达到优异的成绩。

Analyzing the multilevel structure of the European airport network

The multilayered structure of the European airport network（EAN）,composed of connections and flights between European cities,is analyzed through the k-core decomposition of the connections network.This decomposition allows to identify the core,bridge and periphery layers of the EAN.The core layer includes the best-connected cities,which include important business air traffic destinations.The periphery layer includes cities with lesser connections,which serve low populated areas where air travel is an economic alternative.The remaining cities form the bridge of the EAN,including important leisure travel origins and destinations.The multilayered structure of the EAN affects network robustness,as the EAN is more robust to isolation of nodes of the core,than to the isolation of a combination of core and bridge nodes.

密集追踪研究中测验信度的估计:多层结构和动态特性的视角

随着密集追踪研究在心理学等社会科学领域的广泛运用,密集追踪情境中测验信度的估计也受到越来越多研究者的关注。早期沿用横断研究中信度估计思想或基于概化理论的信度估计方法存在诸多局限,并不适用于密集追踪的情境。针对密集追踪数据的多层结构和动态特性这两大特点,可基于多层验证性因子分析、动态因子分析和动态结构方程模型估计密集追踪研究中测验的信度。通过实证数据的演示与比较,讨论三种估计方法的特点和适用情境。未来研究可基于其它密集追踪模型探讨测验信度的估计,也应重视测验信度的检验与报告。

超声波结合酶解对玉米淀粉多层级结构及其吸附性能的影响

为了探索一种有效改善玉米淀粉颗粒吸附性能的处理方法,采用低于淀粉糊化温度的不同温度(0、25、45、65℃)超声波预处理结合α-淀粉酶改性玉米淀粉。结果表明,超声预处理可使淀粉颗粒表面粗糙且出现凹槽;超声预处理后淀粉样品的摩尔质量、相对结晶度以及短程分子有序度显著降低(P<0.05);与单一酶处理相比,超声结合酶处理后淀粉样品的比表面积和总孔容积更大,进而使其吸附性能增强;且随着超声预处理温度从0℃升至65℃,超声结合酶处理后淀粉颗粒的吸水率和吸油率分别从114.71%和142.16%提高至144.77%和189.70%。因此,低于淀粉糊化温度的高温超声波结合α-淀粉酶法可作为制备绿色、高效淀粉基吸附剂的有效方法。本研究结果将有助于更好地理解超声波促进淀粉酶解的机理,并为开发高效淀粉基吸附剂提供理论依据。

Multilevel structured carbon film as cathode host for Li-S batteries with superhigh-areal-capacity

The commercialization of lithium-sulfur (Li-S) battery could be accelerated by designing advanced sulfur cathode with high sulfur utilization and stable cycle life at a high sulfur loading. To allow the energy density of Li-S batteries comparable to that of commercial Li-ion batteries, the areal capacity of sulfur cathode should be above 4 mA·h·cm−2. In general, a high sulfur loading often causes rapid capacity fading by slowing electron/ion transport kinetics, catastrophic shuttle effect and even cracking the electrodes. To address this issue, herein, a multilevel structured carbon film is built by covering highly conductive CNTs and hollow carbon nanofiber together with carbon layer via chemical vapor deposition. The self-standing carbon film exhibits well-interweaved conductive network, hollow fibrous structure and abundant N, O co-doped active sites, which combine the merits of high electronic conductivity (1200·S·m−1), high porosity and polar characteristic in one host. Benefiting from this attractive multilevel structure, the obtained sulfur cathode based on the carbon film host shows an ultra-high areal capacity of 8.9 mA·h·cm−2 at 0.2 C with outstanding cyclability over 60 cycles. This work shed light on designing advanced sulfur host for Li-S batteries with high areal capacity and high cycle stability, and might make a contribution to the commercialization of Li-S batteries.

基于模糊数学的工业区基坑支护施工风险评价

为研究工业区内复杂环境下深基坑支护结构风险状态,利用工作分解结构(WBS)分解工作项目,建立风险指标体系,制订安全预警等级,计算主客观权重并组合赋权,结合三角隶属函数进行多级模糊综合评价,建立深基坑桩锚支护结构风险评价模型。结果表明:模型能很好地反映出深基坑桩锚支护结构所处的风险状态,论证了该模型的可行性与科学性,可为现场管理人员提供借鉴。

亚洲高等教育区域化的特征、原则与模式——对话日本早稻田大学黑田一雄教授

在亚洲高等教育区域化的趋势下,教育合作和学术交流日益密切。当前西方发达国家仍然是国际学生主要留学目的地,而亚洲国家作为留学目的国的影响力也越来越大。在区域教育治理方面,亚洲高等教育具有多样性,不能简单采用像欧洲那样的统一区域化结构。文章对亚洲高等教育区域化的历史与现状进行剖析,提出有别于欧洲高等教育的区域治理多层次结构,采用“和平”与“发展”作为亚洲高等教育区域化的指导原则,倡导用雁行模式理解亚洲高等教育合作。在当前高等教育区域化形势中,需继续采用和促进亚洲高等教育的区域和机构伙伴关系的多层次结构,以促进亚洲高等教育区域化的多样性和活力,同时需重申全球高等教育的历史使命及其对区域和世界和平与社会经济发展的重要性和意义。

Prediction of eukaryotic gene structures based on multilevel optimization

Computational gene structure prediction, which is valuable for finding new genes and understanding the composition of genomes, plays a very important role in various kinds of genome projects. For eukaryotic gene structures, however, the prediction accuracy of existing methods is still limited. This paper presents a method of pre-dicting eukaryotic gene structures based on multilevel opti-mization. The complicated problem of predicting gene structure in eukaryotic DNA sequence containing multiple genes can be decomposed into a series of sub-problems at several levels with decreasing complexity, including the gene level (single-exon gene, multi-exon gene), the element level (exon, intron, etc.), and the feature level (functional site sig-nals, codon usage preference, etc.). On the basis of this de-composition, a multilevel model for the prediction of complex gene structures is created by a multilevel optimization proc-ess, in which the models dealing with sub-problems at low complexity level are first optimized respectively, and then optimally combined together to form models for those sub-problems at higher complexity level. Based on the multi-level model, a dynamic programming algorithm is designed to search for optimal gene structures from DNA sequences, and a new program GeneKey (1.0) for the prediction of eu-karyotic gene structures is developed. Testing results with widely used datasets demonstrate that the prediction accura-cies of GeneKey (1.0) at the nucleotide level, exon level and gene level are all higher than that of the well known program GENSCAN. A web server of GeneKey(1.0) is available at http://infosci.hust.edu.

多级结构超疏水表面的制备与性能分析

随着橡胶产品应用的广泛拓展,具备超疏水性能的橡胶产品越来越受关注。然而如何便捷、大规模地制备超疏水表面对橡胶的疏水应用具有重要的意义。本工作通过在未硫化的氟硅橡胶表面喷涂一层二氧化硅粒子,构造第一层级微观结构,然后通过模板法在氟硅橡胶表面成功地复制了不锈钢编织网的结构,构造了第二层级结构,并分析了构造的氟硅橡胶表面的官能团存在情况、微观结构、疏水性能以及液滴弹跳和自清洁性能。结果表明:通过模板法和喷涂技术在氟硅橡胶表面制备的多级微观结构为液滴提供了支持力和排斥作用,其静态接触角为(156.7±0.97)°,滚动角为1°。并且构建的多级结构表面具有优异的液滴弹跳性能和良好的自清洁性能。在氟硅橡胶表面构建多级结构可以极大地提升表面的疏水性能,为制备超疏水表面提供一种新的思路。

基于电池组动态串联结构实现交流输出及电池均衡

电池是电动汽车的主要储能系统,如何提高输出波形的可靠性及改善电池的不一致性已成为汽车电池研究的关键问题。提出了一种改进型电池单元结构,该拓扑结构可以实现任意电池单元间的串联,且可以调整串联电池的数量,不仅可以输出稳定的正弦波,还可以有效实现电池均衡。与其他多电平结构相比,其结构简单、器件成本低,控制方式更简单且易于实现,具有较高的效率与较低的波形畸变率。逆变器输出的控制策略采用面积等效原理,使输出波形最大限度地等效于正弦波,有效降低谐波含量,而在均衡策略中,设计基于该结构动态均衡策略,实现各电池单元间的快速平衡。结果表明,该电路结构能够稳定地提供220 V/50 Hz的交流电压,输出波形谐波含量仅为2.37%。与传统逆变电路相比,该拓扑结构在逆变工作时兼具电池均衡功能,且均衡效果良好。最后通过物理样机的测试证明了该电路的有效性和可靠性,为电动汽车的逆变输出和均衡控制提供了一种新的方案。

基于行为的结构化文档多级访问控制

针对当前云计算环境中因缺乏多级安全机制而使结构化文档容易产生信息泄露和非授权访问等问题,提出基于行为的多级访问控制(action-based multilevel access control model,AMAC)模型并给出策略的形式化描述.利用信息流中的不干扰理论建立AMAC不干扰模型,并证明AMAC模型中多级访问控制策略的安全性.与已有访问控制模型的比较与分析表明,AMAC模型既可以利用角色、上下文和用户访问行为以提高访问控制策略的灵活性,还可以依据用户,用户访问行为和结构化文档的安全等级实现多级安全机制.

基于结构方程模型的多层中介效应分析

近年社科领域常见使用多层线性模型进行多层中介研究。尽管多层线性模型区分了多层中介的组间和组内效应,仍然存在抽样误差和测量误差。比较好的方法是,将多层线性模型整合到结构方程模型中,在多层结构方程模型框架下设置潜变量和多指标,可有效校正抽样误差和测量误差、得到比较准确的中介效应值,还能适用于更多种类的多层中介分析并提供模型的拟合指数。在介绍新方法后,总结出一套多层中介的分析流程,通过一个例子来演示如何用MPLUS软件进行多层中介分析。最后展望了多层结构方程和多层中介研究的拓展方向。

基于多层结构方程模型的情境效应分析——兼与多层线性模型比较

多层(嵌套)数据的变量关系研究,必须借助多层模型来实现。两层模型中,层一自变量Xij按组均值中心化,并将组均值X.j置于层2截距方程式中,可将Xij对因变量Yij的效应分解为组间和组内部分,二者之差被称为情境效应,X.j称为情境变量。多层结构方程模型(MSEM)将多层线性模型(MLM)和结构方程模型(SEM)相结合,通过设置潜变量和多指标的方法校正了MLM在情境效应分析中出现的抽样误差和测量误差,同时解决了数据的多层(嵌套)结构和潜变量的估计问题。除了分析原理的说明,还以班级平均竞争氛围对学生竞争表现的情境效应为例进行分析方法的示范,并比较MSEM和MLM的异同,随后展望了MSEM情境效应模型、情境效应无偏估计方法和情境变量研究的拓展方向。