Cultivation of Translators for Multimodal Translation in the New Media Age

In the 21st century,the development of digital and new media technologies has ushered in an age of pervasive multimodal communication,which has significantly amplified the role of multimodal translation in facilitating crosscultural exchanges.Despite the profound impact of these developments,the prevailing translation pedagogy remains predominantly focused on the enhancement of linguistic translation skills,with noticeable neglect of the imperative to cultivate students’competencies in multimodal translation.Based on the distinctive characteristics and challenges that multimodal translation presents in the context of new media,this study delves into the formulation of educational objectives and curriculum design for the training of multimodal translators.The intent is to propose a framework that can guide the preparation of translators who are adept and equipped to navigate the complexities and demands of the contemporary age.

Acoustic signal dominance in the multimodal communication of a nocturnal mammal

Multimodal communication in animals is common,and is particularly well studied in signals that include both visual and auditory components.Multimodal signals that combine acoustic and olfactory components are less well known.Multimodal communication plays a crucial role in agonistic interactions in many mammals,but relatively little is known about this type of communication in nocturnal mammals.Here,we used male Great Himalayan leaf-nosed bats Hipposideros armiger to investigate multimodal signal function in acoustic and olfactory aggressive displays.We monitored the physiological responses(heart rate[HR])when H.armiger was presented with 1 of 3 stimuli:territorial calls,forehead gland odors,and bimodal signals(calls+odors).Results showed that H.armiger rapidly increased their HR when exposed to any of the 3 stimuli.However,the duration of elevated HR and magnitude of change in HR increased significantly more when acoustic stimuli were presented alone compared with the presentation of olfactory stimuli alone.In contrast,the duration of elevated HR and magnitude of change in HR were significantly higher with bimodal stimuli than with olfactory stimuli alone,but no significant differences were found between the HR response to acoustic and bimodal stimuli.Our previous work showed that acoustic and chemical signals provided different types of information;here we describe experiments investigating the responses to those signals.These results suggest that olfactory and acoustic signals are non-redundant signal components,and that the acoustic component is the dominant modality in male H.armiger,at least as it related to HR.This study provides the first evidence that acoustic signals dominate over olfactory signals during agonistic interactions in a nocturnal mammal.

Inter-sexual multimodal communication during mating in wild geladas:the leading role of females

Female primates can emit vocalizations associated with mating that can function as honest signals of fertility.Here,we investigated the role of mating calls and visual signals in female geladas(Theropithecus gelada).Because females have a central role in the gelada society and seem to solicit sexual interactions,we answered whether they emit vocalizations in conjunction with gazing to increase mating success probability.Before and during copulations,females can emit pre-copulation calls and copulation calls.For the first time,we identified a new female vocalization emitted at the final stage of copulations(end-copulation call),possibly marking the occurrence of ejaculation.We found that longer pre-copulation call sequences were followed by both prolonged copulations and the presence of end-copulation calls,thus suggesting that females use pre-copulation calls to ensure successful copula completion.Moreover,we found that different combinations of female vocal types and gazing had different effects on male vocal behavior and motivation to complete the copula.The analysis of the vocal and visual signals revealed a complex inter-sexual multimodal chattering with the leading role of females in the signal exchange.Such chattering,led by females,modulates male sexual arousal,thus increasing the probability of the copula success.

The Neurobiology of Human Super-Communication: Insights for Medicine and Business

Background: Much adversity in our lives can be traced to a communication breakdown. To communicate well, it helps to understand how our brains and its communication hardware and software were assembled in the first place. With these insights, comes a better understanding not only how we can best communicate, but also why it is that way. We can be heard globally but fail to relate to someone beside us. Current modes of human communication: Electronic communication has had stupendous impacts, but cannot accomplish the fine-tuned, penta-sensory input and multimodal output communication abilities we developed over millions of years as primates. Even those developed before the age of mammals, such as scent and sound, continue to influence and modulate our more dominant vision sense. Hence, video-conferencing or skyping is unlikely to reliably relay critical pupillometrics, facial micro expressions, body postures, leg movements or scents. Although convenient to dispatch an email, twitter or facebook message at any time during a 24-hour period, the intended message or its impact may not be the optimal one. The remedy exists in knowing what communication tools should be used for what purpose. Much of our interaction involves important decisions, maneuvers, counseling and visionary ideas that are most effectively communicated with the 10 communication modalities we evolved with. Deployment of our communication modalities: An overview of the communication unit assembly process and prodigious communication abilities is presented and how to use these features to propel us back to our super communicator status amongst our workers, patients, peers and colleagues.

Power allocation and mode selection methods for cooperative communication in the rectangular tunnel

For the multipath fading on electromagnetic waves of wireless communication in the confined areas,the rectangular tunnel cooperative communication system was established based on the multimode channel model and the channel capacity formula derivation was obtained.On the optimal criterion of the channel capacity,the power allocation methods of both amplifying and forwarding(AF) and decoding and forwarding(DF) cooperative communication systems were proposed in the limitation of the total power to maximize the channel capacity.The mode selection methods of single input single output(SISO) and single input multiple output(SIMO) models in the rectangular tunnel,through which the higher channel capacity can be obtained,were put forward as well.The theoretical analysis and simulation comparison show that,channel capacity of the wireless communication system in the rectangular tunnel can be effectively enhanced through the cooperative technology;channel capacity of the rectangular tunnel under complicated conditions is maximized through the proposed power allocation methods,and the optimal cooperative mode of the channel capacity can be chosen according to the cooperative mode selection methods given in the paper.

Wireless semantic communication based on semantic matching multiple access and intent bias multiplexing

This paper proposes a multi-access and multi-user semantic communication scheme based on semantic matching and intent deviation to address the increasing demand for wireless users and data.The scheme enables flexible management of long frames,allowing each unit of bandwidth to support a higher number of users.By leveraging semantic classification,different users can independently access the network through the transmission of long concatenated sequences without modifying the existing wireless communication architecture.To overcome the potential disadvantage of incomplete semantic database matching leading to semantic intent misunderstanding,the scheme proposes using intent deviation as an advantage.This allows different receivers to interpret the same semantic information differently,enabling multiplexing where one piece of information can serve multiple users with distinct purposes.Simulation results show that at a bit error rate(BER)of 0.1,it is possible to reduce the transmission by approximately 20 semantic basic units.

Surviving covid-19:a multimodal discourse analysis of new media covid-19 vaccination-related pictorials

This paper explores the communicative acts deployed in covid-19 vaccination-related pictorials circulated on digital media platforms.Seven internet images were purposively sampled with a view to exploring their communicative functions as well as their generic structure.The data,which were culled from the websites of the World Health Organisation,Centre for Disease Control,Pan American Health Organisation and Facebook,were subjected to qualitative analysis.The study deployed van Leeuwen’s Multimodal Discourse Analysis and Yuen’s Generic Structure Potential as theoretical anchor.The multimodal communicative acts are deployed for instructive,illustrative,informative,persuasive,inviting and advisory purposes.Categories such as Lead,Emblem,Announcement and Enhancer are compulsory in the data while Display,Tag and Call-and-Visit Information are non-compulsory elements.This can be catalogued as:‘Lead^(Display)^Emblem^(Announcement)^(Enhancer)^(Tag)^(Call-and-Visit Information)’.The study contends that the various semiotic resources deployed in the internet-circulated covid-19 images are used not only for informative and other communicative purposes but also to evoke attitudinal change towards and encourage widespread acceptance of the covid-19 vaccines.

Male horseshoe crabs Limulus polyphemus use multiple sensory cues to locate mates

The use of multisensory cues to locate mates can increase an organism＇s success by acting as a back-up plan when one system fails, by providing additional information to the receiver, and by increasing their ability to detect mates using senses that have different ranges in a variable aquatic environment. In this contribution we review the sensory cues that male horseshoe crabs Lirnulus polyphemus are known to use when locating mates and then provide new data that shed light on this subject. Dur- ing the breeding season, females migrate into shore during high tides to spawn. Males attach to females as they approach the beach or are attracted to pairs already spawning. Vision is well established as an important cue in attracting males. Although chemoreception is well known in other marine arthropods, and horseshoe crabs have the anatomy available, there are few studies on chemical cues in this species. Experiments are presented here that provide evidence for chemical cue use. We show that the attraction, and retention, of attached and satellite males to actively spawning females and mating pairs involves multimodal cues

Behavioral and Neurogenomic Responses to Acoustic and Visual Sexual Cues are Correlated in Female Torrent Frogs

Diverse a nimal species use multimodal communica tion signals to coordina te reproductive behavior.Despite active research in this field,the brain mechanisms underlying multimodal communication remain poorly understood.Similar to humans and many mammalian species,anurans often produce auditory signals accompanied by conspicuous visual cues(e.g.,vocal sac inflation).In this study,we used video playbacks to determine the role of vocal-sac inflation in little torrent frogs(Amolops torrentis).Then we exposed females to blank,visual,auditory,and audiovisual stimuli and analyzed whole brain tissue gene expression changes using RNAseq.The results showed that both auditory cues(i.e.,male advertisement calls)and visual cues were attractive to female frogs,although auditory cues were more attractive than visual cues.Females preferred simultaneous bimodal cues to unimodal cues.The hierarchical clustering of differentially expressed genes showed a close relationship between neurogenomic states and momentarily expressed sexual signals.We also found that the Gene Ontology terms and KEGG pathways involved in energy metabolism were mostly increased in blank contrast versus visual,acoustic,or audiovisual stimuli,indicating that brain energy use may play an important role in response to these stimuli.In sum,behavioral and neurogenomic responses to acoustic and visual cues are correlated in female little torrent frogs.

Male courtship signal modality and female mate preference in the wolf spider Schizocosa ocreata: results of digital multimodal playback studies

Females must be able to perceive and assess male signals,especially when they occur simultaneously with those of other males.Previous studies show female Schizocosa ocreata wolf spiders display receptivity to isolated visual or vibratory courtship signals,but increased receptivity to multimodal courtship.It is unknown whether this is true when females are presented with a choice between simultaneous multimodal and isolated unimodal male courtship.We used digital playback to present females with a choice simulating simultaneous male courtship in different sensory modes without variation in information content:1)isolated unimodal visual versus vibratory signals;2)multimodal versus vibratory signals;and 3)multimodal versus visual signals.When choosing between isolated unimodal signals(visual or vibratory),there were no significant differences in orientation latency and number of orientations,approaches or receptive displays directed to either signal.When given a choice between multimodal versus vibratory-only male courtship signals,females were more likely to orient to the multimodal stimulus,and directed significantly more orients,approaches and receptivity behaviors to the multimodal signal.When presented with a choice between multimodal and visual-only signals,there were significantly more orients and approaches to the multimodal signal,but no significant difference in female receptivity.Results suggest that signal modes are redundant and equivalent in terms of qualitative responses,but when combined,multimodal signals quantitatively enhance detection and/or reception.This study confirms the value of testing preference behavior using a choice paradigm,as female preferences may depend on the context(e.g.,environmental context and social context)in which they are presented with male signals.

Simple ears - flexible behavior： Information processing in the moth auditory pathway

Lepidoptera evolved tympanic ears in response to echolocating bats. Comparative studies have shown that moth ears evolved many times independently from chordotonal organs. With only 1 to 4 receptor cells, they are one of the simplest hearing organs. The small number of receptors does not imply simplicity, neither in behavior nor in the neural circuit. Behaviorally, the response to ultrasound is far from being a simple reflex. Moths＇ escape behavior is modulated by a variety of cues, especially pheromones, which can alter the auditory response. Neurally the receptor cell（s） diverges onto many interneurons, enabling pa- rallel processing and feature extraction. Ascending interneurons and sound-sensitive brain neurons innervate a neuropil in the ventrolateral protocerebrum. Further, recent electrophysiological data provides the first glimpses into how the acoustic response is modulated as well as how ultrasound influences the other senses. So far, the auditory pathway has been studied in noctuids. The findings agree well with common computational principles found in other insects. However, moth ears also show unique mechanical and neural adaptation. Here, we first describe the variety of moths＇ auditory behavior, especially the co-option of ul- trasonic signals for intraspecific communication. Second, we describe the current knowledge of the neural pathway gained from noctuid moths. Finally, we argue that Galleriinae which show negative and positive phonotaxis, are an interesting model species for future electrophysiological studies of the auditory pathway and multimodal sensory integration, and so are ideally suited for the study of the evolution of behavioral mechanisms given a few receptors.

Animal personalities and their implications for complex signaling

Animal personalities have been a major focus of behavioral ecology over the past decade. Consistent individual dif ferences in behavior have been found across taxa, and have been shown to influence a range of ecological processes. The role of personalities in sexual selection has been considered, and examples exist that show selection for personality traits with both assortative and disassortative mating patterns between personality types. One overlooked aspect of the personality and sexual se lection literature is the potential for personalitysignaling interactions, specifically with complex signaling. Complex signaling is a diverse topic in itself, and in short, consists of multiple signals within one or more modalities that interact to elicit a receiver response. Research into complex signaling has been thorough, although at times studies discover complex signaling systems that fail to fit into one of the existing hypotheses in the literature. Here, we argue that personalities may interact with complex signal ing, which should be considered by researchers of both personality and sexual selection and communication. We describe several ways in which personalitycomplex signaling interactions could affect both the signaler and receiver, and the way in which they may drive personalityspecific signals as well as receiver preferences. Finally, we discuss how considering personality in com plex signaling studies may inform theory as well as improve the ability of researchers to accurately describe its function.