Spatial Exploration of Multiple Cropping Efficiency in China Based on Time Series Remote Sensing Data and Econometric Model

This study explored spatial explicit multiple cropping efficiency （MCE） of China in 2005 by coupling time series remote sensing data with an econometric model - stochastic frontier analysis （SFA）. We firstly extracted multiple cropping index （MCI） on the basis of the close relationship between crop phenologies and moderate-resolution imaging spectroradiometer （MODIS） enhanced vegetation index （EVI） value. Then, SFA model was employed to calculate MCE, by considering several indicators of meteorological conditions as inputs of multiple cropping systems and the extracted MCI was the output. The result showed that 46% of the cultivated land in China in 2005 was multiple cropped, including 39% double- cropped land and 7% triple-cropped land. Most of the multiple cropped land was distributed in the south of Great Wall. The total efficiency of multiple cropping in China was 87.61% in 2005. Southwestern China, Ganxin Region, the middle and lower reaches of Yangtze River and Huanghuaihai Plain were the four agricultural zones with the largest rooms for increasing MCI and improving MCE. Fragmental terrain, soil salinization, deficiency of water resources, and loss of labor force were the obstacles for MCE promotion in different zones. The method proposed in this paper is theoretically reliable for MCE extraction, whereas further studies are need to be done to investigate the most proper indicators of meteorological conditions as the inputs of multiple cropping systems.

Monitoring Multiple Cropping Index of Henan Province, China Based on MODIS-EVI Time Series Data and Savitzky-Golay Filtering Algorithm

Multiple cropping index(MCI)is a very important indicator in crop production and agricultural intensification,which represents the utilizing degree of agriculture resources at time scale and the effective utilization situation of arable land.The objective of this paper is monitoring multiple cropping index of Henan province of China according to the time series of MODIS(Moderate-Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer)EVI(Enhanced Vegetation Index)after Savitzky-Golay filter processing from the year 2006 to 2011.The results revealed that this method could provide an effective way to monitor multiple cropping index,and the method of no additional authentication data is independent and reliable.The result was accurate and stable,the slope of linear regression of the multiple cropping index between the statistical results and the remote sensing results was 1.0136(R2=0.779).The precision of sample areas validation was 97.91%.Suggesting that the time series MODIS-EVI which after Savitzky-Golay filtering processed,could provide an effective way to extract spatial information of multiple cropping index for management department of agriculture.

Comparative Water Efficiency Analysis of Sole and Multiple Cropping Systems under Tunnel Farming in Punjab-Pakistan

Water scarcity is the growing concern of present times, requiring its efficient utilization deemed as necessity. Rapidly growing population has significantly exerted pressure on its demand, in Pakistan. In order to fulfill it, all factors of production are required to be used in the possibly most efficient way. Good quality and quantity of water are the growing concerns of producers in Pakistan and around the globe. The efficient water utilization is crucial to optimize the farm returns under the selected sole and multiple cropping systems. This study considered the water efficiency analysis of multiple and sole cropping systems, with the aim of finding out cropping patterns more efficient in terms of water utilization in Pakistan. In order to estimate the water efficiency analysis, the Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) is run to find out the water efficient cropping systems among sole and multiple cropping systems. The Tobit analysis is also used to find out the factors affecting the water efficiency of selected farms in the study area. The results of the study report an inefficient water usage in terms of irrigation, the inefficient use of water instigates the wastage of one of the most important as well as scarce farm inputs especially water, in case of multiple cropping system. Around 51% and 13% of water inefficiency are present under multiple and sole cropping systems, respectively. Basin irrigation is the method for irrigation, used by the farmers of the study area approximating to be 95% - 97%. It is one of the most conventional and least efficient methods of irrigation. Only 2.67 and 4.67 percent of farms were using the Furrow irrigation method, which is way more efficient and steady as compared to Basin irrigation method, respectively. It appears as a requirement that the most efficient methods regarding water application in Pakistan should be recognized. Lack of management in water application on both selected cropping systems resulted in over utilization of water and depletion of one of the fundamental natural resource. In order to overcome the inefficiency in water management, farmers’ farming knowledge, adoption of new irrigation techniques, efficient application of inputs is needed.

Contribution of Multiple Cropping Systems to Greenhouse Gas Mitigation in the Municipality of Abomey-Calavi in Southern Benin

In the world at large, while agricultural yields are increasing with constant land area, in Sub-Saharan Africa, more land is needed to increase production. In this region of Africa, agriculture therefore remains essentially extensive and contributes to environmental degradation, especially deforestation. Thus, the objective of this research is to assess and compare the quantities of greenhouse gases produced by multiple and mono-specific cropping systems. To this end, the quantity of greenhouse gases (GHG) produced by several cropping systems installed on an experimental farm in Kpotomey in the municipality of Abomey-Calavi (Benin) was estimated. The estimation of GHG quantities was made on the basis of IPCC work and data from the experiments carried out. Comparisons were made between mono-specific crops and multiple crops. The results show that the quantities of GHG emitted per ton of production are more or less identical and vary on average from 0.6 to 0.11 teqCO2. However, the advantage of multiple cropping systems is that they reduce the clearing of new land and thus avoid about 31.5 tons of CO2 if the plant formation to be replaced was a forest. Multiple cropping with moderate fertilization in the presence of organic matter increases production while preserving the environment.

Evaluation of Productive Plant Landscapes in Cold Regions Based on a Multiple Cropping Model

Four varieties of each rapeseed and buckwheat were planted in different sowing periods to explore a variety of planting patterns.A theoretical foundation was provided for the innovative application of cold region productive plant landscapes.The analytic hierarchy process was employed to develop a model for the evaluation of multiple cropping systems.A comprehensive evaluation was conducted to study 10 indicators in plant type,flower color,flowering period,flower volume,branch coverage,plot average yield,number of grains per plant,yield per plant,thousand-grain quality and ecological adaptability in four different varieties of each rapeseed and buckwheat.The results indicated that flower color,ecological adaptability,plot average yield and flower volume were the most important indicators for the value of productive plant landscapes in cold regions.Concerning the sowing period,the optimal combination of varieties and planting times were March 31 for Qingza No.5(rapeseed)and July 18 for Xinong T1211(buckwheat).

Multiple cropping and soil fertility in sustainable production of paddy fields

Multiple cropping has been popularized on morethan two thirds of the total area of paddy fields inSouth China.It demands more nutrients due tohigher cropping index.Therefore,how to keepmoderately higher yields of multiple crops and to

Multiple pollutants from crop and livestock production in the Yangtze River: status and challenges

The rapid increase in the proportion of cash crops and livestock production in the Yangtze River Basin has led to commensurate increases in fertilizer and pesticide inputs. Excessive application of chemical fertilizer, organophosphorus pesticides and inappropriate disposal of agricultural waste induced water pollution and potentially threaten Agriculture Green Development(AGD). To ensure food security and the food supply capacity of the Yangtze River Basin, it is important to balance green and development, while ensuring the quality of water bodies. Multiple pollutants affect the transfer, adsorption, photolysis and degradation of each other throughout the soil-plant-water system. This paper considers the impact of multi-pollutants on the nitrogen and phosphorus cycles especially for crops, which are related to achieving food security and AGD. It presents prospective on theory, modeling and multi-pollutant control in the Yangtze River Basin for AGD that are of potential value for other developing regions.

Application of Statistical Methods and GIS for Downscaling and Mapping Crop Statistics Using Hypertemporal Remote Sensing

To sustain the management of natural resources, land use and land cover （LULC） should be spatially mapped and temporally monitored using GIS. For large areas, conventional methods are laborious. Alternatively, remote sensing can be used for LULC mapping and monitoring. Normalized differential vegetation index （NDVI） is the most used vegetation index for crop identification and phenology. For agricultural areas, crop statistics are estimated yearly at regional level following administrative units. However, these statistics are not informing about spatial extent of these crops within administrative units; such information is crucial for crop monitoring. The main objective of this research was to fill the gap, based on statistical methods and GIS, by adding spatial information to crop statistics by analyzing temporal NDVI profiles. The study area covers 1300 km2. Data consist of 147 decadal Spot Vegetation NDVI images. Crop statistics were compiled on seasonal basis and aggregated to different administrative levels. Images were processed using an unsupervised classification method. A series of classification runs corresponding to different numbers of clusters were used. Using stepwise multiple linear regression, cropped areas from agricultural statistics were related to areas of each NDVI profile cluster. Estimated regression coefficients were used to generate maps showing cropped fractions by map units. The optimal number of clusters was 18. Similar profiles were merged leading to eight clusters. The results show that, for example, rice was grown, in autumn, on 50% of the area of map-units represented by NDVI-profile group 4 and 75% of the area of group 7 while it was grown, in spring, on 2, 69 and 25% of areas of NDVI-profile groups 2, 61 and 7, respectively. Regression coefficients were used to generate map of crops. This research illustrates the benefit of integrating statistical methods, GIS, remote sensing and crop statistics to delineate NDVI profile clusters with their corresponding agricultural land cover map units and to link these statistics to geographical locations. These map units can be used as a reference for future monitoring of natural resources, in particular crop growth and development and for forecasting crop production and/or yield and stresses like drought.

宁夏引黄灌区饲用小黑麦复种青贮玉米高效栽培技术

随着农业产业结构的调整,宁夏畜牧养殖业发展迅速,对饲草饲料的需求量显著增加。为了有效缓解灌区饲草产量低、栽培技术落后、季节性青饲料极其短缺造成的草畜发展极不平衡现状,通过2020—2022年连续3年的大田试验,从饲用小黑麦播前准备、品种选择、机械播种、轮灌区组划分、水肥管理、越冬管理、适时收获和复种青贮玉米从播前准备、品种选择、机械播种、水肥管理、病虫草害防治、适时收获等方面总结出了宁夏引黄灌区饲用小黑麦复种青贮玉米一年两熟高效栽培技术模式。改变了传统的种植模式,提高了土地、光热和养分等资源利用率及饲草产量和经济效益,为灌区多熟种植改革及草畜产业高质量发展提供了理论支撑。

西兰花复种绿肥-当归高效轮作种植技术规程

为进一步挖掘和发挥地区农业资源优势,推进高原夏菜和当归产业健康可持续发展,经过试验示范和生产实践,从范围、规范性引用文件、术语和定义、产地环境、西兰花栽培技术、绿肥复种技术、轮作当归栽培技术等方面制订了西兰花复种绿肥-当归高效轮作种植技术规程,以更好地指导生产。

宁夏灌区不同牧草复种模式综合效益分析

针对宁夏引黄灌区饲草产量低、栽培技术落后、季节性青饲料极其短缺导致草畜矛盾尖锐等现状,本研究设置了秋播饲用小黑麦(×Triticosecale Wittmack)+高丹草(Sorghum bicolor×S.sudanense)(T-SS)、饲用小黑麦+饲用高粱(S.bicolor)(T-FS)、饲用小黑麦+饲用谷子(Setaria italica)(T-FM)和饲用小黑麦+青贮玉米(Zea mays)(T-SM)4个复种模式处理,通过检测分析不同处理的生长指标、草产量、营养品质(粗蛋白、酸性洗涤纤维、中性洗涤纤维)、经济效益及土壤养分含量,旨在探明4种不同饲草复种模式的生产性能和综合效益,为该区牧草复种技术提供理论依据。结果表明:4种复种牧草的株高、茎粗和SPAD差异极显著,不同复种系统对牧草鲜草、干草产量、枝条数、粗蛋白产量、品质、土壤理化性状和经济效益均有极显著影响。高丹草复种系统草产量最高、枝条数最多、粗蛋白产量最高,饲用谷子粗蛋白含量最大,青贮玉米酸性和中性洗涤纤维含量最低,而相对饲用价值最大;对土壤有机质、全盐和pH的影响不显著,对速效钾和碱解氮含量的影响显著,对速效磷影响极显著;高丹草复种系统的产投比最高。综合评价筛选出饲用小黑麦复种饲用谷子和高丹草的种植模式可推广为宁夏引黄灌区牧草周年栽培模式。

南疆地区复种早熟粮饲兼用玉米叶绿素荧光特征分析

【目的】为明确南疆地区复种早熟粮饲兼用玉米品种最佳种植密度以及不同密度下叶绿素荧光特征参数变化规律及其与产量形成的关系,为南疆地区复播玉米种植技术的提升提供参考依据。【方法】以自育早熟粮饲兼用玉米杂交新品种XL1822和XL1903为材料,设置高、低两种密度(9.00×10^(4)和11.25×10^(4)株/hm^(2)),研究两个玉米品种高、低密度下叶片叶绿素荧光特征参数、主要农艺性状、干物质积累及产量结构等的差异。【结果】XL1822低密度处理在拔节期、大喇叭口期、吐丝期、灌浆期叶片实际光量子产量[Y(Ⅱ)]、光化学淬灭系数(qL)、PSⅡ反应中心活性较高;XL1903高密度处理在拔节期、大喇叭口期、吐丝期叶片Y(Ⅱ)、qL较高。XL1822低密度处理在吐丝期、灌浆期、成熟期叶片SPAD值略高于高密度。XL1903高密度处理全生育期叶片的SPAD值较高。XL1822低密度籽率产量为9250 kg/hm^(2)、干物质积累量为15590 kg/hm^(2),显著高于高密度处理。XL1903高密度籽率产量为9065 kg/hm^(2)、干物质积累量为19095 kg/hm^(2),显著高于低密度处理。【结论】较高的叶绿素荧光特征参数和SAPD值为玉米产量形成和干物质积累奠定基础。极早熟品种XL1822低密度处理、早熟玉米品种XL1903高密度处理在关键生育时期植株Y(Ⅱ)、qL、PSⅡ反应中心活性较高,因此XL1822种植密度为9×10^(4)株/hm^(2),XL1903种植密度为11.25×10^(4)株/hm^(2)时在南疆地区可获得较高产量。

黄精两种复种模式产量效益现状分析

黄精是药食兼用类中药材,在医疗保健方面具有广阔前景。针对黄精长期供求矛盾和亟需提高种植技术、拓展种植模式等问题,以中国知网大数据平台近5年药用黄精不同复种模式下产量效益相关的研究文献为基础,通过统计所涉及的复种方式及相应产量效益等数据资料,分别对药用黄精不同复种模式下产量效益情况进行总结比较,分析黄精产量效益差异产生的原因,优选利于提高黄精产量效益和品质的复种方式,并对黄精种植技术和复种模式选择提出建议,以期为黄精种植技术研究提供参考依据。

河西灌区减氮条件下小麦复种绿肥的水分利用及经济效益

【目的】针对河西绿洲灌区作物生产中氮肥施用过量、水资源利用效率与经济效益较低等问题,探讨麦后复种绿肥及适量减施化学氮肥对小麦农田耗水特性及经济效益的影响。【方法】2019—2020年在甘肃省河西绿洲灌区进行裂区试验,主区设置麦后复种绿肥(W-G)和单作小麦(W)两种种植模式;副区为5个施氮水平,分别为不施氮肥(N_(0))、常规施氮(180 kg·hm^(-2),N_(4))、减施45%氮肥(N_(1))、减施30%氮肥(N_(2))和减施15%氮肥(N_(3))。测定不同处理下小麦绿肥体系产量、水资源利用效率及经济效益。【结果】麦后复种绿肥以及适量减施化学氮肥显著提高小麦籽粒产量和系统生物热能产,2019和2020年,W-G较W处理籽粒产量分别提高10.8%和12.4%,系统生物热能产分别提高37.8%和40.3%;麦后复种绿肥结合减氮15%(W-G-N_(3))较单作小麦结合减氮15%(W-N_(3))和单作小麦传统施氮(W-N_(4))处理小麦分别增产6.9%—16.7%和7.9%—13.6%,生物热能产提高52.0%—62.2%和27.1%—58.9%。W-G较W小麦生育阶段耗水量降低6.3%—16.0%,W-G-N_(3)较W-N_(3)和W-N_(4)小麦季耗水量分别降低13.4%—20.5%和20.8%—29.0%,W-G由于绿肥生长季消耗水分,总耗水量显著高于W。W-G较W小麦水分利用效率分别提高7.9%和19.2%;2019年度W-G-N_(3)较W-N_(3)和W-N_(4)小麦水分利用效率分别提高23.5%和5.1%,差异显著。W-G-N_(3)可有效提高系统单位耗水生物热能产,较W-N_(3)和W-N_(4)分别提高2.7%—14.5%和9.3%—17.5%。W-G较W增加了成本投入,总产值也随之提高;2019年度W-G-N_(3)较W-N_(3)和W-N_(4)纯收益分别提高9.8%和9.5%,2020年度W-G-N_(3)较W-N_(3)和W-N_(4)纯收益则分别降低了15.6%和15.7%;2019和2020年W-G较W产投比分别降低20.7%和23.1%,W-G-N_(3)较W-N_(3)和W-N_(4)产投比降低比例均为14.8%—23.1%,W-G因较多的资源投入降低了系统单方水效益。【结论】在河西绿洲灌区,麦后复种绿肥结合适量减施化学氮肥能够提高作物产量和经济效益,水资源利用效率也随之提高,其中麦后复种绿肥结合减量15%施氮处理的综合效果最好,可作为提高水资源利用及农民收益的理想种植模式及施氮水平。

干旱灌区绿肥对多样化种植小麦玉米产量性能指标的影响

为探究插种豆科绿肥对传统小麦、玉米多样化种植模式产量性能指标的影响,通过配置豆科绿肥构建干旱灌区作物高产技术途径,依托2017年布设的田间定位试验,于2019—2021年对小麦、玉米传统种植模式及配置豆科绿肥后主栽作物叶面积指数(LAI)、叶日积(LAD)、作物生长率(CGR)、籽粒产量(GY)及产量构成要素的响应特征进行研究,明确基于绿肥提升作物多样化水平进而提高作物产量的理论基础。试验设单作玉米(M)、单作小麦(W)一年一收、小麦复种绿肥(W-G)和小麦间作玉米(W||M)一年两收、小麦复种绿肥间作玉米(W-G||M)一年三收共5种作物多样化水平不同的种植模式。结果表明,不同种植系统混合籽粒产量随作物多样化水平的提高而提高,一年两收模式W||M显著高于W和M,W-G显著高于W,一年三收模式W-G||M显著高于W||M和W-G;净占地面积下,两种组分作物籽粒产量随多样化水平的提高而提高。LAI、LAD和主栽作物生育后期CGR等产量性能指标也随作物多样化水平的提高而提高。产量构成要素方面,随作物多样化水平的提高,小麦穗粒数、玉米有效穗数随之提高;W-G在小麦穗粒数和千粒重方面显著高于W。通径分析显示,组分作物小麦主要通过穗粒数的增加而实现增产,组分作物玉米主要通过单位面积有效穗数的增加实现增产。本研究表明,随作物多样化水平的提升,主栽作物籽粒产量和产量性能指标也随之提升,干旱灌区可通过配置豆科绿肥提升种植系统作物多样化水平,从而实现增产。

施氮量对麦后复种不同蔬菜模式土壤养分及产量的影响

【目的】通过研究施氮量对麦后复种不同蔬菜模式下土壤特性及蔬菜产量的影响,为宁夏灌区麦后复种氮肥合理高效利用提供理论依据。【方法】以麦后复种娃娃菜(小义和秋)、辣椒(娇龙7号)、萝卜(心里美)为材料,采用裂区设计,主区为3种复种蔬菜,娃娃菜(A)、辣椒(B)、萝卜(C),副区为4个施氮水平:0(N_(1))、180 kg/hm^(2)(N_(2))、225 kg/hm^(2)(N_(3))、270 kg/hm^(2)(N_(4)),通过作物生长及土壤相关指标测定,研究了不同施氮量在3种复种模式下对土壤养分及蔬菜产量的影响。【结果】适量增施氮肥有利于提高土壤碱解氮、速效磷和有机质含量,其在N_(3)处理下的含量均显著高于其他处理(P<0.05);速效钾、含水量和容重则随施氮量增加有所下降;复种模式对土壤养分的影响表现为为娃娃菜>萝卜>辣椒;各复种蔬菜产量随施氮量的增加变化不同,辣椒和萝卜产量随施氮量增加呈抛物线型变化,N_(3)处理下值最高分别为1095.19 kg/667m^(2)、9006.24 kg/667m^(2),较其他处理分别显著提高71.64%~199.44%、21.22%~143.97%,娃娃菜产量随施氮量增加而持续增加,N_(4)处理下值最高达8205.60 kg/667m^(2),较其他处理显著提高39.03%~314.89%。【结论】适宜的施氮量能有效改善土壤性状、促进养分循环与增加、提高蔬菜产量,适宜宁夏灌区麦后复种的施氮量为225 kg/hm^(2)。

陇东地区秋播小黑麦茬后复种青贮玉米品种的筛选

为筛选出适宜在陇东地区与秋播小黑麦复种的青贮玉米品种,本试验连续2年对12个青贮玉米品种的农艺性状、鲜草产量和干草产量进行研究,以筛选出最佳适宜于秋播小黑麦复种的青贮玉米品种,从而为该区推广秋播小黑麦茬后复种青贮玉米“一年两作”饲草高效生产技术提供理论依据。结果表明:秋播小黑麦茬后复种禾玉36和北农青贮208的鲜草产量分别为74.83、72.58 t/hm2,干草产量分别为24.59、22.85 t/hm2,而且2个年份均能够表现出高产、稳产的优势。因此,禾玉36和北农青贮208可作为陇东地区秋播小黑麦复种生产优质饲草的主推品种。

中国耕地种植制度遥感探测及其时空特征

[目的]耕地种植制度是农业生产方式的具体体现,其形成受自然资源要素与人类土地利用行为综合影响,反映了“人类-自然”的耦合关系。本研究旨在科学掌握全国耕地种植制度格局,为优化农业生产布局、提高农业生产能力、推动农业可持续性发展提供依据。[方法]结合遥感监测与空间决策树模型等手段,构建适合我国农情的跨年度种植制度探测方法体系,并开展空间格局分析。首先,通过辨析种植强度、复种指数等概念,从长期性、周期性、稳定性等方面,定义种植制度的内涵;其次,构建连续度、频度指标,并利用基于时序遥感的2001—2018年中国复种指数监测结果,结合时间滑动窗口方法,在像元尺度分别计算两个指标的具体值;最后,评估耕地的种植强度与种植制度特征的显著性,利用决策树方法确定种植制度类型,从区域差异、动态规律等方面分析不同区域种植制度的时空异质特征。[结果](1)面积上看,一年一熟所占面积最大,占53.52%,超过耕地总面积的一半;其次是一年两熟,占23.28%,季节性休耕(如两年三熟)与年度休耕分别占12.80%和6.94%。(2)空间上看,一年一熟、一年两熟、季节性休耕与年度休耕的集中分布区分别为东北地区、华北地区、长江以南地区与“镰刀弯”地区。(3)时间上看,动态稳定的种植制度从时间维度上揭示了静态复种指数背后的异质性,例如,2018年复种指数为1的区域,其中75.18%属于一年一熟、6.60%属于一年两熟、8.92%属于季节性休耕、8.02%属于年度休耕。[结论]本研究提出了一种结合时序遥感监测与空间决策树模型的跨年度分类体系,揭示了中国耕地种植制度分区聚集、种植强度南高北低的空间格局,直观展现了松嫩平原、“镰刀弯”等空间聚集区;分析了耕地复种与种植制度的时空差异特征,主要表现在种植制度与年度复种指数的空间不一致性,以及种植制度特有的周期性。研究结果可为合理提高耕地复种强度、推动实施“藏粮于地”战略提供案例支撑。

陇东旱塬区复种马铃薯栽培模式筛选

为研究陇东旱塬区冬油菜收获后复种马铃薯不同栽培模式对其产量及经济效益的影响,采用单因素试验区组设计,以陇薯7号原种马铃薯品种为试验材料,共设计8种栽培模式。通过对不同模式下马铃薯农艺性状、商品率、产量及经济效益的比较,筛选出最佳的冬油菜茬复种马铃薯栽培模式。结果表明,秸秆带状覆盖、平作起垄、垄沟种植3个栽培模式表现较好,667 m^(2)产量分别为2292.81、1917.63、1655.46 kg,比对照露地平作分别增产41.27%、18.15%和2.00%。

基于SfM-MVS的作物三维重建:挑战与创新

三维重建技术可提供更全面、准确的作物表型信息,已成为智慧农业和智慧育种领域的研究热点。基于多目视觉法的三维重建技术因其低成本、高精度的特性而被广泛应用于作物三维重建,其中运动恢复结构-多视角立体视觉(SfM-MVS)流程是其主流实现方法。本文对不断发展的SfM-MVS流程进行了技术体系梳理,并从当前作物三维重建的角度出发,总结了SfM-MVS所面临的挑战和已有创新之处。本研究可为基于SfM-MVS的作物三维重建技术集成提供有力支撑,并为关键技术突破提供重要参考。