Effects of Qingwen Baidu decoction on coagulation and multiple organ injury in rat models of sepsis

Background:Sepsis-induced coagulopathy and multiple organ dysfunction syndromes are the leading causes of death in patients with sepsis.Qingwen Baidu decoction(QWBD)can effectively improve the clinical manifestations of sepsis and ease inflammation,but its effects on coagulation functions and multiple organ injuries remain unclear.Methods:100 healthy,male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into the sham group,the cecal ligation and puncture(CLP)group,the low-dose QWBD group,and the high-dose QWBD group,with 25 rats in each group.The sepsis model was established using CLP.Blood was collected to measure platelet count,serum creatinine(Cr),blood urea nitrogen(BUN),alanine aminotransferase(ALT),and aspartate aminotransferase(AST)levels,as well as coagulation function.The total protein in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid(BALF)was determined in each group of rats.The lung,liver,and kidney tissues were harvested,and statistics were calculated on the wet-to-dry(W/D)weight ratio.Changes in histopathology and thrombin level were evaluated in each group.The remaining ten rats in each group were observed daily to record the number of surviving rats.Such observation was made consecutively for 7 days to calculate survival rates.Results:After model establishment,ALT,AST,Cr,and BUN levels were significantly elevated(P<0.01).The BALF protein content and lung W/D weight ratio were significantly increased(P<0.01).Furthermore,the survival rate of rats was significantly reduced in the CLP group compared with the sham group.After the treatment,rats in the high-dose QWBD group had lower ALT(P<0.05),AST(P<0.01),Cr(P<0.05),BUN(P<0.01)levels,lower BALF protein content(P<0.05)and lower lung W/D weight ratio(P<0.01)than the CLP group.However,rats in the high-dose QWBD group had significantly better pathological changes in the lung,liver,and kidney compared to the sham group.After the treatment,the platelet level in the peripheral blood was elevated(P<0.05)and both activated partial thromboplastin time and prothrombin time were significantly shortened(P<0.01).The fibrinogen level was significantly increased(P<0.01).Finally,thrombin positive expression areas in the lung,liver,and kidney were significantly decreased in the high-dose QWBD group.Conclusion:QWBD can improve coagulation disorders caused by sepsis and has a protective effect on multiple organ injuries in rats.

Pathological changes at early stage of multiple organ injury in a rat model of severe acute pancreatitis

BACKGROUND: Severe acute pancreatitis (SAP) is a commonly seen acute abdominal syndrome characterized by sudden onset, rapid progression and high mortality rate. The damage in peripheral organs may be more severe than that in the pancreas, and can even lead to multiple organ dysfunction. It is critical to recognize early pathological changes in multiple organs. This study aimed to assess the early pathological features of damaged organs in a rat model of SAP. METHODS: Thirty clean grade healthy male Sprague-Dawley rats weighing 250-300 g were randomly divided into a model control group (n=15) and a sham-operated group (n=15). The SAP rat model was induced by sodium taurocholate. Samples of blood and from multiple organs were collected 3 hours after operation. We assessed the levels of IL-6, TNF-alpha, PLA2, NO, ET-1, MDA, amylases and endotoxin in blood and observed the early pathological changes in multiple damaged organs. RESULTS: Levels of IL-6, TNF-alpha, PLA2, NO, ET-1 and MDA in serum and of amylase and endotoxin in plasma of the model control group rats were significantly higher than those of the sham-operated group (P<0.01). Different degrees of pathological change were observed in multiple damaged organs. CONCLUSION: Multiple organ injury may occur at the early stage of SAP in rats.

PROTECTION OF CARBON MONOXIDE INHALATION ON LIPOPOLY-SACCHARIDE-INDUCED MULTIPLE ORGAN INJURY IN RATS

Objective To observe the protection of carbon monoxide (CO) inhalation on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced rat multiple organ injury. Methods Sprague-Dawley rats with multiple organ injury induced by 5 mg/kg LPS intravenous injection were exposed to room air or 2.5×10-4(V/V) CO for 3 hours. The lung and intestine tissues of rats were harvested to measure the expression of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) with reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, the levels of pulmonary tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and intestinal platelet activator factor (PAF), intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, the content of maleic dialdehyde (MDA) and the activity of myeloperoxidase (MPO) with chemical method, the cell apoptosis rate with flow cytometry, and the pathological changes with light microscope. Results CO inhalation obviously up-regulated the expression of HO-1 in lung (5.43±0.92) and intestine (6.29±1.56) in LPS + CO group compared with (3.08±0.82) and (3.97±1.16) in LPS group (both P<0.05). The levels of TNF-α, IL-6 in lung and PAF, ICAM-1 in intestine of LPS+CO group were 0.91±0.25, 0.64±0.05, 1.19±0.52, and 1.83±0.35 pg/mg, respectively, significantly lower than the corresponding values in LPS group (1.48±0.23, 1.16±0.26, 1.84±0.73, and 3.48±0.36 pg/mg, all P<0.05). The levels of MDA, MPO, and cell apoptosis rate in lung and intestine of LPS+CO group were 1.02±0.23 nmol/mg, 1.74±0.17 nmol/mg, 7.18±1.62 U/mg, 6.30±0.97 U/mg, 1.60%±0.34%, and 30.56%±6.33%, respectively, significantly lower than the corresponding values in LPS group (1.27±0.33 nmol/mg, 2.75±0.39 nmol/mg, 8.16±1.49 U/mg, 7.72±1.07 U/mg, 3.18%±0.51%, and 41.52%±3.36%, all P<0.05). In addition, injury of lung and intestine induced by LPS was attenuated at presence of CO inhalation. Conclusion CO inhalation protects rat lung and intestine from LPS-induced injury via anti-oxidantion, anti-inflammation, anti-apoptosis, and up-regulation of HO-1 expression.

Preparation method of an ideal model of multiple organ injury of rat with severe acute pancreatitis

AIM: To establish an ideal model of multiple organ injury of rats with severe acute pancreatitis (SAP). METHODS: SAP models were induced by retrograde injection of 0.1 mL/100 g 3.5% sodium taurocholate into the biliopancreatic duct of Sprague-Dawley rats. The plasma and samples of multiple organ tissues of rats were collected at 3, 6 and 12 h after modeling. The ascites volume, ascites/body weight ratio, and contents of amylase, endotoxin, endothelin-1 (ET-1), nitrogen monoxidum (NO), phospholipase A2 (PLA2), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6) in plasma were determined. The histological changes of multiple organs were observed under light microscope. RESULTS: The ascites volume, ascites/body weight ratio, and contents of various inflammatory mediators in blood were higher in the model group than in the sham operation group at all time points [2.38 (1.10), 2.58 (0.70), 2.54 (0.71) vs 0.20 (0.04), 0.30 (0.30), 0.22 (0.10)at 3, 6 and 12 h in ascites/body weight ratio; 1582 (284), 1769 (362), 1618 (302) (U/L) vs 5303 (1373), 6276 (1029), 7538 (2934) (U/L) at 3, 6 and 12 h in Amylase; 0.016 (0.005), 0.016 (0.010), 0.014 (0.015) (EU/mL) vs 0.053 (0.029), 0.059 (0.037), 0.060 (0.022) (EU/mL) at 3, 6 and 12 h in Endotoxin; 3.900 (3.200), 4.000 (1.700), 5.300 (3.000) (ng/L) vs 41.438 (37.721), 92.151 (23.119), 65.016 (26.806) (ng/L) at 3, 6 and 12 h in TNF-α, all P < 0.01]. Visible congestion, edema and lamellar necrosis and massive leukocytic infiltration were found in the pancreas of rats of model group. There were also pathological changes of lung, liver, kidney, ileum, lymphonode, thymus, myocardium and brain. CONCLUSION: This rat model features reliability, convenience and a high achievement ratio. Complicated with multiple organ injury, it is an ideal animal model of SAP.

Effect of Sheng-jiang powder on multiple-organ inflammatory injury in acute pancreatitis in rats fed a high-fat diet

BACKGROUND Obesity worsens inflammatory organ injury in acute pancreatitis(AP), but there is no effective preventive strategy. Sheng-jiang powder(SJP) has been shown to alleviate multiple-organ inflammatory injury in rats with high-fat diet-induced obesity. Hence, SJP is supposed to have an effect on multiple-organ inflammatory injury in AP in rats fed a high-fat diet.AIM To explore how obesity may contribute to aggravating inflammatory organ injury in AP in rats and observe the effect of SJP on multiple-organ inflammatory injury in AP in rats fed a high-fat diet.METHODS Rats were randomly assigned to a control group(CG), an obese group(OG), and an SJP treatment group(SG), with eight rats per group. The rats in the OG and SG were fed a high-fat diet. From the third week, the rats in the SG were given oral doses of SJP(5 g/kg of body weight). After 12 wk, AP was induced in the three groups. Serum amylase level, body weight, Lee's index, serum biochemistry parameters, and serum inflammatory cytokine and tissue cytokine levels were assessed, and the tissue histopathological scores were evaluated and compared.RESULTS Compared with the CG, serum triglyceride, total cholesterol, interleukin-6, and interleukin-10 levels were significantly higher in the OG, and serum high-density lipoprotein cholesterol level was significantly lower in the OG. Moreover,enhanced oxidative damage was observed in the pancreas, heart, spleen, lung,intestine, liver, and kidney. Evidence of an imbalanced antioxidant defense system, especially in the pancreas, spleen, and intestine, was observed in the obese AP rats. Compared with the OG, serum high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, interleukin-10, and superoxide dismutase expression levels in the pancreas, spleen, and intestine were increased in the SG. Additionally, SJP intervention led to a decrease in the following parameters: body weight; Lee's index; serum triglyceride levels; serum total cholesterol levels; malondialdehyde expression levels in the pancreas, heart, spleen, lung, and liver; myeloperoxidase expression levels in the lung; and pathological scores in the liver.CONCLUSION Obesity may aggravate the inflammatory reaction and pathological multipleorgan injury in AP rats, and SJP may alleviate multiple-organ inflammatory injury in AP in rats fed a high-fat diet.

Protective Effects of Erythropoietin on Endotoxin-related Organ Injury in Rats

Summary： The protective effect of erythropoietin （EPO） on tissues following ischemia and reperfusion injuries remains poorly understood. We aimed to investigate the effect of EPO in preventing en- dotoxin-induced organ damage. Rat model of multiple organ failure （MOF） was established by tail vein injection of 10 mg/kg lipopolysaccharide （LPS）. Recombinant human EPO treatment （5000 U/kg） was administered by tail vein injection at 30 min after LPS challenge. Twenty-four h after EPO treatment, changes in serum enzyme levels, including aspartate aminotransferase （AST）, alanine transaminase （ALT）, blood urea nitrogen （BUN） and creatinine （Cr）, were evaluated by biochemical analysis. Serum levels of tumor necrosis factor-tx （TNF-ct） were determined by using immunoradiometric assay. Histological examination of tissue sections was carried out by hematoxylin and eosin staining, while ul- trastructure evaluation of organ tissues was assessed by transmission electron microscopy. Protein ex- pression levels were detected by using Western blotting. EPO treatment showed a modest effect in pre- venting LPS-induced elevation of AST, ALT, BUN, Cr, and TNF-ct levels, and in protecting against LPS-induced tissue degeneration and injured ultrastructure in the lung, liver, and kidney. Moreover, LPS promoted phosphorylation of alanine aminotransferase （AKT） and increased nuclear factor-r,B （NF-rB） activation in the lung, liver, and kidney （P〈0.05 vs. control）. However, EPO treatment significantly de- creased the LPS-induced pAKT up-regulation in these tissues （P〈0.05 vs. LPS treatment alone）. The present study demonstrates that EPO may play a protective role against LPS-induced MOF by reducing the inflammatory response and tissue degeneration, possibly via the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/AKT and NF-r,B signaling pathways.

Intratracheal administration of umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stem cells attenuates hyperoxia-induced multi-organ injury via heme oxygenase-1 and JAK/STAT pathways

BACKGROUND Bronchopulmonary dysplasia(BPD)is not merely a chronic lung disease,but a systemic condition with multiple organs implications predominantly associated with hyperoxia exposure.Despite advances in current management strategies,limited progress has been made in reducing the BPD-related systemic damage.Meanwhile,although the protective effects of human umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stem cells(hUC-MSCs)or their exosomes on hyperoxia-induced lung injury have been explored by many researchers,the underlying mechanism has not been addressed in detail,and few studies have focused on the therapeutic effect on systemic multiple organ injury.AIM To investigate whether hUC-MSC intratracheal administration could attenuate hyperoxia-induced lung,heart,and kidney injuries and the underlying regulatory mechanisms.METHODS Neonatal rats were exposed to hyperoxia(80%O_(2)),treated with hUC-MSCs intratracheal(iT)or intraperitoneal(iP)on postnatal day 7,and harvested on postnatal day 21.The tissue sections of the lung,heart,and kidney were analyzed morphometrically.Protein contents of the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid(BALF),myeloper oxidase(MPO)expression,and malondialdehyde(MDA)levels were examined.Pulmonary inflammatory cytokines were measured via enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.A comparative transcriptomic analysis of differentially expressed genes(DEGs)in lung tissue was conducted via RNA-sequencing.Subsequently,we performed reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction and western blot analysis to explore the expression of target mRNA and proteins related to inflammatory and oxidative responses.RESULTS iT hUC-MSCs administration improved pulmonary alveolarization and angiogenesis(P<0.01,P<0.01,P<0.001,and P<0.05 for mean linear intercept,septal counts,vascular medial thickness index,and microvessel density respectively).Meanwhile,treatment with hUC-MSCs iT ameliorated right ventricular hypertrophy(for Fulton’s index,P<0.01),and relieved reduced nephrogenic zone width(P<0.01)and glomerular diameter(P<0.001)in kidneys.Among the beneficial effects,a reduction of BALF protein,MPO,and MDA was observed in hUC-MSCs groups(P<0.01,P<0.001,and P<0.05 respectively).Increased pro-inflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor-alpha,interleukin(IL)-1β,and IL-6 expression observed in the hyperoxia group were significantly attenuated by hUC-MSCs administration(P<0.01,P<0.001,and P<0.05 respectively).In addition,we observed an increase in anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 expression in rats that received hUC-MSCs iT compared with rats reared in hyperoxia(P<0.05).Transcriptomic analysis showed that the DEGs in lung tissues induced by hyperoxia were enriched in pathways related to inflammatory responses,epithelial cell proliferation,and vasculature development.hUC-MSCs administration blunted these hyperoxia-induced dysregulated genes and resulted in a shift in the gene expression pattern toward the normoxia group.hUC-MSCs increased heme oxygenase-1(HO-1),JAK2,and STAT3 expression,and their phosphorylation in the lung,heart,and kidney(P<0.05).Remarkably,no significant difference was observed between the iT and iP administration.CONCLUSION iT hUC-MSCs administration ameliorates hyperoxia-induced lung,heart,and kidney injuries by activating HO-1 expression and JAK/STAT signaling.The therapeutic benefits of local iT and iP administration are equivalent.

Magnetic resonance imaging correlates of bee sting induced multiple organ dysfunction syndrome: A case report

Occasionally systemic complications with high risk of death,such as multiple organ dysfunction syndrome(MODS),can occur following multiple bee stings.This case study reports a patient who presented with MODS,i.e.,acute kidney injury,hepatic and cardiac dysfunc-tion,after multiple bee stings.The standard clinical findings were then correlated with magnetic resonance imaging(MRI)findings,which demonstrates that MRI may be utilized as a simpler tool to use than other mul-tiple diagnostics.

Multiple-Organ Extracorporeal Support Therapies in Critically Ill Patients

The critically ill patient is capable of presenting a multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS) caused by different diseases, which can be infectious (sepsis, septic shock) as well as non-infectious (pancreatitis, large surgeries, traumatic injuries, burn patients and brain injuries), this syndrome is characterized by global hemodynamic and organ perfusion alterations accompanied by an uncontrolled and marked inflammatory response unresponsive to pharmacological treatment due to which extracorporeal organ support can be a viable option. Acute renal lesion can occur in up to 60% of patients receiving intensive care, and close to 10% - 20% require renal replacement therapy (RRT) globally this can be provided as peritoneal dialysis (PD) or intermittent hemodialysis (IHD), continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT), hybrid therapies known as sustained slow efficiency dialysis (SLED), which combines the benefits IHD and CRRT, slow continuous ultrafiltration (SCUF). Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) and extracorporeal elimination of CO2, have been used more frequently lately, these are temporal artificial support used for respiratory and/or cardiac insufficiency that is refractory to conventional treatment. Acute liver failure in adults has a mortality rate close to 50% furthermore one-third of patients hospitalized for cirrhosis are likely to progress to acute liver failure which will drastically increase its mortality. Based on concepts of albumin dialysis, one of its most known is the following: Molecular Adsorbent Recirculating System (MARS), Fractionated Plasma Separation and Absorption—FPSA (Prometheus®) and also, hemoperfusion with different cartridges used in different extracorporeal therapies, used in liver failure, rhabdomyolysis, cytokine release syndrome and more in the context of the pandemic covid19. The objective of this review is to know the different extracorporeal therapies and the therapeutic utility in critical patients.

Association of low non-invasive near-infrared spectroscopic measurements during initial trauma resuscitation with future development of multiple organ dysfunction

BACKGROUND: Near-infrared spectroscopy(NIRS) non-invasively monitors muscle tissue oxygen saturation(St O2). It may provide a continuous noninvasive measurement to identify occult hypoperfusion, guide resuscitation, and predict the development of multiple organ dysfunction(MOD) after severe trauma. We evaluated the correlation between initial St O2 and the development of MOD in multi-trauma patients.METHODS: Patients presenting to our urban, academic, Level I Trauma Center/Emergency Department and meeting standardized trauma-team activation criteria were enrolled in this prospective trial. NIRS monitoring was initiated immediately on arrival with collection of St O2 at the thenar eminence and continued up to 24 hours for those admitted to the Trauma Intensive Care Unit(TICU). Standardized resuscitation laboratory measures and clinical evaluation tools were collected. The primary outcome was the association between initial St O2 and the development of MOD within the f irst 24 hours based on a MOD score of 6 or greater. Descriptive statistical analyses were performed; numeric means, multivariate regression and rank sum comparisons were utilized. Clinicians were blinded from the StO 2 values.RESULTS: Over a 14 month period, 78 patients were enrolled. Mean age was 40.9 years(SD 18.2), 84.4% were male, 76.9% had a blunt trauma mechanism and mean injury severity score(ISS) was 18.5(SD 12.9). Of the 78 patients, 26(33.3%) developed MOD within the first 24 hours. The MOD patients had mean initial St O2 values of 53.3(SD 10.3), signifi cantly lower than those of nonMOD patients 61.1(SD 10.0); P=0.002. The mean ISS among MOD patients was 29.9(SD 11.5), significantly higher than that of non-MODS patients, 12.1(SD 9.1)(P<0.0001). The mean shock index(SI) among MOD patients was 0.92(SD 0.28), also signifi cantly higher than that of non-MODS patients, 0.73(SD 0.19)(P=0.0007). Lactate values were not signifi cantly different between groups.CONCLUSION: Non-invasive, continuous St O2 near-infrared spectroscopy values during initial trauma resuscitation correlate with the later development of multiple organ dysfunction in this patient population.

毒蛇咬伤致多脏器损伤作用及机制研究进展

毒蛇咬伤是临床常见急重症,严重危害人类生命安全。蛇毒毒液螯入后会导致神经损伤、凝血障碍等致死性的全身性损伤,咬伤部位溃疡、肌坏死等致残性的局部损伤,以及多脏器组织损伤。近年来,毒蛇咬伤后血液毒性、神经毒性、细胞毒性被广泛研究,但对实体脏器的损伤研究较为缺乏,而蛇伤后多脏器损伤是其高致死率的重要原因。因此,该文对毒蛇咬伤后,合并致心脏、肝脏、肾脏、肺脏、脾脏、脑等实体脏器的功能性或器质性损伤作用及机制进行综述,旨在为蛇伤临床精准诊治提供参考与借鉴。

血清D-dimer、SDC-1、sTLT-1水平对多发伤合并多器官功能障碍综合征患者预后的预测价值

目的探讨血清D-二聚体(D-dimer)、多配体蛋白聚糖-1(SDC-1)和可溶性髓样细胞触发受体样转录因子-1(sTLT-1)表达水平对多发伤合并多器官功能障碍综合征(MODS)患者预后的预测价值。方法选取2022年2月至2023年2月石家庄长城中西医结合医院收治的165例急诊多发伤患者,根据是否合并MODS将其分为MODS组(66例)和无MODS组(99例),根据入院第28天MODS组患者的生存结局将多发伤合并MODS患者为死亡组(32例)和存活组(34例)。比较各组血清D-dimer、SDC-1和sTLT-1表达水平。采用多因素Logistic回归分析影响多发伤合并MODS患者预后不良的影响因素。绘制受试者工作特征(ROC)曲线分析D-dimer、SDC-1、sTLT-1对多发伤合并MODS患者预后的预测价值。结果多发伤合并MODS患者血清D-dimer、SDC-1及sTLT-1水平明显高于无MODS组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);多发伤合并MODS患者中死亡组血清D-dimer、SDC-1和sTLT-1水平均明显高于存活组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);血清D-dimer、SDC-1及sTLT-1水平升高均是多发伤合并MODS患者预后不良的危险因素(P<0.05);D-dimer、SDC-1和sTLT-1联合预测多发伤合并MODS患者预后的效能优于D-dimer、SDC-1和sTLT-1各自单独预测(P<0.05)。结论血清D-dimer、SDC-1及sTLT-1水平在多发伤合并MODS患者中明显升高,三者联合检测可评估多发伤合并MODS患者的预后。

Protective effects of Ligustrazine,Kakonein and Panax Notoginsenoside on the small intestine and immune organs of rats with severe acute pancreatitis

BACKGROUND:Severe acute pancreatitis (SAP) is characterized by fatal pathogenic conditions and a high mortality.It is important to study SAP complicated with multiple organ injury.In this study we compared the protective effects of three traditional Chinese medicines (Ligustrazine,Kakonein and Panax Notoginsenoside) on the small intestine and immune organs (thymus,spleen and lymph nodes) of rats with SAP and explored their mechanism of action.METHODS:One hundred forty-four rats with SAP were randomly divided into model control,Ligustrazine-treated,Kakonein-treated,and Panax Notoginsenoside-treated groups (n=36 per group).Another 36 normal rats comprised the sham-operated group.According to the different time points after operation,the experimental rats in each group were subdivided into 3-,6-and 12-hour subgroups (n=12).At various time points after operation,the mortality rate of rats and pathological changes in the small intestine and immune organs were recorded and the serum amylase levels were measured.RESULTS:Compared to the model control groups,the mortality rates in all treated groups declined and the pathological changes in the small intestine and immune tissues were relieved to different degrees.The serum amylase levels in the three treated groups were significantly lower than those in the model control group at 12 hours.The pathological severity scores for the small intestinal mucosa,thymus and spleen (at 3 and 12 hours) in the Ligustrazine-treated group,for the thymus (at 3 and 12 hours) and spleen (at 3 and 6 hours) in the Kakonein-treated group,and for the thymus (at 3 hours)and spleen (at 3 hours) in the Panax Notoginsenoside-treated group were significantly lower than those in the model control group.The pathological severity scores of the small intestinal mucosa (at 6 and 12 hours) and thymus (at 6 hours) in the Ligustrazine-treated group were significantly lower than those in the Kakonein-and Panax Notoginsenoside-treated groups.CONCLUSIONS:All the three traditional Chinese drugs significantly alleviated the pathological changes in the small intestine and immune organs of SAP rats.Ligustrazine was the most effective one among them.

Clinical features of acute kidney injury in patients with Kawasaki disease

Although acute kidney injury(AKI)is a common complication in hospitalized children,AKI has rarely been reported in patients with Kawasaki disease(KD).Herein,we review the clinical trajectories of AKI in patients with KD.A total of 39 patients with KD who developed AKI have been reported in 28 publications as case reports.The causes of AKI include prerenal AKI associated with acute heart failure(AHF),intrinsic AKI caused by tubulointerstitial nephritis(TIN),acute nephritic syndrome(ANS),hemolytic uremic syndrome(HUS),immune complexmediated nephropathy,rhabdomyolysis,and KD shock syndrome(KDSS).Six of the 39 patients(15.4%)underwent renal replacement therapy.While AHF and multiple organ dysfunction syndrome developed in41%and 68%of KD patients with AKI,respectively,all patients recovered without any renal sequelae.Although the precise pathogenic mechanism underlying the development of AKI in patients with KD is unknown,several possible mechanisms have been proposed,including T-cell-mediated immunologic abnormalities for TIN,renal and glomerular endothelial injury resulting from vasculitis for HUS,immune complex-mediated kidney injury for immune complex-mediated nephropathy and ASN,and capillary leak and an increased release of cytokines with myocardial dysfunction for KDSS.

Better therapy for combat injury

In modern warfare,therapy for combat injury is a critical issue to improve personnel survival and battle effectiveness.Be limited to the severe circumstance in the distant battlefield,quick and effective treatment cannot be supplied that leads infections,sepsis,multiple organ dysfunction syndrome(MODS)and high mortality.To get a better therapy for combat injury,we summarized several reports that associated with the mechanisms of sepsis and MODS,those published on MMR recently.Chaudry and colleagues reported gender difference in the outcomes of trauma,shock and sepsis.The advantageous outcome in female is due to their hormone milieu.Their accumulating reports indicated estrogen as a beneficial factor for multiple system and organs,including the central nervous system,the cardiopulmonary system,the liver,the kidneys,the immune system,and leads to better survival from sepsis.Thompson et al.reviewed the underlying mechanisms in trauma induced sepsis,which can be concluded as an imbalance of immune response triggered by damage-associated molecular patterns(DAMPs)and other immune modifying agents.They also emphasize immunomodulation as a better therapeutic strategy that might be a potential benefit in regulating the host immune response.Fan et al.have revealed a crucial mechanism underlying lung epithelial and macrophage crosstalk,which involves IL-25 as a mediator.After the injury,lung epithelial secreted IL-25 promotes TNF-αproduction in macrophage leading to acute lung injury(ALI).In addition to a mountain of cytokines,mitochondrial dysfunction in immune cell is another critical risk factor for immune dysfunction during sepsis.Both morphology and function alterations in mitochondria are closely associated with inadequate ATP production,insufficient metabolism process and overloaded ROS production,which lead harm to immune cells and other tissues by triggering oxidative stress.All the above reports discussed mechanisms of sepsis induction after trauma and provided evidence to improve better therapy strategies targeting diverse risk factors.

成功救治特重度化学烧伤合并高处坠落多脏器损伤、脓毒症休克、心肺复苏术后患者1例

1 临床资料患者男性,36岁,在约4 m高平台工作时因吸入“硫化氢”气体导致昏迷,跌落入10 cm深化学池,随即全身多处被70℃酸性液体(浓硫酸、硫化氢、钛液)烧伤。伤后立即送至当地县人民医院就诊,入院后发现患者腹胀,血压低,行彩超及腹部穿刺考虑腹腔出血,遂转至上级市人民医院。患者行胸腹部CT提示:(1)肺挫裂伤;(2)脾破裂;(3)腹腔、盆腔大量积血。

床旁超声造影在多发伤患者腹腔出血诊疗中的应用研究

目的探讨床旁超声造影在多发伤患者腹腔出血诊疗中的应用效果。方法选取2020年9月—2023年5月在湛江中心人民医院急诊医学科治疗的多发伤可疑腹腔出血患者141例,随机分为CT组(n=73)与床旁超声造影组(n=68)。床旁超声造影组立即行床边超声及造影诊断,CT组转运后行腹部CT检查。对比两组检查所需时间、死亡率、致残率,并观察检查准确率。结果床旁超声造影组检查所需时间为(5.75±2.18)min,CT组为(10.24±3.07)min,差异有统计学意义(t=7.026,P<0.05)。床旁超声造影组治疗后死亡率(5.88%)、致残率(16.18%)与CT组(8.22%,16.44%)比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。床旁超声造影组对腹腔出血检查准确率(92.65%)与CT组准确率(97.26%)比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论床边超声造影与CT诊断多发伤患者腹腔出血效果的基本一致,但检查所需时间较短,有降低致残率、死亡率的可能,可扩大样本进行进一步研究。

严重多发伤患者血清PTX-3、sTREM-1水平及其对多器官功能障碍综合征的预测价值

目的检测严重多发伤患者血清正五聚蛋白-3(PTX-3)、可溶性髓系细胞触发受体-1(sTREM-1)水平,分析二者对多器官功能障碍综合征(MODS)的预测价值。方法选取2016年6月至2019年6月咸阳市第一人民医院收治的128例已确诊的严重多发伤患者作为研究对象,其中70例合并MODS患者作为MODS组,58例未合并MODS患者作为对照组。采用酶联免疫吸附试验检测两组血清PTX-3、sTREM-1水平;采用Pearson相关分析PTX-3水平与sTREM-1水平的相关性,以及二者与急性生理与慢性健康评分(APACHEⅡ评分)的相关性;采用受试者工作特征(ROC)曲线分析PTX-3、sTREM-1对MODS的预测价值;采用多因素Logistic回归分析MODS发生的影响因素。结果MODS组血清PTX-3、sTREM-1水平均明显高于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);PTX-3、sTREM-1高表达组APACHEⅡ评分、损伤严重程度评分(ISS评分)均高于PTX-3、sTREM-1低表达组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);Pearson相关分析结果显示,MODS患者血清PTX-3水平与sTREM-1水平呈明显正相关(r=0.642,P<0.001),PTX-3、sTREM-1水平与APACHEⅡ评分均呈明显正相关(r=0.617、0.843,P<0.001)。ROC曲线分析结果显示,血清PTX-3最佳截断值为3.34μg/L时,预测MODS发生的曲线下面积(AUC)为0.907,灵敏度为78.57%,特异度为94.83%;sTREM-1最佳截断值为21.64 ng/mL时,预测MODS发生的AUC为0.902,灵敏度为72.86%,特异度为94.83%;PTX-3和sTREM-1联合检测预测MODS发生的AUC为0.960,灵敏度为90.00%,特异度为92.83%。多因素Logistic回归分析结果显示,APACHEⅡ评分、ISS评分、PTX-3水平、sTREM-1水平升高是严重多发伤患者并发MODS的危险因素(P<0.05)。结论PTX-3、sTREM-1在严重多发伤并发MODS患者血清中呈高表达,二者水平升高是严重多发伤患者并发MODS的危险因素,PTX-3、sTREM-1对MODS发生具有一定的预测价值。

老年重型颅脑损伤并发多脏器功能障碍的危险因素

目的探讨老年重型颅脑损伤并发多脏器功能障碍(MODS)的危险因素。方法回顾性分析2018年3月至2023年2月收治的156例老年重型颅脑损伤的临床资料。住院期间,参照1995年全国危重病急救医学学术会议标准进行诊断MODS。结果156例中,52例(33.33%)发生MODS。多因素logistic回归分析显示,入院GCS评分低、合并颅内感染、APACHE-Ⅱ评分高、动脉血气PH值下降以及APTT延长是老年重度颅脑损伤发生MODS的独立危险因素。ROC曲线分析回归模型预测老年重型颅脑损伤发生MODS的曲线下面积为0.93(95%CI:0.87~0.96),敏感性为84.62%(95%CI:71.9%~93.1%),特异性为95.19%(95%CI:89.1%~98.4%)。结论MODS是老年重型颅脑损伤常见并发症。本文构建的回归模型对MODS具有一定预测作用。