Coordinated control of coastal multi-source multi-load system with desalination load: a review

Traditional seawater desalination requires high amounts of energy, with correspondingly high costs and limited benefits, hindering wider applications of the process. To further improve the comprehensive economic benefits of seawater desalination, the desalination load can be combined with renewable energy sources such as solar energy, wind energy, and ocean energy or with the power grid to ensure its effective regulation. Utilizing energy internet(EI) technology, energy balance demand of the regional power grid, and coordinated control between coastal multi-source multi-load and regional distribution network with desalination load is reviewed herein. Several key technologies, including coordinated control of coastal multi-source multi-load system with seawater desalination load, flexible interaction between seawater desalination and regional distribution network, and combined control of coastal multi-source multi-load storage system with seawater desalination load, are discussed in detail. Adoption of the flexible interaction between seawater desalination and regional distribution networks is beneficial for solving water resource problems, improving the ability to dissipate distributed renewable energy, balancing and increasing grid loads, improving the safety and economy of coastal power grids, and achieving coordinated and comprehensive application of power grids, renewable energy sources, and coastal loads.

A New Design of Robust H∞Load-Frequency Controller for Optimal Coordination of Energy Generation in Power System Stability Using LMI Approach

This paper presents the problem of robust H∞?load frequency controller design and robust H￥ based approach called advanced frequency control (AFC). The objective is to split the task of balancing frequency deviations introduced by renewable energy source (RES) and load variations according to the capabilities of storage and generators. The problem we address is to design an output feedback controller such that, all admissible parameter uncertainties, the closed-loop system satisfies not only the prespecified H∞? norm constraint on the transfer function from the disturbance input to the system output. The conventional generators mainly balance the low-frequency components and load variations while the energy storage devices compensate the high- frequency components. In order to enable the controller design for storage devices located at buses with no generators, a model for the frequency at such a bus is developed. Then, AEC controllers are synthesized through decentralized static output feedback to reduce the complexity. The conditions for the existence of desired controllers are derived in terms of a linear matrix inequality (LMI) algorithm is improved. From the simulation results, the system responses with the proposed controller are the best transient responses.

Load Density Analysis of Mobile Zigbee Coordinator in Hexagonal Configuration

Mobility is one of the major new paradigms of the current Internet, and this is driving most of the research activity in networking throughout the World. The Mobility of Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) has become a hot research theme in recent years due to its wide range of applications ranging from medical research to military. The widely adopted standard for wireless sensor network platform is IEEE 802.15.4/ZigBee. The IEEE 802.15.4/ZigBee is considered the “technology of choice” due to low-power, cost-effective communication and the reliability they provide. In this paper, we perform extensive network evaluation, to study the Effect of coordinator mobility on ZigBee mesh network, using OPNET Modeler. In mobile coordinator, the type of the trajectory along with the node density and the traffic are the major factors that decide the system performance. The results obtained from the wide analysis of ZigBee mesh network shows variation when the routers are placed at Hexagonal configuration with a mobile coordinator. In this paper, variations in load metric is analyzed in hexagonal configuration by enabling and disabling ACK. Thus the status of ACK also plays a critical role in analysing load metrics.

Research on the Influence Factors and Coordinated Control Strategies between Unit and Grid for Isolated Power System

As the existing coordinated control strategies between grid and unit have limitations in isolated power system, this paper introduces new coordinated control strategies which can improve the stability of isolated system operation. This paper analyzes the power grid side and unit side influence factors on the isolated power system. The dynamic models which are suitable for islanding operation are applied to simulate and analyze the stability and dynamic characteristics of the isolated power system under the conditions of different load disturbances and governor parameters. With considering the differences of frequency characteristics between the interconnected and isolated power system, the adjusting and optimization methods of under frequency load shedding are proposed to meet the frequency stability requirements simultaneously in the two cases. Not only proper control strategies of the power plant but the settings of their parameters are suggested to improve the operation stability of the isolated power system. To confirm the correctness and effectiveness of the method mentioned above, the isolated system operation test was conducted under the real power system condition, and the results show that the proposed coordinated control strategies can greatly improve stability of the isolated power system.

Optimization of Load Assignment to Boilers in Industrial Boiler Plants

Along with the increasing importance of sustainable energy, the optimization of load assignment to boilers in an industrial boiler plant becomes one of the major projects for the optimal operation of boiler plants. Optimal load assignment for power systems has been a long-lasting subject, while it is quite new for industrial boiler plants. The existing methods of optimal load assignment for boiler plants are explained and analyzed briefly in the paper. They all need the fuel cost curves of boilers. Thanks to some special features of the curves for industrial boilers, a new model referred to as minimized departure model (MDM) of optimization of load assignment for boiler plants is developed and proposed in the paper. It merely relies upon the accessible data of two typical working conditions to build the model, viz. the working conditions with the highest efficiency of a boiler and with no-load. Explanation of the algorithm of computer program is given, and effort is made so as to determine in advance how many and which boilers are going to work. Comparison between the results using MDM and the results reported in references is carried out, which proves that MDM is preferable and practicable.

Exact solution for warping of spatial curved beams in natural coordinates

The purpose of the paper is to present an exact analytical solution of a spatial curved beam under multiple loads based on the existing theory. The transverse shear deformation and torsion-related warping effects are taken into account. By using this solution, a plane curved beam subjected to uniform vertical loads and torsions is analyzed. Accuracy and efficiency of present theory are demonstrated by comparing its numerical results with Heins＇ solution. Furthermore, the effects of the transverse shear deformation and torsion-related warping on deformation of the beam are discussed.

Optimal Operation of Electric Vehicles and Distributed Generation Resources in Smart Grid Considering Load Management

Technology advancement and the global tendency to use renewable energy in distributed generation units in the distribution network have been proposed as sources of energy supply.Despite the complexity of their protection,as well as the operation of distributed generation resources in the distribution network,factors such as improving reliability,increasing production capacity of the distribution network,stabilizing the voltage of the distribution network,reducing peak clipping losses,as well as economic and environmental considerations,have expanded the influence of distributed generation(DG)resources in the distribution network.The location of DG sources and their capacity are the key factors in the effectiveness of distributed generation in the voltage stability of distribution systems.Nowadays,along with the scattered production sources of electric vehicles with the ability to connect to the network,due to having an energy storage system,they are known as valuable resources that can provide various services to the power system.These vehicles can empower the grid or be used as a storage supply source when parked and connected to the grid.This paper introduces and studies a two-stage planning framework for the concurrent management of many electric vehicles and distributed generation resources with private ownership.In the first stage,the aim is to increase the profit of electric vehicles and distributed generation sources;finally,the purpose is to reduce operating costs.The proposed scheduling framework is tested on a distribution network connected to bus 5 of the RBTS sample network.Besides distributed generation sources and electric vehicles,we integrate time-consistent load management into the system.Due to distributed generation sources such as photovoltaic systems and wind turbines and the studied design in the modeling,we use the Taguchi TOAT algorithm to generate and reduce the scenario to ensure the uncertainty in renewable energy.MATLAB software is used to solve the problem and select the optimal answer.

Clustering-based adaptive low-power subframe configuration with load-aware offsetting in dense heterogeneous networks

Heterogeneous Networks(HetNets)and cell densification represent promising solutions for the surging data traffic demand in wireless networks.In dense HetNets,user traffic is steered toward the Low-Power Node(LPN)when possible to enhance the user throughput and system capacity by increasing the area spectral efficiency.However,because of the transmit power differences in different tiers of HetNets and irregular service demand,a load imbalance typically exists among different serving nodes.To offload more traffic to LPNs and coordinate the Inter-Cell Interference(ICI),Third-Generation Partnership Project(3GPP)has facilitated the development of the Cell Range Expansion(CRE),enhanced Inter-Cell Interference Coordination(eICIC)and Further enhanced ICIC(FeICIC).In this paper,we develop a cell clustering-based load-aware offsetting and an adaptive Low-Power Subframe(LPS)approach.Our solution allows the separation of User Association(UA)functions at the User Equipment(UE)and network server such that users can make a simple cell-selection decision similar to that in the maximum Received Signal Strength(max-RSS)based UA scheme,where the network server computes the load-aware offsetting and required LPS periods based on the load conditions of the system.The proposed solution is evaluated using system-level simulations wherein the results correspond to performance changes in different service regions.Results show that our method effectively solves the offloading and interference coordination problems in dense HetNets.

基于模糊神经网络的微电网荷储协调智能控制方法

针对传统比例-积分-微分(proportional integral derivative,PID)控制和模型论控制方法难以应对新型电力系统背景下微电网面临的运行场景复杂多变的问题,提出了基于模糊神经网络的微电网荷储协调智能控制方法。首先确定了微电网模糊控制输入及输出变量,以平抑净负荷波动及减少储能充放电频次为目的,将微电网控制经验总结成模糊规则表,采用神经网络深度学习算法修正模糊控制模型的隶属度函数中心、宽度和输出权重来提高模型的自适应能力,从而制定了可调控负荷和储能的功率控制系数;进而针对模糊神经网络控制输出的负荷调控需求量在各可调控负荷间分配的问题,提出了基于灵活性供给指标排序的负荷调控优先级选择方法,最终完成了微电网系统储能单元和可调控负荷控制策略的制定。某典型微电网系统算例仿真结果表明,所提方法制定的各可调控负荷与储能控制策略能在避免储能频繁和过度充放电的同时,在并网状态下有效减弱并网功率对上级电网造成的随机扰动,在孤岛状态下能够有效平抑系统功率波动,提升系统运行稳定性。

基于牵引网电压和空载电压的多储能系统区间能量管理策略

近年来,随着“双碳”政策的推动,储能技术在城市轨道交通中的应用愈发广泛,呈现出点到线的发展趋势。当一条线路中有多站安装储能装置时,想要进一步提升储能系统的节能效果,必须要解决不同站储能装置的充放电策略个性化设计,以及多储能间协调控制这两个问题。因此,该文提出一种基于实时牵引网电压和空载电压的多储能系统区间能量管理策略。该策略基于多个牵引变电站的空载电压和牵引网电压,对能量管理区间内的列车状态和列车剩余功率进行辨识,基于此计算区间内储能装置的充放电阈值基准值初值及基准值变化的斜率。为进一步提升节能和稳压效果,该策略基于充放电周期、牵引网电压超限频次及储能系统的荷电状态(SOC)等参数,对基准值及其更新斜率进行实时校正。该文在北京地铁的实际线路中进行了验证,结果表明,相较于基于本站空载电压的能量管理策略,提出的策略在降低系统能耗和稳定牵引网电压方面都具有显著的改善效果。

海上风氢系统与沿海电网能量协同优化调度

为实现海上风电的高效消纳和绿色氢能的制备,提出一种海上风氢系统与沿海电网能量协同优化调度方法。首先,通过评估海上风电场间的风能耦合效应,建立考虑风能异域强化利用的风电场群发电转移模型。其次,量化分析风电场的疲劳载荷与疲劳成本之间的关系,构建考虑检修便利性的风电场群均衡载荷模型。基于此,提出风电场群综合效能调控模型,以协调发电与疲劳寿命之间的关系。然后,考虑海上风流因素对船舶航行时间的影响,建立电氢并举的能量外送模型。最后,以系统运行成本最小为目标,提出考虑主动孤岛、制氢效率特性以及系统旋转备用的海上风氢系统与沿海电网能量协同优化调度模型。算例验证了所提方法的有效性和优越性,为海上风电制氢能量调度提供了一种新的思路。

多类型灵活资源的建模与分层式协调控制架构

电力需求侧可控的负荷、发电和储能资源统称为灵活资源,这些资源对智能电网的优化运行和消纳新能源发电具有重要作用。首先提出了一种通用灵活资源模型,该模型能够统一描述需求侧居民、商业、工业多类型灵活资源的特性,并能同时描述大规模灵活资源的集总用电需求。基于所提的通用灵活资源模型,构建了一种包含日前和实时阶段大规模多类型需求侧灵活资源的分层协调控制架构,该构架考虑了垂直调度和电力市场条件下电力系统的运行机制,在2种运行机制下都能够有效地利用多类型灵活资源的可调节能力提升电网整体的运行效率。将所提灵活资源模型嵌入到IEEE 30节点系统的机组组合问题中进行仿真,验证了所提分层式协调控制架构的有效性。

高比例分布式电源配电网中低压柔性互联协调规划

柔性互联技术是解决高比例分布式电源(distributed generation,DG)配电网面临诸多问题的有效手段之一。提出了一种基于多层优化的配电网中压与低压柔性互联协调规划方法。首先,建立基于电力电子柔性互联设备(flexible interconnected devices,FID)的中低压柔性互联配电网潮流模型。然后,构建三层协调规划模型,上层以低压FID年运行成本及台区变压器负载率的年方差最小为目标,中层以中压FID年运行成本及从上级电网年购电成本最小为目标,分别决策低压和中压FID的安装位置与容量,下层以各场景的从上级电网购电成本最小为目标优化系统运行,并采用自适应粒子群优化和二阶锥规划相结合的混合算法求解。最后,采用含高比例DG的IEEE 33节点配电网进行算例分析,通过柔性互联规划系统的年综合运行成本降低了19.01%,台区变压器负载率的年方差减少了82.59%,验证了所提规划模型的有效性。

基于储能有功功率与OLTC协调的配电网电压控制

高比例光伏系统接入配电网会引起电压越限,传统无功电压调整方案在高阻抗比配网中失效,利用储能系统有功功率实现电压控制的技术方案被广泛采用,但现有技术方案中的储能系统在电压控制过程中可能产生过度充放电问题。针对这些问题,提出了一种基于储能有功功率与有载调压变压器(on-loadtapchanger,OLTC)协调的配电网电压控制策略。在分析光伏接入对配电网电压影响的基础上,利用测量得到的电压数据控制储能有功功率,实现对接入节点电压水平的快速调控;同时在OLTC控制环节加入储能荷电状态参考量,利用节点电压信息与储能荷电状态共同控制OLTC分接头动作,实现对配电网整体电压水平调控的同时避免了储能系统过度充放电。最后在IEEE 13节点系统中进行仿真验证,结果表明所提策略能够解决配电网内电压越限问题,避免储能系统过度充放电,从而延长储能系统的使用寿命,实现对配电网内资源的合理利用。

考虑供需灵活性量化的源-荷-储多时间尺度协同优化

风电、光伏类新能源出力具有随机性和波动性,且随着新能源渗透率的增高,系统灵活性需求也激增。在此背景下,考虑源-荷-储灵活性资源互动,对新能源高渗透系统源-荷-储协同运行问题展开研究。首先,引入向上、向下裕度量化系统灵活性,并利用灵活性供需平衡机理动态评估灵活性需求;其次,提出一种考虑供需灵活性的多时间尺度协同运行方法,构建典型周、典型日、典型时段运行模拟模型,并将碳交易收益和灵活性不足惩罚成本纳入优化目标,考虑调峰需求和爬坡容量对典型时段灵活性的影响,采用多级优化、逐级细化的思路求解模型。算例分析表明,所提方法在保障系统环保性和经济性的基础上,提升了系统各个时间尺度上的灵活性容量,可以促进系统新能源消纳。

利用热网蓄能辅助供热机组调频的控制研究

随着如风电、太阳能等可再生能源的并网,使得火电机组需要进行深度调峰且快速响应调度指令。然而,传统的负荷调节控制方法难以使得机组应对调度指令的频繁变化。火电机组热网包含着大量的管道与热力设备,它们均具有很强的蓄热能力,合理利用其蓄热可在短时间内提升机组负荷响应速度。针对上述问题,对利用热网蓄能辅助供热机组负荷调节进行了研究,并设计了基于调度指令与负荷响应偏差的协调控制系统。仿真结果表明,所设计的协调控制系统能够提高机组负荷响应调度指令的能力,且保证供热压力的稳定。

有源前端组网的直流船舶电网高能效运行控制

直流船舶电网为航运业绿色转型提供了有效可行的解决方案。考虑到实际船舶的运行工况,本文提出一种分层协调控制策略,主要用于有源前端组网的直流船舶电网中功率单元协调运行的设备层控制系统和功率层控制系统。其中,设备层控制系统负责实现发电机组转速的无静差跟随与不同容量柴油发电机组间的动态/稳态功率共享;功率层控制系统负责提升母线电压质量,提高系统能效。最后,利用仿真与半实物仿真系统对控制策略进行验证,结果表明该控制策略可有效提高系统运行能效,最高节省约10%的燃油。

台风灾害下考虑多类型故障不确定性的源网荷协同弹性提升模型

针对现有弹性提升模型系统故障不确定性刻画不充分、源网荷弹性提升措施未协同的问题,提出了一种台风灾害下计及多类型故障不确定性的源网荷协同弹性提升模型。首先,构建了多类型故障概率分布不确定集,以刻画台风灾害下最严重、最可能、连锁故障3类典型故障的概率分布不确定性。接着,基于分布鲁棒优化思想,提出了长短期结合、源网荷协同的分布鲁棒弹性提升措施模型:针对台风灾害下最恶劣多类型故障概率分布场景,在灾前通过输电网扩展规划、快/慢机开机组合、输电网结构优化进行预防,灾中通过差异化切负荷和发电机调度进行抵御和响应。结合模型数学结构特征,基于Benders分解和列与约束生成思想,设计原始-对偶并行分解算法完成模型求解。最后,以IEEE-30节点和中国某区域261节点系统为例,研究了源网荷协同措施的弹性提升效果,验证了所提方法的有效性。

配电网多端柔性互联协调控制策略

随着社会经济的快速发展和新型电力系统建设的加快推进,柔性互联逐渐成为配电网网架升级和灵活调控能力提升的重要技术手段。针对多端柔性互联系统的功率控制需求,提出了一种面向工程应用的功率协调控制策略,包括在部分馈线重载时合理分配功率的重载限制控制,以及在所有馈线重载时优化潮流分布的功率均衡控制。基于所提策略开发了柔性互联协调控制装置并应用于实际工程。基于电网真实数据的案例分析和工程实测数据验证了所提策略能够应对不同负荷/电源特性的配电网柔性互联场景,有效解决配电网中馈线重载和光伏倒送的问题,提高配电网的供电效率和安全性。

基于“先无功–后有功”功率补偿的配电网电压协同控制策略

整县分布式光伏电源的大量开发与利用及分布式电源规模化并网对实现“碳达峰、碳中和”与“乡村振兴”两大国家战略具有重要的现实意义。由于分布式电源发电尖峰和低谷阶段与负荷峰谷时常不同步,进而导致配电系统过/欠电压问题,严重影响了电能质量,甚至威胁系统安全。针对上述问题,本文提出一种基于“先无功–后有功”功率补偿的配电网层级式电压协同控制策略。首先,建立基于“先无功–后有功”功率补偿的配电网层级式电压协同控制框架。其次,结合多微电网节点注入电流与电压的方程与功率–电压灵敏度分析,根据多节点电压越限程度,提出一种基于“先无功–后有功”功率补偿的多智能体协同调节策略,该策略先通过无功补偿器进行无功调节,当电压尚未得到有效治理时,再采用多微电网进行有功调节。再次,为了进一步满足各节点微电网有功功率调节需求,并考虑电网内部源–荷–储运行成本与污染排放,提出一种基于多目标优化的微电网内部分布式源–荷–储优化协调功率控制策略。最后,在MATLAB平台中设计了3种仿真场景以及IEEE测试系统模型对所提控制策略进行了验证。结果表明,所提出的电压协同控制方法在最经济的情况下可以实现各节点电压的综合高效治理,同时,所提出的微电网优化协调功率控制策略能使源–荷–储在绿色经济的供电模式下实时精准地满足电压治理目标下微电网有功调节的需求。仿真实验结果验证了本文所提控制策略的有效性。