Implementation of Phase Generated Carrier Technique for FBG Laser Sensor Multiplexed System Based on Compact RIO

This paper presents the fundamental technique of phase generated carrier （PGC） and its realization on compact reconfigurable input and output （RIO） which adopts real-time and field programmable grate array （FPGA） techniques. Improvement of the PGC technique is also introduced by using peak-to-peak value detection method to reduce the influence of variation of the light intensity. A four-element fibre Bragg gratings （FBG） laser sensor system is conducted in the experiment and the demodulated results demonstrate correlation coefficient as high as 0.995 with the reference signal and the dynamic range to be 120dB@63Hz.

Turbulence mitigation scheme based on multiple-user detection in an orbital-angular-momentum multiplexed system

Atmospheric turbulence（AT） induced crosstalk can significantly impair the performance of a free-space optical（FSO）communication link using orbital angular momentum（OAM） multiplexing.In this paper,we propose a multiple-user detection（MUD） turbulence mitigation scheme in an OAM-multiplexed FSO communication link.First,we present a MUD equivalent communication model for an OAM-multiplexed FSO communication link under AT.In the equivalent model,each input bit stream represents one user＇s information.The deformed OAM spatial modes caused by AT,instead of the pure OAM spatial modes,are used as information carriers,and the overlapping between the deformed OAM spatial modes are computed as the correlation coefficients between the users.Then,we present a turbulence mitigation scheme based on MUD idea to enhance AT tolerance of the OAM-multiplexed FSO communication link.In the proposed scheme,the crosstalk caused by AT is used as a useful component to deduce users＇ information.The numerical results show that the performance of the OAM-multiplexed communication link has greatly improved by the proposed scheme.When the turbulence strength C_n^2 is 1 × 10^（-15） m^（-2/3）,the transmission distance is 1000 m and the channel signal-to-noise ratio（SNR）is 26 dB,the bit-error-rate（BER） performance of four spatial multiplexed OAM modes l_m = ＋ 1,＋2,＋3,＋4 are all close to 10-5,and there is a 2-3 fold increase in the BER performance in comparison with those results without the proposed scheme.In addition,the proposed scheme is more effective for an OAM-multiplexed FSO communication link with a larger OAM mode topological charge interval.The proposed scheme is a promising direction for compensating the interference caused by AT in the OAM-multiplexed FSO communication link.

Research on Raman Crosstalk in Broadband Wavelength Division Multiplexed Systems

After a theoretical model is put forward on the base of accurate description of the Raman gain profile and the physical quantity, maximum Raman crosstalk(MRC), which quantificationally depicts the intensity of Raman crosstalk is defined. The influences of launch power, fiber effective core area, fiber nonlinear index, fiber length, channel number and channel interval on MRC are deduced. The result indicates that compared with low speed and narrowband optical fiber communication system, serious Raman crosstalk lies in high speed and broadband system, which impacts the performance of the system badly. The result is useful for forecasting Raman crosstalk in broadband and high speed optical fiber communication system.

Frequency-modulated continuous-wave multiplexed gas sensingbased on optical frequency comb calibration

Laser absorption spectroscopy has proven to be an effective approach for gas sensing, which plays an important rolein the fields of military, industry, medicine and basic research. This paper presents a multiplexed gas sensing system basedon optical frequency comb (OFC) calibrated frequency-modulated continuous-wave (FMCW) tuning nonlinearity. Thesystem can be used for multi-parameter synchronous measurement of gas absorption spectrum and multiplexed opticalpath. Multi-channel parallel detection is realized by combining wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) and frequencydivision multiplexing (FDM) techniques. By introducing nonlinear optical crystals, broadband spectrum detection is simultaneouslyachieved over a bandwidth of hundreds of nanometers. An OFC with ultra-high frequency stability is used asthe frequency calibration source, which guarantees the measurement accuracy. The test samples involve H13C14N, C_(2)H_(2)and Rb vapor cells of varying densities and 5 parallel measurement experiments are designed. The results show that themeasurement accuracies of spectral absorption line and the optical path are 150 MHz and 20 m, respectively. The schemeoffers the advantages of multiplexed, multi-parameter, wide spectrum and high resolution detection, which can realize theidentification of multi-gas components and the high-precision inversion of absorption lines under different environments.The proposed sensor demonstrates great potential in the field of high-resolution absorption spectrum measurement for gassensing applications.

Semi-implantable device based on multiplexed microfilament electrode cluster for continuous monitoring of physiological ions

Modern medicine is increasingly interested in advanced sensors to detect and analyze biochemical indicators.Ion sensors based on potentiometric methods are a promising platform for monitoring physiological ions in biological subjects.Current semi-implantable devices are mainly based on single-parameter detection.Miniaturized semi-implantable electrodes for multiparameter sensing have more restrictions on the electrode size due to biocompatibility considerations,but reducing the electrode surface area could potentially limit electrode sensitivity.This study developed a semi-implantable device system comprising a multiplexed microfilament electrode cluster(MMEC)and a printed circuit board for real-time monitoring of intra-tissue K^(+),Ca^(2+),and Na^(+)concentrations.The electrode surface area was less important for the potentiometric sensing mechanism,suggesting the feasibility of using a tiny fiber-like electrode for potentiometric sensing.The MMEC device exhibited a broad linear response(K^(+):2–32 mmol/L;Ca^(2+):0.5–4 mmol/L;Na^(+):10–160 mmol/L),high sensitivity(about 20–45 mV/decade),temporal stability(>2weeks),and good selectivity(>80%)for the above ions.In vitro detection and in vivo subcutaneous and brain experiment results showed that the MMEC system exhibits good multi-ion monitoring performance in several complex environments.This work provides a platform for the continuous real-time monitoring of ion fluctuations in different situations and has implications for developing smart sensors to monitor human health.

Combining Polarization-Division Multiplexing and Ferromagnetic Nonreciprocity to Achieve In-Band Ultra-High Isolation for Full-Duplex Wireless Systems

The in-band full-duplex(IBFD)wireless system is a promising candidate for 6G and beyond,as it can double data throughput and enormously lower transmission latency by supporting simultaneous in-band transmission and reception of signals.Enabling IBFD systems requires a substantial mitigation of a transmitter(Tx)’s strong self-interference(SI)signal into the receiver(Rx)channel.However,current state-ofthe-art approaches to tackle this challenge are inefficient in terms of performance,cost,and complexity,hindering the commercialization of IBFD techniques.In this work,we devise and demonstrate an innovative approach to realize IBFD systems that exhibit superior performance with a low-cost and lesscomplex architecture in an all-passive module.Our scheme is based on meticulously combining polarization-division multiplexing(PDM)with ferromagnetic nonreciprocity to achieve ultra-high isolation between Tx and Rx channels.Such an unprecedented conception has become feasible thanks to a concurrent dual-mode circulator—a new component introduced for the first time—as a key feature of our module,and a dual-mode waveguide that transforms two orthogonally polarized waves into two orthogonal waveguide modes.In addition,we propose a unique passive tunable secondary SI cancellation(SIC)mechanism,which is embedded within the proposed module and boosts the isolation over a relatively broad bandwidth.We report,solely in the analog domain,experimental isolation levels of 50,70,and 80 dB over 340,101,and 33 MHz bandwidth at the center frequency of interest,respectively,with excellent tuning capability.Furthermore,the module is tested in two real IBFD scenarios to assess its performance in connection with Tx-to-Rx leakage and modulation error in the presence of a Tx’s strong interference signal.

A simple and efficient CRISPR/Cas9 system permits ultra-multiplex genome editing in plants

The development and maturation of the CRISPR/Cas genome editing system provides a valuable tool for plant functional genomics and genetic improvement.Currently available genome-editing tools have a limited number of targets,restricting their application in genetic research.In this study,we developed a novel CRISPR/Cas9 plant ultra-multiplex genome editing system consisting of two template vectors,eight donor vectors,four destination vectors,and one primer-design software package.By combining the advantages of Golden Gate cloning to assemble multiple repetitive fragments and Gateway recombination to assemble large fragments and by changing the structure of the amplicons used to assemble sg RNA expression cassettes,the plant ultra-multiplex genome editing system can assemble a single binary vector targeting more than 40 genomic loci.A rice knockout vector containing 49 sg RNA expression cassettes was assembled and a high co-editing efficiency was observed.This plant ultra-multiplex genome editing system advances synthetic biology and plant genetic engineering.

Turbo Message Passing Based Burst Interference Cancellation for Data Detection in Massive MIMO-OFDM Systems

This paper investigates the fundamental data detection problem with burst interference in massive multiple-input multiple-output orthogonal frequency division multiplexing(MIMO-OFDM) systems. In particular, burst interference may occur only on data symbols but not on pilot symbols, which means that interference information cannot be premeasured. To cancel the burst interference, we first revisit the uplink multi-user system and develop a matrixform system model, where the covariance pattern and the low-rank property of the interference matrix is discussed. Then, we propose a turbo message passing based burst interference cancellation(TMP-BIC) algorithm to solve the data detection problem, where the constellation information of target data is fully exploited to refine its estimate. Furthermore, in the TMP-BIC algorithm, we design one module to cope with the interference matrix by exploiting its lowrank property. Numerical results demonstrate that the proposed algorithm can effectively mitigate the adverse effects of burst interference and approach the interference-free bound.

A High Spectral Efficient Frequency-Domain Channel-Estimation Method for the Polarization-Division-Multiplexed CO-OFDM-OQAM System

Contrary to the other multi-carrier modulation systems, the coherent optical orthogonal frequency division multiplexing communication system with an offset quadrature amplitude modulation (CO-OFDM-OQAM) possesses inherent imaginary interference (IMI). This has an important impact on the channel estimation process. Currently, a variety of frequency-domain channel estimation methods have been proposed. However, there are various problems that still exist. For instance, in order to reduce the influence of IMI, it is necessary to insert more guard intervals between the training sequence and the payload, leading to the occupation of excessive spectrum resources. In order to address this problem, this work designs a high spectral efficient frequency-domain channel estimation method for the polarization-division-multiplexing CO-OFDM-OQAM systems. First, the working principle of the proposed method is described in detail. Then, its spectral efficiency, power peak-to-average ratio, and channel estimation performance are studied based on simulations. The simulation results show that the proposed method improves the spectral efficiency without worsening the power peak-to-average ratio. The channel estimation capability of this method is verified in three scenarios of long-distance transmissions, including back-to-back, 100 km, and 200 km transmissions. .

Polar codes based OFDM-PLC systems in the presence of impulsive noise

Power line communication(PLC)has the potential to become the preferred technique for providing broadband communication to homes and offices with advantage of eliminating the need for new wiring infrastructure and reducing the cost.But it suffers from the impulsive noise because it introduces significant time variance into the power line channel.In this paper,a polar codes based orthogonal frequency division multiplexing(OFDM)PLC system is proposed to deal with the impulsive noise and thereby improve the transmission performance.Firstly,the impulsive noise is modelled with a multi-damped sine function by analyzing the time behavior of impulse events.Then the polar codes are used to combat the impulsive noise of PLC channel,and a low complexity bit-flipping decoding method based on CRC-aided successive cancellation list(CA-SCL)decoding algorithm is proposed.Simulations evaluate the proposed decoding algorithm and the results validate the suggested polar codes based OFDM-PLC scheme which can improve the BER performance of PLC with impulsive interference.

A TDMA Approach for OFDM-Based Multiuser RadCom Systems

This paper is focused on the multiuser implementation of fusion of radar and communication(RadCom)in internet-of-vehicles(IoV)scenarios.Traditional time-division multiple access(TDMA)technology degrades the velocity detection performance of orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing(OFDM)-based RadCom systems.We propose a new TDMA approach for OFDM-based RadCom systems,where multiuser communication and radar detection are completed synchronously.We consider a continuous-wave TDMA OFDM structure in which random user data or Zadoff-Chu(ZC)sequences are transmitted in one symbol duration to ensure detection performance.As an application of interference cancellation method,user data demodulation and environment sensing can be simultaneously accomplished by our proposed approach.We carry out numerical evaluation and show wireless communication and radar detection performance over the continuous-wave TDMA OFDM-based RadCom approach.

Identification of Mixtures of Two Types of Body Fluids Using the Multiplex Methylation System and Random Forest Models

Objective Body fluid mixtures are complex biological samples that frequently occur in crime scenes,and can provide important clues for criminal case analysis.DNA methylation assay has been applied in the identification of human body fluids,and has exhibited excellent performance in predicting single-source body fluids.The present study aims to develop a methylation SNaPshot multiplex system for body fluid identification,and accurately predict the mixture samples.In addition,the value of DNA methylation in the prediction of body fluid mixtures was further explored.Methods In the present study,420 samples of body fluid mixtures and 250 samples of single body fluids were tested using an optimized multiplex methylation system.Each kind of body fluid sample presented the specific methylation profiles of the 10 markers.Results Significant differences in methylation levels were observed between the mixtures and single body fluids.For all kinds of mixtures,the Spearman’s correlation analysis revealed a significantly strong correlation between the methylation levels and component proportions(1:20,1:10,1:5,1:1,5:1,10:1 and 20:1).Two random forest classification models were trained for the prediction of mixture types and the prediction of the mixture proportion of 2 components,based on the methylation levels of 10 markers.For the mixture prediction,Model-1 presented outstanding prediction accuracy,which reached up to 99.3%in 427 training samples,and had a remarkable accuracy of 100%in 243 independent test samples.For the mixture proportion prediction,Model-2 demonstrated an excellent accuracy of 98.8%in 252 training samples,and 98.2%in 168 independent test samples.The total prediction accuracy reached 99.3%for body fluid mixtures and 98.6%for the mixture proportions.Conclusion These results indicate the excellent capability and powerful value of the multiplex methylation system in the identification of forensic body fluid mixtures.

Fiber Laser Based Multiplexed Sensing System

A laser sensing system based on beat frequency demodulation is proposed. The sensor uses a single-longitudinal-mode distributed Bragg reflector （DBR） fiber laser as a sensing element. This laser sensor has great multiplexing capability due to its wide free spectral range. Wavelength-division-multiplex （WDM） and frequency-division-multiplex （FDM） techniques are studied. The sensing system has high sensitivity and multiplexing channels.

Minimizing FWM Impact in DWDM ROF DP-DQPSK System for Optical

The demonstration of a higher data rate transmission system was amajor aspect to be considered by researchers in recent years. The most relevantaspect to be studied and analyzed is the need for a reliable system to handlenonlinear impairments and reduce them. Therefore, this paper examines theinfluence of Four-Wave Mixing (FWM) impairment on the proposed highdata rate Dual polarization–Differential Quadrature phase shift keying (DPDQPSK)system using the Optisystem software. In the beginning, the impactof varied input power on the proposed system’s performance was evaluated interms of QF and BER metrics. More power is used to improve system performance.However, increasing power would raise theFWMeffects. Accordingly,a−10dBminput power and the proposed system are used to reduce the impactof FWM. Additionally, a hybrid amplification method is proposed to enhancesystem performance by utilizing the major amplification methods of erbiumdopedfiber amplifier (EDFA): semiconductor optical amplifier (SOA) andRadio optical amplifier (ROA). The evaluation demonstrates that the OAEDFAoutperformed the other two key amplification techniques of (EDFASOA)and (EDFA-ROA) in improving Quality factor (QF) and Bit error rate(BER) system results for all distances up to 720 km. Consequently, the methodcontributes to minimizing the impact of FWM. In the future, other forms ofnonlinearity will be investigated and studied to quantify their impact on theproposed system.

FOLMS-AMDCNet:an automatic recognition scheme for multiple-antenna OFDM systems

The existing recognition algorithms of space-time block code(STBC)for multi-antenna(MA)orthogonal frequencydivision multiplexing(OFDM)systems use feature extraction and hypothesis testing to identify the signal types in a complex communication environment.However,owing to the restrictions on the prior information and channel conditions,these existing algorithms cannot perform well under strong interference and noncooperative communication conditions.To overcome these defects,this study introduces deep learning into the STBCOFDM signal recognition field and proposes a recognition method based on the fourth-order lag moment spectrum(FOLMS)and attention-guided multi-scale dilated convolution network(AMDCNet).The fourth-order lag moment vectors of the received signals are calculated,and vectors are stitched to form two-dimensional FOLMS,which is used as the input of the deep learning-based model.Then,the multi-scale dilated convolution is used to extract the details of images at different scales,and a convolutional block attention module(CBAM)is introduced to construct the attention-guided multi-scale dilated convolution module(AMDCM)to make the network be more focused on the target area and obtian the multi-scale guided features.Finally,the concatenate fusion,residual block and fully-connected layers are applied to acquire the STBC-OFDM signal types.Simulation experiments show that the average recognition probability of the proposed method at−12 dB is higher than 98%.Compared with the existing algorithms,the recognition performance of the proposed method is significantly improved and has good adaptability to environments with strong disturbances.In addition,the proposed deep learning-based model can directly identify the pre-processed FOLMS samples without a priori information on channel and noise,which is more suitable for non-cooperative communication systems than the existing algorithms.

Implementation of a 6 GHz band TDD RF transceiver for the next generation mobile communication system

The development of a high performance wideband radio frequency （RF） transceiver used in the next generation mobile communication system is presented. The developed RF transceiver operates in the 6 to 6.3 GHz band and the channel bandwidth is up to 100 MHz. It operates in the time division duplex （TDD） mode and supports the multiple-input multipleoutput （MIMO） technique for the international mobile telecommunications （IMT）-advanced systems. The classical superheterodyne scheme is employed to achieve optimal performance. Design issues of the essential components such as low noise amplifier, power amplifier and local oscillators are described in detail. Measurement results show that the maximum linear output power of the RF transceiver is above 23 dBm, and the gain and noise figure of the low noise amplifier is around 24 dB and below 1 dB, respectively. Furthermore, the error vector magnitude （EVM） measurement shows that the performance of the developed RF transceiver is well beyond the requirements of the long term evolution （LTE）-advanced system. With up to 8 x 8 MIMO configuration, the RF transceiver supports more than a 1 Gbit/s data rate in field tests.

Scalable transcoding for video transmission over space-time OFDM systems

A new scheme combining a scalable transcoder with space time block codes （STBC） for an orthogonal frequency division multiplexing （OFDM） system is proposed for robust video transmission in dispersive fading channels. The target application for such a scalable transcoder is to provide successful access to the pre-encoded high quality video MPEG-2 from mobile wireless terminals. In the scalable transcoder, besides outputting the MPEG-4 fine granular scalability （FGS） bitstream, both the size of video frames and the bit rate are reduced. And an array processing algorithm of layer interference suppression is used at the receiver which makes the system structure provide different levels of protection to different layers. Furthermore, by considering the important level of scalable bitstream, the different bitstreams can be given different level protection by the system structure and channel coding. With the proposed system, the concurrent large diversity gain characteristic of STBC and alleviation of the frequency-selective fading effect of OFDM can be achieved. The simulation results show that the proposed schemes integrating scalable transcoding can provide a basic quality of video transmission and outperform the conventional single layer transcoding transmitted under the random and bursty error channel conditions.

Multi-dimensional multiplexing optical secret sharing framework with cascaded liquid crystal holograms

Secret sharing is a promising technology for information encryption by splitting the secret information into different shares.However,the traditional scheme suffers from information leakage in decryption process since the amount of available information channels is limited.Herein,we propose and demonstrate an optical secret sharing framework based on the multi-dimensional multiplexing liquid crystal(LC)holograms.The LC holograms are used as spatially separated shares to carry secret images.The polarization of the incident light and the distance between different shares are served as secret keys,which can significantly improve the information security and capacity.Besides,the decryption condition is also restricted by the applied external voltage due to the variant diffraction efficiency,which further increases the information security.In implementation,an artificial neural network(ANN)model is developed to carefully design the phase distribution of each LC hologram.With the advantage of high security,high capacity and simple configuration,our optical secret sharing framework has great potentials in optical encryption and dynamic holographic display.

Establishment and Application of a Multiplex PCR System for the Detection of Blast Resistance Genes Pi-ta and Pi-b in Rice

Rice blast is one of the important diseases in major rice producing areas of China. The main blast resistance genes Pi-ta and Pi-b showed broad-spectrum and durable resistance to rice blast in many rice growing areas of China, which have been widely utilized in rice breeding and commercial production. In this study, on the basis of detection and verification of the genotypes of 22 rice varieties har- boring known blast resistance genes （Pi-ta and Pi-b） and blast susceptibility genes （pi-ta and pi-b）, two multiple PCR systems for these genes were established by us- ing the functional markers of blast resistance genes Pi-ta and Pi-b as well as blast susceptibility genes pi-ta and pi-b, respectively. Specifically, multiple PCR system I could simultaneously detect blast resistance genes Pi-ta and Pi-b, while system II could detect simultaneously blast susceptibility genes pi-ta and pi-b. In addition, the genotypes of 336 high generation breeding materials were detected with these two multiple PCR systems. The results were highly consistent with those of conventional single mark detection, indicating that these two multiplex PCR systems were stable, reliable and time-saving. The established multiplex PCR systems may serve as a rapid and efficient method to identify and screen rice germplasm resources and can be applied in marker-assisted selection to polymerize multiple genes for blast resis- tance in rice breeding.

High-SpeedReal-TimeDataAcquisitionSystem Realized by Interleaving/Multiplexing Technique

The interleaving/multiplexing technique was used to realize a 200?MHz real time data acquisition system. Two 100?MHz ADC modules worked parallelly and every ADC plays out data in ping pang fashion. The design improved the system conversion rata to 200?MHz and reduced the speed of data transporting and storing to 50?MHz. The high speed HDPLD and ECL logic parts were used to control system timing and the memory address. The multi layer print board and the shield were used to decrease interference produced by the high speed circuit. The system timing was designed carefully. The interleaving/multiplexing technique could improve the system conversion rata greatly while reducing the speed of external digital interfaces greatly. The design resolved the difficulties in high speed system effectively. The experiment proved the data acquisition system is stable and accurate.