Effects of Material Physical Properties on White-rot Fungi Mycelial Growth

[ Objective] The research aimed to study effects of material physical properties on white-rot fungi mycelial growth and provide theoretical basis for further expanding the application range of white-rot fungi. [ Method Four common species of white-rot fungi were cultivated by wood meal fowl dung mixture in test tube and culture dishes. The relationship between physical properties of culture material and the growth of these mycelials were studied. [Result] The results showed the water retention capacity of culture material was decreased with the increasing of its grain size and porosity, but the decrease of its specific gravity reduced the material water retention. And the dehydration rate of medium prepared with these materials at the same moisture conditions tended to increase. These physical properties of material, such as grain size, specific gravity, porosity, water retention and water drainage, influenced the growth of white-rot fungi mycelial by affecting the moisture and ventilation condition of media. The results hinted that above material physical properties had feedback effects on the growth of white-rot fungi mycelia. [ Conclution] Physical properties of culture material have significant effects on the growth of white-rot fungi mycelial.

Efficient decolorization of dye-containing wastewater using mycelial pellets formed of marine-derived Aspergillus niger

In order to improve the efficient decolorization of dye-containing water by biosorbent and understand the biosorption mechanism, the self-immobilization mycelial pellets were prepared using a marine-derived fungus Aspergillus niger ZJUBE-1, and an azo dye, Congo red was chosen as a model dye to investigate batch decolorization efficiency by pellets. The pellets as biosorbent showed strong salt and acid tolerance in biosorption process. The results for dye adsorption showed that the biosorption process fitted well with models of pseudo-second-order kinetic and Langmuir isotherm, with a maximum adsorption capacity of 263.2 mg·g^(-1) mycelium. During 6 batches of continuous decolorization operation, the mycelial pellets could possess efficient decolorization abilities(>98.5%).The appearance of new peak in the UV–Vis spectral result indicated that the decolorization process may also contain biodegradation. The mechanism studies showed that efficient biosorption ability of pellets only relies on the active zone on the surface of the pellet, which can be enhanced by nutrition supplement or be shifted outward by a reculture process.

Sclerotinia sclerotiorum virulence is affected by mycelial age via reduction in oxalate biosynthesis

Sclerotinia sclerotiorum is one of the most devastating necrotrophic phytopathogens. Virulence of the hyphae of this fungus at different ages varies significantly. Molecular mechanisms underlying this functional distinction are largely unknown. In this study, we confirmed the effect of mycelial culture time/age on virulence in two host plants and elucidated its molecular and morphological basis. The virulence of the S. sclerotiorum mycelia in plants dramatically decreases along with the increase of the mycelial age. Three-day-old mycelia lost the virulence in plants. Comparative proteomics analyses revealed that metabolism pathways were comprehensively reprogrammed to suppress the oxalic acid（OA） accumulation in old mycelia. The oxaloacetate acetylhydrolase（OAH）, which catalyzes OA biosynthesis, was identified in the S. sclerotiorum genome. Both gene expression and protein accumulation of OAH in old mycelia were strongly repressed. Moreover, in planta OA accumulation was strikingly reduced in old mycelia-inoculated plants compared with young vegetative mycelia-inoculated plants. Furthermore, supply with 10 mmol L^（-1） OA enabled the old mycelia infect the host plants, demonstrating that loss of virulence of old mycelia is mainly caused by being unable to accumulate OA. Additionally, aerial mycelia started to develop from 0.5-day-old vegetative mycelia and dominated over 1-day-old mycelia grown on potato dextrose agar plates. They were much smaller in hypha diameter and grew significantly slower than young vegetative mycelia when subcultured, which did not maintain to progenies. Collectively, our results reveal that S. sclerotiorum aerial hyphae-dominant old mycelia fail to accumulate OA and thereby lose the virulence in host plants.

Removal process and mechanism of hexavalent chromium by adsorption-coupled reduction with marine-derived Aspergillus niger mycelial pellets

In order to remove hexavalent chromium(Cr(Ⅵ))from solutions efficiently,the mycelial pellets with a marine-derived fungus Aspergillus niger as a biosorbent were prepared.The effects of removal process parameters such as solution pH,initial Cr(Ⅵ)concentration and biomass concentration on Cr(Ⅵ)removal process were investigated.The results showed that Cr(Ⅵ)removal rate up to 100%could be achieved under optimized conditions,which indicated the excellent Cr(Ⅵ)removal performance of the Aspergillus niger pellets.As a more important point,the Cr(Ⅵ)removal mechanism was studied,and the results revealed that Cr(Ⅵ)removal was achieved in the adsorption-coupled reduction process.A little of Cr(Ⅵ)was reduced to less toxic trivalent chromium(Cr(Ⅲ))in solution,while some was absorbed on the surface of mycelial pellets.Then they may be reduced on the surface or transferred into cells and then be reduced.The marine-derived A.niger mycelial pellets show properties of easy preparation and separation and cost effectiveness,which are potential biosorbent and reductant in the treatment of trace chromate containing wastewater.

Mycelial Growth of <i>Paecilomyces hepiali</i>in Various Agar Media and Yield of Fruit Bodies in Rice Based Media

Growth of?Paecilomyces hepiali?in various agar media and yield of fruit bodies in rice based media were?studied. The best growth in agar media was obtained at 25℃?(61.86 mm colony diameter in 14 days). The initial agar media pH range?from?6 to 8 was found to be?the?most favourable for mycelial growth. This study found that agars made with powders of cereal grains alone do not support good mycelial growth of?P. hepiali. Addition of peptone improved mycelial growth significantly. The most favourable carbon sources were Mannose, Fructose and Glucose. Organic nitrogen sources were found to be?the?most preferred. The results demonstrated that brown rice is better than polished rice in yield of fruit bodies. Addition of peptone was found to be quite significant in enhancing yield of fruit bodies. Peptone, as a supplement, gave a better yield than addition of egg yolk, albumen and a mixture of the two. The medium with?40 g brown rice, 0.325 g glucose, 0.65 g sucrose, 2 g peptone and 65 ml corn steep liquor was found to be?the?most favourable and it yielded 19.3 g of fresh fruit bodies.

The Feasibility of Immobilization of Bioflocculant-producing Bacteria Using Mycelial Pellets as Biomass Carriers

Bioflocculant-producing bacteria Agrobacterium tumefaciens F2 and Bacillus sphaeicus F6 were immobilized onto mycelial pellets to investigate the bioflocculant-producing potential of this combined organism and the corresponding flocculating efficiency. The atomic force microscope ( AFM) images of mycelial surface indicate that the mycelia pellet can immobilize bioflocculant-producing bacteria F2 and F6 as a biomass carrier. The flocculating efficiency of bioflocculant produced by this combined organism was studied under the optimum flocculating conditions obtained by Response Surface Methodology ( RSM ) . The fermentation yield of the combined mycelial pellet is about 2. 6 g / L,which is higher than that of the free bacteria ( only 2. 2 g / L) . Flocculating efficiency of the combined mycelial pellet was comparable with that of bioflocculant generated by the free bacteria. The bioflocculant yield is enhanced and the flocculating efficiency of the co-culture is uninfluenced after immobilized with mycelial pellet as a carrier. In conclusion,the mycelial pellet is feasible as a biomass carrier for the immobilization of bioflocculant-producing bacteria.

Mycelial fermentation and medicinal properties of a valuable medicinal fungus Cordyceps sinensis Cs-HK1

Cordyceps sinensis(Cs) or Dongchongxiacao in Chinese is a rare and precious medicinal mushroom.In this work,a Tolypocladium sp. fungus named Cs-HK1 was isolated from a natural Cs fruiting body,and its ultraviolet(UV),infrared(IR) and high-performance liquid chromatography(HPLC) spectra all exhibited high degrees of matching to those of natural Cs,indicating the similarity of chemical composition. A crude polysaccharide(PS) fraction isolated from Cs-HK1 fungal mycelium showed significant antitumor activity,inhibiting melanoma tumor growth in mice. The PS-treated mice showed significantly higher serum interferon-γ(IFN-γ)level and higher proliferation rate of lymphocytes ex vivo than the control animals,suggestive of the immunomodulatory activity of the PS fraction. In cell cultures,the PS fraction caused a significant and dose-dependent inhibitory effect on the proliferation of two cancer cell lines,B16/neu mouse melanoma and MDA-MB-231human breast cancer cells,but not on normal spleen lymphocytes in vitro. Most of these bioactivities of the CsHK1 fungus were comparable to or even greater than those of natural Cs. The results showed that Cs-HK1 fungus may be a functional substitute for the natural Cs in health food and herbal medicine.

Inhibitory Effects of Sixteen Fungicides on Mycelial Growth and Spore Germination of Monilinia fructicola

[Objective]The paper was to compare the indoor toxicities of sixteen fungicides on mycelial growth and spore germination of Monilinia fructicola,to screen out effective fungicides and to discuss use characteristics of various types of fungicides.[Method]The inhibitory activities of 16 fungicides on mycelial growth and spore germination were determined by mycelial growth rate method and spore germination method.[Result]The EC50 values of 16 fungicides against mycelial growth ranged from 0.0184 to 61.5305 mg/L.Prochloraz,tetramycin,fenbuconazole and fludioxonil had strong inhibitory activities on mycelial growth,and their EC50 values were 0.0184,0.0456,0.0531 and 0.0814 mg/L,respectively,significantly lower than those of other 12 fungicides.The EC50 values of 16 fungicides against spore germination ranged from 0.0084 to 189.3938 mg/L.Tetramycin and chlorothalonil had strong inhibitory activities on mycelial growth,and their EC50 values were 0.0084 and 0.0378 mg/L,respectively,significantly lower than those of other 14 fungicides.[Conclusion]The 16 fungicides had great value in preventing and controlling peach brown rot.Benzimidazoles,diformimides and ergosterol inhibitors had good inhibitory activities on mycelial growth.Strobilurins,succinate dehydrogenase inhibitors and multiple-site protective fungicides had good inhibitory activities on spore germination.The agricultural antibiotics tetramycin,phenazine-1-carboxylic acid and pyrrole fungicide fludioxonil had good inhibitory activities on mycelial growth and spore germination.

Fermentative Production of Mycelial Chitosan from Zygomycetes: Media Optimization and Physico-Chemical Characterization

The present study focused on production of mycelial chitosan from fungal mycelium by submerged fermentation with ecologically more balanced process. Different fungal strains were screened and Absidia butleri NCIM 977 was found to produce the highest mycelial chitosan. The one-factor-at-a-time method was adopted to investigate the effect of batch time, environmental factors (i.e. initial pH and temperature) and medium components (i.e. carbon and nitrogen) on the yield of mycelial chitosan. Among these variables, the optimal condition to increase in yield of mycelial chitosan was found to be batch time (72 h), pH (5.5), temperature (30°C), carbon source (glucose) and nitrogen source (tryptone and yeast extract). Subsequently, a three-level Box– Behnken factorial design was employed combining with response surface methodology (RSM) to maximise yield of mycelial chitosan by determining optimal concentrations and investigating the interactive effects of the most significant media components (i.e. carbon and nitrogen sources). The optimum value of parameters obtained through RSM was glucose (1.58%), tryptone (1.61%) and yeast extract (1.11%). There was an increase in mycelial chitosan yield after media optimization by one-factor-at-a-time and statistical analysis from 683 mg/L to 1 g/L. Mycelial chitosan was characterized for total glucosamine content (80.68%), degree of deacetylation (DD) (79.89%), molecular weight (8.07 × 104 Da) and, viscosity (73.22 ml/g). The results of this study demonstrated that fungi are promising alternative sources of chitosan with high DD and high purity.

Interaction of a <i>Myrothecium verrucaria</i>Mycelial Preparation and a Glyphosate Product for Controlling Redvine (<i>Brunnichia ovata</i>) and Trumpet Creeper (<i>Campsis radicans</i>)

A mycelial formulation of the bioherbicidal fungus Myrothecium verrucaria (Alb. & Schwein.) Ditmar: Fr. (MV) was tested alone and in combination with a commercially available glyphosate [N-(phosphonomethyl)glycine] (GLY) product for controlling the invasive vines, redvine [Brunnichia ovata (Walt.) Shinners], and trumpet creeper [Campsis radicans (L.) Seem. ex Bureau] in field experiments conducted near Stoneville, MS. Several application timing regimens were evaluated (Fall, Spring, Fall + Spring, and Spring + Fall). We found that a Fall + Spring application of MV + GLY controlled redvine and trumpet creeper by 95%, 12 days after the second treatment, through a synergistic interaction of the fungus and glyphosate. Disease symptomatology was characterized by rapid necrosis of leaf and stem tissues, with mortality occurring within 72 h. Neither glyphosate alone, nor MV alone, effectively controlled either weed species under any application timing regimen. No visual disease or herbicide damage occurred on glyphosate-resistant soybean plants in the treated test plots. These results suggest that some formulations of glyphosate, mixed with the bioherbicide MV, can effectively control redvine and trumpet creeper, two of the most troublesome weeds in the row crops of the Mississippi Delta region in the mid-southern U.S.

Properties and characterization of Au^(3+)-adsorption by mycelial waste of Streptomyces aureofaciences

Mycelial waste of Streptomyces aureofaciences procured from the aureomycin fermentation industry is used as biosorbent for Au3+. The properties of Au3+ adsorption by the mycelial waste are studied. The results indicate that the optimum pH value of Au3+ adsorption is 3.5. The biosorption is a rapid and non-temperature-dependent process. The bio-sorptive capacity with 45.6 mg/g and efficiency with 91.2% are achieved under the conditions of pH 3.5 and 30℃ for 45 min, in which the ratio is 50 mg/g dry weight for the concentrations of initial Au3+ and the mycelial waste. The Au3+ ions adsorbed on the mycelial waste can be eluted. The observation in a transmission electron microscope shows that the Au3+ ions can be reduced to Au particles by the mycelial waste and the Au can become gold crystals with differentforms and sizes. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis further proves that the Au3+ can be reduced to Au0 by the mycelial waste.

Effect of aeration rate on composting of penicillin mycelial dreg

Pilot scale experiments with forced aeration were conducted to estimate effects of aeration rates on the performance of composting penicillin mycelial dreg using sewage sludge as inoculation. Three aeration rates of 0.15, 0.50 and 0.90 L/（min·kg） organic matter（OM） were examined. The principal physicochemical parameters were monitored during the 32 day composting period. Results showed that the higher aeration rate of 0.90 L/（min·kg） did not corresponded to a longer thermophilic duration and higher rates of OM degradation;but the lower aeration rate of 0.15 L/（min·kg） did induce an accumulation of NH＋4-N contents due to the inhibition of nitrification. On the other hand, aeration rate has little effect on degradation of penicillin. The results show that the longest phase of thermophilic temperatures ≥ 55°C, the maximum NO-3-N content and seed germination, and the minimum C/N ratio were obtained with 0.50 L/（min·kg） OM. Therefore, aeration rates of0.50 L/（min·kg） OM can be recommended for composting penicillin mycelial dreg.

Anti-Obesity and Anti-Hyperlipidemia Effects of Antrodia cinnamomea Mycelial Extract in High-Fructose Diet-Fed Mice

This study investigated hypolipidemic,weight-reducing,and hepatoprotective effects of Antrodia cinnamomea mycelial extract obtained from solid-state culture(ACME)in an HFr D-induced obese/hyperlipidemic mouse model.Following 4-week ACME treatment,body weight,epididymal fat index,and some serum biochemical indices were measured.Expression levels of some related genes involved in cholesterol and lipid metabolism were analyzed by q RT-PCR.Moreover,histological studies of hepatic tissues were also conducted.After ACME treatment,body weight and epididymal fat index were significantly lower than that in model control group.ACME and simvastatin significantly reduced serum total cholesterol(T-CHO)and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol(LDL-C)levels,and increased high-density lipoprotein cholesterol(HDL-C)level.Subsequent experiments showed that:(i)ACME regulated transcriptional expression of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-Co A reductase(HMGR),low-density lipoprotein receptor(LDLR),adipose triglyceride lipase(ATGL),and fatty acid synthase(FAS),with consequent reduction of blood lipid levels and body weight;(ii)ACME enhanced total antioxidant capacity(T-AOC)and superoxide dismutase(SOD)activity in hepatic tissues;(iii)ACME reduced malondialdehyde(MDA)level and ameliorated lipid oxidative damage in liver.Our findings indicate that ACME is a strong candidate for development as a novel anti-hyperlipidemia and anti-obesity health product.

Biological Characteristics of the Pathogen Phyllosticta capitalensis Causing Banana Freckle Disease in Hainan Province

[Objectives]This study was conducted to clarify the biological characteristics of the pathogen Phyllosticta capitalensis,the causal agent of freckle disease on Cavendish banana in Hainan Province,China.[Methods]The impact of various nutritional and environmental factors,including media,carbon sources,nitrogen sources,temperature,pH and light on the growth and sporulation of P.capitalensis was assessed using two distinct methods:mycelium growth rate and blood counting chamber.[Results]The mycelial growth and sporulation of P.capitalensis on different media exhibited notable differences.The use of banana leaf extract dextrose agar(BLEAD)and carrot agar(CA)was observed to facilitate rapid mycelial growth.The potato dextrose agar(PDA)and potato sucrose agar(PSA)were conducive to the production of conidia.The utilization of distinct carbon and nitrogen sources exerted a pronounced influence on the growth of P.capitalensis.Maltose,dextrose,fructose,and casein acid hydrolysate were the preferred substrates for mycelial growth.The tested carbon and nitrogen sources did not significantly stimulate conidial production,whereas dextrose and NaNO 3 were found to favor sporulation.The optimal temperature for mycelial growth and conidial production was determined to be 28 and 32℃,respectively.No mycelial growth was observed at 5℃.Active mycelial growth was observed at pH 6-10,with pH 6-7 being particularly conducive to sporulation.Complete darkness was conducive to mycelial growth and sporulation.[Conclusions]It is recommended that BLEDA and PDA should be incubated at 28℃for 14 d in the dark for the purpose of mycelial growth and sporulation of P.capitalensis,respectively.

Screening of Substrate Formulas for Culture of Auricularia auricula Mycelia with Byproducts

[Objectives]This study was conducted to explore the source of substitutive substrate raw materials for cultivation of edible fungi,reduce the cutting and use of woody materials,and realize harmless treatment and resource utilization of byproducts from Chinese medicine production and bamboo processing.[Methods]Traditional Chinese medicine residue and bamboo shavings were used to partially replace hardwood sawdust in the conventional formula,and the growth of Auricularia auricula mycelia in large test tubes under different substrate formulas was studied.[Results]The results showed that the mycelia of A.auricula could grow normally on substrates with byproducts,and the mycelia grew differently with different formulas,and the performance of different strains of the same species was also different.Compared with the conventional formula,the suitable substitution amount of bamboo shavings for A.auricula strains was 10%-30%,and the substitution amount of Chinese medicine residue was 5%-15%.[Conclusions]This study provides reference for the efficient utilization of byproducts and the expansion of raw material sources for production of edible fungi.

Effects of Medium Nutrients on Fusarium oxysporum Schl. f.sp

[Objective] To study the effects of different culture conditions on the Fusarium oxysporurn SchL f. sp. [Method] Based on species identification of the pathogenic organism of Fusarium oxysporum Schl. f. sp, effects of different cultures and different nutrients on the mycelial growth and conidial production of Fusarium oxysporum SchL f. sp were studied. [Result] The mycelial growth and conidial pro- duction of Fusarium oxysporum SchL f. sp was different under different culture con- ditions. PDA medium was the most suitable medium for the mycelial growth and had the highest conidial production; and the mycelial grew the fastest on the medium with maltose as carbon source or peptone as nitrogen source, which also had the highest conidial production. [Conclusion] This study provided experimental basis for the study of Fusarium oxysporum SchL f. sp and also provided theoretical basis for the study and control of Fusarium oxysporum Schl. f. sp.

Effect of Different Preservation Conditions on Mycelia Growth of Morcllhea conica

[Objective] This study aimed to investigate the effect of different short-term preservation conditions on mycelial growth of Morchella conica, and search for opti- mum preservation conditions. [Method] M. conica strains in tubes were preserved at two temperature treatments 10 ℃/5 ℃ （day/night） and 15℃/10 ℃（day/night） in scat- tered light or dark for 30 or 60 d. The strain preserved at 4 ℃ dark for 90 d was the control （CK）. So, a total of nine treatments were prepared in this study. [Result] Mycelial growth of M. conica preserved at 10 ℃/5 ℃ was better than that at 15 ℃/10 ℃ and control. The colony color and aerial hyphae of strains preserved in scattered light was also better than that in dark. Additionally, the preservation time showed no distinct effect on mycelial growth at 10 ℃/5 ℃. So the time could be lengthened. But the maximal preservation time was 60 d at 15 ℃/10 ℃. Therefore, preserved under the appropriate conditions of 10 ℃/5 ℃, scattered light for 30 d, the strain had the neat colony edge, moderate aerial mycelia, dense mycelia, lower sectoral variation, uniform mycelial growth rate and high dry weight of mycelia.

Activity of Azoxystrobin and SHAM to Four Phytopathogens

The study was conducted to make clear the activity of azoxystrobin to 4 plant pathogens and the synergistic effects of salicylhydroxamic acid （SHAM）, which acted on the alternative oxidase. It was also conducted to be aware of the mechanism of azoxystrobin in inhibition on mycelial respiration and the influence of SHAM. The activity test of azoxystrobin and SHAM was carried out with a mycelial linear growth test and spore germination test. Other related biological properties were also observed. Inhibition of azoxystrobin and SHAM on 4 pathogens was determined by using SP-II oxygraph system. Azoxystrobin inhibited mycelial growth in Colletotrichum capsici, Botrytis cinerea, Rhizoctonia solani, and Magnaporthe grisea, respectively; it also inhibited conidia germination, and conidia production in C. capsici, B. cinerea M. grisea, and sclerotia formation in R. solani. Moreover, it created stayed pigment biosynthesis in C. capsici and M. grisea somehow. Salicylhydroxamic acid enhanced inhibition by azoxystrobin. An oxygen consuming test of the mycelia showed that azoxystrobin inhibited all the 4 fungi＇s respiration in the early stages. With the concentration rising up, the effectiveness increased. However, as time went on, the respiration of the mycelia treated with fungicides recovered and SHAM could not inhibit the oxygen consuming. This reaction between the mycelia and the fungicides appeared not to initiate alternative respiration but rather the other mechanism created a lack of efficacy.

Effect of <i>Carya cathayensis Sarg</i>Shell Substrate on Yield and Nutrient Amount of <i>Pleurotus geesteranus</i>

Using cottonseed hull as the control substrate, different proportions of the untreated and treated Carya cathayensis Sarg shells were added to cultivation of Pleurotus geesteranus. The mycelial growth rate, yield, nutritional composition and contents of heavy metals of the Pleurotus geesteranus cultivated on these substrates were determined. The results suggest that added to treated Carya cathayensis Sarg shell promoted the mycelial growth and increased the yield, biological efficiency and the contents of crude fiber, ash, amino acids and essential amino acids of Pleurotus geesteranus. In addition, the fat content and soluble sugar contents of Pleurotus geesteranus were decreased with the increase of the Carya cathayensis Sarg shell content in substrate, but their contents of heavy metals including mercury (Hg), arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) were higher than that obtained on control substrate.

Camptotheca acuminata Decne Residue after Camptothecin Extract as a Substrate to Produce Mushroom Spawn

Currently in China,no technically and economically viable methods exist to handle large quantities of Camptotheca acuminata Decne residue(CA residue) after camptothecin extract while there is a great demand for low cost alternatives to replace the cottonseed hull-based materials used in commercial mushroom culture.Hence,it is of importance for camptothecin extract factories and mushroom producers to explore the utilization of CA residue in mushroom industry.We conducted a research to study how partially or completely substituting traditional mushroom substrate by CA residue would influence the mycelial growth in mushroom spawn production.5 mushroom strains from 4 species were used in the test,i.e.,oyster mushroom(Pleurotus ostreatu) strains,Zayou No.1 and Xide 33,needle mushroom(Flammulina velutipes) strain Chuanjin No.3,hairy wood ear(Auricularia polytricha) strain Huang Er No.10,and shiitake(Lentinula edodes) strain Wuxiang.The nutrient element composition and heavy metal contents of CA residue were determined to ensure its safety and to determine its appropriate component in the substrate formulation for mushroom spawn production.The four substrate formulations(one control-CK,and three treatments,named,T1,T2,T3,) contained 0%,40%,79%,and 100% CA residue,respectively,to allow comparison of the fungal mycelial growth.The control(CK) was the popularly used formulation in Chinese commercial mushroom production,comprising of 73% cottonseed hulls,10% sawdust,15% wheat bran,1% lime,1% white sugar(percentage by weight).All mushroom spawns of the five strains in the four treatments were incubated under the same conditions.The results showed that mycelia of the five mushroom strains grew significantly faster on the substrates containing CA residue than on the substrate with no CA residue(CK).There were no significant differences in the mycelial growth rate among treatments containing CA residue for the two oyster mushrooms and the needle mushroom,but mycelial growth rate in treatments T2 and T3 was significantly higher than in treatment T1 for hairy wood ear and shiitake.The results suggest that CA residue can be used to culture oyster mushroom,needle mushroom,hairy wood ear,and shiitake spawn,and the medium containing CA residue can stimulate their mycelial growth.The commercial production of mushroom spawn using CA residue not only brings better economical benefits including lower cost to mushroom producers,but also reduces environmental pollution by providing a means to reduce dumping and piling of CA residue.