Clinical mycophenolic acid monitoring in liver transplant recipients

In liver transplantation, the efficacy of mycophenolate mofetil(MMF) has been confirmed in clinical trials and studies. However, therapeutic drug monitoring for mycophenolic acid(MPA) has not been fully accepted in liver transplantation as no long-term prospective study of concentration controlled vs fixed-dose prescribing of MMF has been done. This review addressed MPA measurement, pharmacokinetic variability and reasons of this variation, exposure related to acute rejection and MMF-associated side effects in liver transplant recipients. Limited sampling strategies to predict MPA area under the concentration-time curve have also been described, and the value of clinical use needs to be investigated in future. The published data suggested that a fixed-dosage MMF regimen might not be suitable and monitoring of MPA exposure seems helpful in various clinical settings of liver transplantation.

Determination of the mitigating effect of colon-specific bioreversible codrugs of mycophenolic acid and aminosugars in an experimental colitis model in Wistar rats

AIM To design colon-targeted codrugs of mycophenolic acid(MPA) and aminosugars as a safer option to mycophenolate mofetil(MMF) in the management of inflammatory bowel disease. METHODS Codrugs were synthesized by coupling MPA with aminosugars(D-glucosamine and D-galactosamine) using EDCI coupling. The structures were confirmed by infrared radiation, nuclear magnetic resonance, mass spectroscopy and elemental analysis. The release profile of codrugs was extensively studied in aqueous buffers, upper gastrointestinal homogenates, faecal matter and caecal homogenates(in vitro) and rat blood(in vitro). Anti-colitic activity was assessed in 2,4,6-trinitrobezenesulfonic acid-induced colitis in Wistar rats by the estimation of various demarcating parameters. Statistical evaluation was performed by applying one-way and two-way ANOVA when compared with the disease control.RESULTS The prodrugs resisted activation in HCl buffer(pH 1.2) and stomach homogenates of rats with negligible hydrolysis in phosphate buffer(p H 7.4) and intestinal homogenates. Incubation with colon homogenates(in vitro) produced 76% to 89% release of MPA emphasizing colon-specific activation of codrugs and the release of MPA and aminosugars at the site of action. In the in vitro studies, the prodrug of MPA with D-glucosamine(MGLS) was selected which resulted in 68% release of MPA in blood. in vitro studies on MGLS revealed its colon-specific activation after a lag time of 8 h which could be ascribed to the hydrolytic action of N-acyl amidases found in the colon. The synthesized codrugs markedly diminished disease activity score and revived the disrupted architecture of the colon that was comparable to MMF but superior to MPA. CONCLUSION The significant attenuating effect of prodrugs and individual aminosugars on colonic inflammation proved that the rationale of the codrug approach is valid.

Determination of mycophenolic acid in human plasma by ultra performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry

A simple, sensitive and high throughput ultra performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry method has been developed for the determination of mycophenolic acid in human plasma. The method involved simple protein precipitation of MPA along with its deuterated analog as an internal standard （IS） from 50 mL of human plasma. The chromatographic analysis was done on Acquity UPLC C18 （100mm×2.1mm,1.7μm） column under isocratic conditions using acetonitrile and 10 mM ammonium formate, pH 3.00 （75：25, v/v） as the mobile phase. A triple quadrupole mass spectrometer operating in the positive ionization mode was used for quantitation. In-source conversion of mycophenolic glucuronide metabolite to the parent drug was selectively controlled by suitable optimization of cone voltage, cone gas flow and desolvation temperature. The method was validated over a wide concentration range of 15-15000 ng/mL. The mean extraction recovery for the analyte and IS was 〉95%. Matrix effect expressed as matrix factors ranged from 0.97 to 1.02. The method was successfully applied to support a bioequivalence study of 500 mg mycophenolate mofetil tablet in 72 healthy subjects.

Pharmacokinetics of mycophenolic acid in Chinese kidney transplant patients

To assess the influence of cyclosporin A (CsA) and tacrolimus (FK506) on mycophenolic acid (MPA) and correlation analysis of the pharmacokinetic parameters and patient characteristics, clinical outcome in Chinese kidney transplant recipients, the pharmacokinetics of 1000 mg mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) twice daily was measured by high-performance liquid chro- matography (HPLC). PKS (Pharmaceutical Kinetics Software) 1.0.2 software package was used for the calculation of pharma- cokinetic parameters. The mean Cmax, tmax, and AUC(0?12)were (21.88±10.52) μg/ml, (1.20±0.95) h, and (52.546±13.215) μg·h/ml, respectively. The level of AUC(0?12) in the FK506 group was significantly higher than that in the CsA group. MPA appeared not to be affected by renal function. MPA AUC(0?12) showed statistically significant difference according to the patient’s gender.

Effects of Mycophenolic Acid on High Glucose-induced Expression of TGF-β and CTGF in Mesangial Cells

The effects of mycophenolic acid （MPA） on high glucose-induced expression of transforming growth factor-β （TGF-β） and connective tissue growth factor （CTGF） in mesangial cells （MC） were investigated. Rat MC were cultured in the presence of different concentrations of MPA （1.0 and 10.0 μmol/L） or MPA plus high glucose for 72 h. The expression of TGF-β and CTGF was detected by Western blot. The results showed that high glucose could induce the expression of TGF-β and CTGF in MC, but MPA could inhibit this effects. MPA did not influence the expression of TGF-β and CTGF in normal glucose. It was concluded that MPA might prevent the progression of diabetic nephropathy by inhibiting the expression of TGF-β and CTGF in MC.

Mycophenolic Acid Absorption Profiles in Patients with Kidney or Combined Pancreas-Kidney Transplantation

Background: Mycophenolate Mofetil (MMF) is widely used in organ transplant patients to avoid calcineurine inhibittor-associated side effects. Therapeutic monitoring of MMF is up to now perform by using trough level measurements (measurements before drug administration). The present study was designed to characterize potential differences in MMF absorption kinetics between patients with allogenic kidney transplantation [kidney Tx] and simultaneous pancreas kidney transplantation [PK Tx], which might for example occur due to diabetic gastrointestinal atony. Methods: A total of 64 pharmacokinetic profiles were prospectively studied in 44 adult kidney Tx and 20 PK Tx patients. To calculate AUC by the trapezoidal rule, mycophenolic acid (MPA) levels were measured in EDTA-plasma by an EMIT assay at 0, 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4 6, and 12h after oral MMF administration between postoperative day 14 to 28 instable patients. Results: Substantial differences between kidney Tx and PK Tx patients were evident concerning: donor age, recipient age, number of mismatches, and kidney function (serum creatinine). Despite these dissimilarities pharmacokinetic absorption profiles did not significantly differ between patient groups as measured by AUC, C2, maximum MPA concentration (Cmax), and time until maximum absorption (Tmax). Astonishingly, concomitant cyclosporine and tacrolimus medication did not influence adsorption profiles. Only MPA concentrations 6h post administration correlated closely with AUC in both patient groups, whereas trough levels failed to be predictive for AUC. Conclusions: In our study population, MMF absorption kinetics did not differ between kidney and PK Tx patients and did not seem influenced by concomitant immunosuppressive medication. Therefore, MPA measurements during the absorption phase could be useful to better estimate AUC in patients with kidney Tx and PK Tx.

Influence of organic anion transporting potypeptide(SLCO1B1 and SLCO1B3)genetic polymorphisms on mycophenolic acid in Chinese kidney transplantation patients

Objective To analyze the relationship between genetic polymorphisms of organic anion transporting polypeptide ( SLCO1B1 and SLCO1B3) and mycophenolic acid ( MPA) pharmacokinetics in Chinese kidney transplant recipients. Methods Gene mutations ( SLCO1B3 T334G,SLCO1B1 A338G) were detected in 68 recipi-

The effect of mycophenolate acid on hepatitis B virus replication in vitro

OBJECTIVE: To use 2.2.15 cell line to determine the effects of mycophenolate acid (MPA) on hepatitisB virus (HBV) replication and viral protein synthesis in vitro.METHODS: The 2.2.15 cells were treated with different concentration of MPA (1-50 μg/ml) for 12days. HBsAg and HBeAg were detected in the supernatant fluid by ELISA and intracellular HBV DNAwas analyzed quantitatively by slot blot hybridization.RESULTS: MPA could suppress the expression of HBsAg and HBeAg, and the higher concentration ofMPA induced lower expression of HBsAg and HBeAg. The suppression rates of MPA for HBsAg andHBeAg at a concentration of 50 μg/ml were 34.2% and 24.1% respectively. The expression of HBVDNA was only 49% as compared with controls when treated with MPA at a concentration of 50 μg/ml.CONCLUSIONS: Mycophenolate acid can suppress the expression of HBsAg and HBeAg as well as thereplication of HBV DNA in the 2.2.15 cell. The suppressive degree is dose-dependent.

肾移植患者霉酚酸暴露量预测公式比较

目的比较目前已报道的12个基于有限采样策略的霉酚酸暴露量预测公式在我院肾移植患者霉酚酸暴露量中的预测效果。方法入组20例口服吗替麦考酚酯分散片的肾移植患者,采集不同时间的全血样本,使用二维液相色谱测定霉酚酸血药浓度。采用WinNonlin软件计算霉酚酸的药代动力学参数。运用12个预测公式预测霉酚酸AUC0~12h,计算预测值与实测值的相关系数(R2)值、预测AUC0~12h平均相对预测误差和理想预测AUC0~12h占比。结果公式8的预测AUC0~12h与MPA-AUC0~12h相关性较好,R2=0.923,平均预测误差绝对值最小(约为12.00),预测AUC0~12h在理想预测范围内的占比最高(80%)。结论预测公式8在估算我院肾移植患者霉酚酸暴露量中有良好的预测效果。

HIV阳性实体器官移植受者的免疫抑制药物管理

联合抗逆转录病毒治疗(cART)的应用显著提高了人类免疫缺陷病毒(HIV)感染者的预期寿命。但病毒感染和cART药物的不良反应使患者更容易发生器官衰竭。针对HIV感染者的终末期器官衰竭患者,实体器官移植成为一种标准的治疗方案。然而,在HIV阳性实体器官移植受者中,存在移植物排斥反应发生增多、感染风险升高、药物毒性以及cART治疗和免疫抑制药之间的药物相互作用等诸多问题,管理HIV阳性实体器官移植受者具有极大的挑战性。因此,本文就免疫诱导治疗、钙调磷酸酶抑制剂、哺乳动物雷帕霉素靶蛋白抑制剂及其他免疫抑制药在HIV阳性实体器官移植受者中的应用进行综述,旨在为未来HIV阳性实体器官移植受者的免疫抑制管理提供参考。

霉酚酸在原发性IgA肾病患儿中的群体药动学研究

目的建立霉酚酸酯的活性代谢产物霉酚酸(MPA)在原发性IgA肾病患儿中的群体药动学(PPK)模型,探究影响MPA药动学参数的因素,为临床个体化给药提供参考。方法回顾性收集使用霉酚酸酯的47名原发性IgA肾病患儿的636个药物浓度监测数据及相应临床资料,利用非线性混合效应模型进行PPK分析,采用逐步回归法进行协变量筛选,通过拟合优度图、重抽样自举法和可视化预测检验法评价模型。结果原发性IgA肾病患儿MPA体内药动学符合一级吸收和消除二房室模型(目标函数值为3276.31)。协变量分析提示体重和白蛋白(ALB)水平为表观清除率和表观分布容积的显著影响因素。通过最终模型估计可得MPA最终模型PPK参数群体典型值:中央室分布容积为5.79 L,清除率为4.06 L/h,外周室分布容积为430.93 L,隔室间清除率为15.40 L/h,口服吸收速率常数为1.29 h^(-1)。经验证,预测校正观测浓度点大部分位于预测校正模拟浓度的90%置信区间内,说明MPA最终模型具有良好的预测性。结论建立了原发性IgA肾病患儿口服霉酚酸酯后MPA的PPK模型,明确了体重及ALB水平是MPA代谢的显著影响因素。

实体器官移植受者接受霉酚酸类药物TDM的意愿调查

目的调查实体器官移植受者接受霉酚酸类(MPA)药物治疗药物监测(TDM)的意愿,并探究相关影响因素,为相关指南推荐意见形成及临床决策优化提供参考。方法采用横断面研究设计法,设计MPA TDM患者意愿调查问卷,选取2022年4月14日至2022年6月27日在北京市两家三级甲等综合医院接受MPA类药物治疗的实体器官移植受者进行调研。采用Likert 5级评分法对患者接受MPA TDM的意愿进行评分,采用Pearson相关分析和二元Logistic回归分析患者接受MPA TDM的意愿影响因素及其相关性,采用非参数检验和χ2检验对影响患者意愿决策的因素进行排序及一致性分析。结果共收集到有效问卷140份,有效回收率为77.35%。140例患者接受MPA TDM的平均意愿得分为(4.01±0.65)分,表明总体意愿值较高;有116例(82.86%)患者表示愿意或非常愿意接受MPA TDM;既往接受过TDM与未接受过TDM患者的意愿得分差异有统计学意义[(4.30±0.53)分vs.(3.80±0.65)分,P<0.001]。患者对MPA TDM的了解程度、重视程度与接受意愿呈显著正相关(P<0.001)。患者决策影响因素排序具有统计学上的一致性(P<0.001),影响程度由大到小分别为治疗有效性、安全性、舒适程度、经济性及时间成本。结论实体器官移植受者对MPA TDM的接受意愿较高,MPA TDM既往就诊经历和对MPA TDM的了解、重视程度为影响患者意愿的主要因素。

液相色谱-串联质谱法同时测定人全血中4种免疫抑制剂药物浓度

建立了液相色谱-串联质谱同时测定人全血中他克莫司、雷帕霉素、环孢素A与霉酚酸4种免疫抑制剂药物浓度的检测方法。全血样品经蛋白沉淀后,通过Waters XBridge C18色谱柱(100 mm×2.1 mm,5μm),以甲醇-水(含0.1%甲酸和5 mmol/L乙酸铵)为流动相梯度洗脱,采用电喷雾电离源,正离子化多反应监测模式定量检测。结果表明,4种免疫抑制剂在各自检测浓度范围内线性良好,相关系数均大于0.99。基质效应相对标准偏差(RSD)在9.4%以内。加标回收率在94.2%~104.3%之间,日内日间精密度RSD<5.49%。参加英国Laboratory of the Government Chemist(LGC)室间质评的偏差均在12.50%以内,正确度良好。该方法操作简单、准确度好、灵敏度高,适用于血液中免疫抑制剂治疗药物浓度监测。

地中海贫血造血干细胞移植患儿霉酚酸药时曲线下面积及药物不良反应影响因素分析

目的探讨地中海贫血造血干细胞移植儿童患者霉酚酸(MPA)药时曲线下面积(AUC)及发生药品不良反应(ADR)的影响因素。方法收集我院2022年10月至2023年4月行造血干细胞移植术并监测MPA血药浓度的地中海贫血儿童患者临床资料。采用高效液相色谱法测定血浆MPA浓度并计算其AUC,统计患者用药期间发生ADR的信息。多元回归方法分析MPA-AUC影响因素,同时探究ADR与MPA-AUC及患者生理指标之间的相关性。结果白蛋白(ALB)是MPA-AUC的独立影响因素(P<0.05),ALB水平<35 g·L^(-1)时,患儿AUC最低,提示低蛋白血症对MPA-AUC有影响;并且患儿缺乏肝肠循环,故MPA-AUC偏低。患儿用药后ADR发生率为84.2%,以感染为主。多元回归分析显示:年龄与ADR的发生有相关性(P<0.05)。结论ALB以及缺乏肝肠循环对MPA-AUC有影响;患儿ALB<35 g·L^(-1)时应适当增加给药剂量。患儿用药后ADR发生率较高,年龄是其主要影响因素,有必要进行治疗药物监测,实现精准用药。

艾司西酞普兰联合丙戊酸镁治疗抑郁症患者的疗效

【目的】探讨艾司西酞普兰联合丙戊酸镁治疗抑郁症患者的疗效。【方法】将在延安大学咸阳医院就诊的84例抑郁症患者随机分为两组,每组42例。对照组口服艾司西酞普兰治疗,观察组联合艾司西酞普兰及丙戊酸镁治疗。比较两组治疗效果、治疗前后汉密尔顿抑郁量表(HAMD)评分、汉密尔顿焦虑量表(HAMA)评分、威斯康星卡片分类测验(WCST)评分和5-羟色胺(5-HT)、去甲肾上腺素(NE)水平,治疗后不良反应发生情况。【结果】观察组总有效率为76.19%(32/42),显著高于对照组的54.76%(23/42),且差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);两组治疗后HAMD和HAMA评分均低于治疗前(P<0.05),且观察组低于对照组(P<0.05);两组治疗后5-HT、NE水平均高于治疗前(P<0.05),且观察组高于对照组(P<0.05);两组治疗后WCST各项评分均显著优于治疗前(P<0.05),且观察组优于对照组(P<0.05);两组不良反应总发生率比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。【结论】艾司西酞普兰联合丙戊酸镁可有效缓解抑郁症患者的抑郁、焦虑情绪,改善认知功能,且安全性良好。

药物联合治疗成人多发性肌炎/皮肌炎的临床分析

目的探讨药物联合治疗多发性肌炎/皮肌炎(PM/DM)的临床疗效。方法回顾性分析2002年6月至2017年5月东北国际医院收治的17例PM/DM患者的临床资料,所有患者均采用糖皮质激素、环磷酰胺、吗替麦考酚酯、硫酸羟氯喹、复方甘草酸苷制剂、卡介菌多糖核酸注射液联合治疗。分析药物使用剂量、治疗时间、治愈率、不良反应发生情况,比较治疗前后实验室检查指标,分析联合药物剂量、各种药物使用剂量与疗程关系。结果联合药物治疗时间为4~168个月,平均(91.00±15.56)个月;治愈率为100.0%;治疗期间患者出现体质量增加、满月脸、一过性白细胞降低、胃肠道反应,随访5年,患者除体质量增加外,其他不良反应均消失,未出现其他远期不良反应。治疗后,患者乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)、肌酸激酶(CK)、C反应蛋白(CRP)、红细胞沉降率(ESR)水平均低于治疗前,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。联合药物剂量与疗程有关(P<0.05);环磷酰胺、吗替麦考酚酯、复方甘草酸苷制剂及卡介菌多糖核酸注射液的使用剂量均与疗程有关(P<0.05),而糖皮质激素和羟氯喹的使用剂量与疗程无关。结论联合使用糖皮质激素、环磷酰胺、吗替麦考酚酯、硫酸羟氯喹、复方甘草酸苷制剂和卡介菌多糖核酸注射液治疗PM/DM效果确切,可降低患者LDH、CK、CRP和ESR水平,改善PM/DM患者病情转归,安全性较高,但糖皮质激素和硫酸羟氯喹需结合患者具体情况选择用药。

Conventional therapy for moderate to severe inflammatory bowel disease: A systematic literature review

BACKGROUND Despite the advent of biological drugs, conventional therapy continues to be used in moderate to severe inflammatory bowel disease(MS-IBD). This study hypothesized that as a standard of treatment and the primary alternative to biologics, conventional therapy should present robust effectiveness results in IBD outcomes.AIM To investigate the effectiveness of conventional therapy for MS-IBD.METHODS A systematic review with no time limit was conducted in July 2017 through the Cochrane Collaboration, MEDLINE, and LILACS databases. The inclusion criteria encompassed meta-analyses, systematic reviews, randomized clinical trials, observational and case-control studies concerning conventional therapy in adult patients with MS-IBD, including Crohn's disease(CD) and ulcerative colitis(UC). Corticosteroids(prednisone, hydrocortisone, budesonide, prednisolone,dexamethasone), 5-aminosalicylic acid(5-ASA) derivatives(mesalazine and sulfasalazine) and immunosuppressants [azathioprine(AZA), methotrexate(MTX), mycophenolate, cyclosporine, tacrolimus, 6-mercaptopurine(6-MP)] were considered conventional therapy. The exclusion criteria were sample size below50; narrative reviews; specific subpopulations(e.g., pregnant women,comorbidities); studies on postoperative IBD; and languages other than English,Spanish, French or Portuguese. The primary outcome measures were clinical remission(induction or maintenance), clinical response and mucosal healing. As secondary outcomes, fecal calprotectin, hospitalization, death, and surgeries were analyzed. The quality of the evidence was assessed using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation criteria.RESULTS The search strategy identified 1995 citations, of which 27 were considered eligible(7 meta-analyses, 20 individual studies). For induction of clinical remission, four meta-analyses were selected(AZA and 6-MP showed no advantage over placebo,MTX or 5-ASA in CD; MTX showed no statistically significant difference versus placebo, 6-MP, or 5-ASA in UC; tacrolimus was superior to placebo for UC in two meta-analyses). Only one meta-analysis evaluated clinical remission maintenance, showing no statistically significant difference between MTX and placebo, 5-ASA, or 6-MP in UC. AZA and 6-MP had no advantage over placebo in induction of clinical response in CD. Three meta-analyses showed the superiority of tacrolimus vs placebo for induction of clinical response in UC. The clinical response rates for cyclosporine were 41.7% in randomized controlled trials(RCTs) and 55.4% in non-RCTs for UC. For induction of mucosal healing,one meta-analysis showed a favorable rate with tacrolimus versus placebo for UC. For secondary outcomes, no meta-analyses specifically evaluated fecal calprotectin, hospitalization or death. Two meta-analyses were retrieved evaluating colectomy rates for tacrolimus and cyclosporine in UC. Most of the twenty individual studies retrieved contained a low or very low quality of evidence.CONCLUSION High-quality evidence assessing conventional therapy in MS-IBD treatment is scarce, especially for remission maintenance, mucosal healing and fecal calprotectin.

The role of mycophenolate in the treatment of antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated vasculitis

Mycophenolic acid, the active metabolite for mycophenolate mofetil and mycophenolic sodium, is a strong, noncompetitive, reversible inhibitor of inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase, the key enzyme in de novo synthesis of guanosine nucleotides leading to selective inhibition of lymphocyte proliferation. Mycophenolic acid has been evaluated as induction and remission maintenance agent in the treatment of antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated vasculitis (AAV). Since the course of disease of AAV usually requires long term immunosuppression, mycophenolate has been explored as a less toxic agent compared to cyclophosphamide and azathioprine. Mycophenolate is a potent immunosuppressive agent in the therapy of AAV, non-inferior to other available drugs with comparable side effect profile. Therefore, it could be a valuable alternative in cases of toxicity with life threatening side effects or intolerance to cyclophosphamide or azathioprine, in cases with high cumulative dose of cyclophosphamide, but also in cases with insufficient response. Several studies have shown a higher relapse rate following discontinuation of mycophenolate or in mycophenolate treated subjects that raises concerns about its usefulness in the treatment of AAV. This review describes the efficacy of mycophenolate in AAV as remission induction agent, as remission maintenance agent, and as therapeutic option in relapsing AAV disease, the relapse rate following discontinuation of mycophenolate, and the adverse events related to mycophenolate treatment.

Mycophenolic acid derivatives from cultures of the mushroom Laetiporus sulphureu

AIM: To investigate the chemical constituents of the cultures of Laetiporus sulphureus(Bull.) Murrill. METHOD: Compounds were isolated and purified by various chromatographic techniques. The structure of the new compound was determined by interpretation of MS and 1D-, 2D-NMR spectroscopic data, while the known compounds were identified by comparison of their data with those reported. RESULTS: Three mycophenolic acid derivatives, 6-((2E, 6E)-3, 7-dimethyldeca-2, 6-dienyl)-7-hydroxy-5-methoxy-4-methylphtanlan-1-one(1), 6-((2E, 6E)-3, 7, 11-trimethyldedoca-2, 6, 10-trienyl)-5, 7-dihydroxy-4-methylphtanlan-1-one(2), and 6-((2E, 6E)-3, 7, 11-trimethyldedoca-2, 6, 10-trienyl)-7-hydroxy-5-methoxy-4-methylphtanlan-1-one(3) were isolated. CONCLUSION: Among them, compound 1 was new, and compound 2 exhibited moderate cytotoxicity against HL-60, SMMC-7721, A-549, and MCF-7 cells, with IC50 values of 39.1, 31.1, 27.4, and 35.7 μmol·L-1, respectively.