The transition from non-renewable to renewable energy sources is a significant challenge of our time. In the fuel industry, oxygenated additives such as butanol are transforming conventional fuels into renewable biofu...The transition from non-renewable to renewable energy sources is a significant challenge of our time. In the fuel industry, oxygenated additives such as butanol are transforming conventional fuels into renewable biofuels. This technology has been utilized in reciprocating engines for decades. This paper reviews the viability of using an n-butanol blend as a short-term replacement for diesel by analyzing its physical and chemical properties, combustion, performance, and emission characteristics in compression ignition (CI) engines under various conditions, including variable load, speed, acceleration, and both stationary and transient cycles. N-Butanol exhibits higher viscosity, better lubricity, higher heating value, improved blend stability, enhanced cold-flow properties, and higher density. These factors influence spray formation, injection timing, atomization, and combustion characteristics. Its higher oxygen content improves the diffusion combustion stage and efficiency. Adding 5% and 10% n-butanol to diesel increases pressure and apparent heat release rate, slightly reduces temperature, and improves thermal efficiency, with mixed effects on CO and THC emissions and a notable decrease in particulate matter emissions. Fuel consumption increases, while the impact on NOx emissions varies. A 10% butanol blend is considered optimal for enhancing performance and reducing particulate emissions without significantly affecting NOx emissions. Blending up to 40% butanol with diesel does not require engine modifications or ECU recalibrations in engines calibrated for pure diesel. Due to its advantageous properties and performance, n-butanol is recommended as a superior alcohol-diesel blend than ethanol for short-term diesel replacement.展开更多
AIM: To evaluate attenuating properties of N-acetylcysteine (NAC) on oxidative stress and liver pathology in rats with non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). METHODS: Male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into...AIM: To evaluate attenuating properties of N-acetylcysteine (NAC) on oxidative stress and liver pathology in rats with non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). METHODS: Male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into three groups. Group 1 (control, n = 8) was free accessed to regular dry rat chow (RC) for 6 wk. Group 2 (NASH, n = 8) was fed with 100% fat diet for 6 wk. Group 3 (NASH + NAC20, n = 9) was fed with 100% fat diet plus 20 mg/kg per day of NAC orally for 6 wk. All rats were sacrificed to collect blood and liver samples at the end of the study. RESULTS: The levels of total glutathione (GSH) and hepatic malondialdehyde (MDA) were increased significantly in the NASH group as compared with the control group (GSH; 2066.7 ± 93.2 vs 1337.5 ± 31.5 μmol/L and MDA; 209.9± 43.9 vs 3.8 ±1.7 μmol/g protein, respectively, P < 0.05). Liver histopathology from group 2 showed moderate to severe macrovesicular steatosis, hepatocyte ballooning, and necroinflammation. NAC treatment improved the level of GSH (1394.8 ± 81.2 μmol/L, P < 0.05), it did not affect MDA (150.1 ± 27.0 μmol/g protein), but led to a decrease in fat deposition and necroinflammation. CONCLUSION: NAC treatment could attenuate oxidative stress and improve liver histology in rats with NASH.展开更多
An efficient and mild method for the direct conversion of alcohols into N-alkylphthalimides using 2,4,6-trichloro-1,3,5-triazine and dimethylformamide was described.The reaction was preceded via(alcoxymethylene) dimet...An efficient and mild method for the direct conversion of alcohols into N-alkylphthalimides using 2,4,6-trichloro-1,3,5-triazine and dimethylformamide was described.The reaction was preceded via(alcoxymethylene) dimethylammonium chloride intermediate and produced corresponding N-alkylphthalimides in good-to-excellent yields.展开更多
Stable and well-dispersed poly(N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone) (PVP)-stabilized ruthenium colloidal clusters wereprepaxed via the reduction of ruthenium(III) chloride by refluxing with low boiling point alcohols. Investigation...Stable and well-dispersed poly(N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone) (PVP)-stabilized ruthenium colloidal clusters wereprepaxed via the reduction of ruthenium(III) chloride by refluxing with low boiling point alcohols. Investigation of the size ofRu colloids by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) indicated that the average diametes could be controlled in the rangeof 1.2-1.6 nm with relative standard deviations of less than 0.33 by changing the molar ratio of PVP to Ru. The X-rayphotoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) characterization verified the formation of elemental ruthenium colloids.展开更多
A new method was developed for the determination of cefradine by extraction-flotation of CuSCN. The experiment indicated that in the presence of 0.20 mol/L NaOH the degradation of cefradine took place in water bath at...A new method was developed for the determination of cefradine by extraction-flotation of CuSCN. The experiment indicated that in the presence of 0.20 mol/L NaOH the degradation of cefradine took place in water bath at 100 ℃. The thiol group （-SH） of the degradation product could reduce Cu（Ⅱ） to Cu（Ⅰ） for the formation of the emulsion CuSCN in the presence of NH4SCN at pH 4.0. By determining the residual amount of Cu（Ⅱ） in the solution and calculating the flotation yield of Cu（Ⅱ）, the indirect determination of cefradine can be obtained. This method has been applied to determine cefradine in capsules, human serum and urine samples, respectively.展开更多
To effectively separate and recover Co(Ⅱ) from the leachate of spent lithium-ion battery cathodes,we investigated solvent extraction with quaternary ammonium salt N263 in the sodium nitrite system.NO_(2)^(-)combines ...To effectively separate and recover Co(Ⅱ) from the leachate of spent lithium-ion battery cathodes,we investigated solvent extraction with quaternary ammonium salt N263 in the sodium nitrite system.NO_(2)^(-)combines with Co(Ⅱ) to form an anion [Co(NO_(2))_(3)]^(-),and it is then extracted by N263.The extraction of Co(Ⅱ) is related to the concentration of NO_(2)^(-).The extraction efficiency of Co(Ⅱ) reaches the maximum of99.16%,while the extraction efficiencies of Ni(Ⅱ),Mn(Ⅱ),and Li(Ⅰ) are 9.27%-9.80% under the following conditions:30vol% of N263 and15vol% of iso-propyl alcohol in sulfonated kerosene,the volume ratio of the aqueous-to-organic phase is 2:1,the extraction time is 30 min,and1 M sodium nitrite in 0.1 MHNO_(3).The theoretical stages require for the Co(Ⅱ) extraction are performed in the McCabe–Thiele diagram,and the extraction efficiency of Co(Ⅱ) reaches more than 99.00% after three-stage counter-current extraction with Co(Ⅱ) concentration of 2544mg/L.When the HCl concentration is 1.5 M,the volume ratio of the aqueous-to-organic phase is 1:1,the back-extraction efficiency of Co(Ⅱ)achieves 91.41%.After five extraction and back-extraction cycles,the Co(Ⅱ) extraction efficiency can still reach 93.89%.The Co(Ⅱ) extraction efficiency in the actual leaching solution reaches 100%.展开更多
Several hydrogels were synthesized by free-radical polymerization in an aqueous medium based on potato starch(PS),poly(vinyl alcohol)(PVA),and N,N′-Methylenebisacrylamide(MBAm),being possible to study these hydrogels...Several hydrogels were synthesized by free-radical polymerization in an aqueous medium based on potato starch(PS),poly(vinyl alcohol)(PVA),and N,N′-Methylenebisacrylamide(MBAm),being possible to study these hydrogels as a function of the proportion of components incorporated.In this way,the products generated from the synthesis were characterized by swelling and deswelling kinetics,the first swelling being verified with Schott and statistical models,allowing to contrast the proximity between the experimental and theoretical behavior.Additionally,water retention in soil(R%),spectroscopy(FTIR),morphological(SEM),and thermal(TGA and DSC)analysis allowing to know the intrinsic characteristics of the material,increasing in general terms the knowledge of this type of material.In this context,it was possible to verify the characteristics and effectiveness of the synthesis and crosslinking of the main components.The experimental results obtained show that the synthesized hydrogels present representative swellings consistent with kinetic and statistical models,optimal thermal stability depending on the amount of crosslinker,and excellent water retention in environments such as soil,presenting it as an excellent alternative to be used in agro-industrial applications in an eco-friendly way.展开更多
Antimicrobial poly( vinyl alcohol)( PVA) nanofibrous composites were prepared by adding 3-( 2,3-dihydroxypropyl)-5,5-dimethylimidazolidine-2,4-dione( N-halamine diol) to the PVA solution using electro-spinning techniq...Antimicrobial poly( vinyl alcohol)( PVA) nanofibrous composites were prepared by adding 3-( 2,3-dihydroxypropyl)-5,5-dimethylimidazolidine-2,4-dione( N-halamine diol) to the PVA solution using electro-spinning technique upon curing and exposure to diluted sodium hypochlorite. Scanning electron microscopy( SEM) demonstrates that PVA nanofibers formed with diameters of( 255 ±94) nm. Cross-linked PVA nanofibers with N-halamine diol precursor and 1,2,3,4-butanetetracarboxylic( BTCA) showed good water resistance. The chlorinated PVA nanofibrous mats completely inactivated Staphylococcus aureus( Gram-positive) and Escherichia coli O157: H7( Gram-negative) with 7 log reductions( the reduction of the bacterial concentration in logarithm) within 5min and 1 min of contact time,respectively.展开更多
文摘The transition from non-renewable to renewable energy sources is a significant challenge of our time. In the fuel industry, oxygenated additives such as butanol are transforming conventional fuels into renewable biofuels. This technology has been utilized in reciprocating engines for decades. This paper reviews the viability of using an n-butanol blend as a short-term replacement for diesel by analyzing its physical and chemical properties, combustion, performance, and emission characteristics in compression ignition (CI) engines under various conditions, including variable load, speed, acceleration, and both stationary and transient cycles. N-Butanol exhibits higher viscosity, better lubricity, higher heating value, improved blend stability, enhanced cold-flow properties, and higher density. These factors influence spray formation, injection timing, atomization, and combustion characteristics. Its higher oxygen content improves the diffusion combustion stage and efficiency. Adding 5% and 10% n-butanol to diesel increases pressure and apparent heat release rate, slightly reduces temperature, and improves thermal efficiency, with mixed effects on CO and THC emissions and a notable decrease in particulate matter emissions. Fuel consumption increases, while the impact on NOx emissions varies. A 10% butanol blend is considered optimal for enhancing performance and reducing particulate emissions without significantly affecting NOx emissions. Blending up to 40% butanol with diesel does not require engine modifications or ECU recalibrations in engines calibrated for pure diesel. Due to its advantageous properties and performance, n-butanol is recommended as a superior alcohol-diesel blend than ethanol for short-term diesel replacement.
基金Supported by Grant of Ratchadapisek Somphok, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
文摘AIM: To evaluate attenuating properties of N-acetylcysteine (NAC) on oxidative stress and liver pathology in rats with non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). METHODS: Male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into three groups. Group 1 (control, n = 8) was free accessed to regular dry rat chow (RC) for 6 wk. Group 2 (NASH, n = 8) was fed with 100% fat diet for 6 wk. Group 3 (NASH + NAC20, n = 9) was fed with 100% fat diet plus 20 mg/kg per day of NAC orally for 6 wk. All rats were sacrificed to collect blood and liver samples at the end of the study. RESULTS: The levels of total glutathione (GSH) and hepatic malondialdehyde (MDA) were increased significantly in the NASH group as compared with the control group (GSH; 2066.7 ± 93.2 vs 1337.5 ± 31.5 μmol/L and MDA; 209.9± 43.9 vs 3.8 ±1.7 μmol/g protein, respectively, P < 0.05). Liver histopathology from group 2 showed moderate to severe macrovesicular steatosis, hepatocyte ballooning, and necroinflammation. NAC treatment improved the level of GSH (1394.8 ± 81.2 μmol/L, P < 0.05), it did not affect MDA (150.1 ± 27.0 μmol/g protein), but led to a decrease in fat deposition and necroinflammation. CONCLUSION: NAC treatment could attenuate oxidative stress and improve liver histology in rats with NASH.
基金Shahid Chamran University Research Council,Ahvaz,for financial support of this investigation(No.87)
文摘An efficient and mild method for the direct conversion of alcohols into N-alkylphthalimides using 2,4,6-trichloro-1,3,5-triazine and dimethylformamide was described.The reaction was preceded via(alcoxymethylene) dimethylammonium chloride intermediate and produced corresponding N-alkylphthalimides in good-to-excellent yields.
基金This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 29873058).
文摘Stable and well-dispersed poly(N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone) (PVP)-stabilized ruthenium colloidal clusters wereprepaxed via the reduction of ruthenium(III) chloride by refluxing with low boiling point alcohols. Investigation of the size ofRu colloids by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) indicated that the average diametes could be controlled in the rangeof 1.2-1.6 nm with relative standard deviations of less than 0.33 by changing the molar ratio of PVP to Ru. The X-rayphotoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) characterization verified the formation of elemental ruthenium colloids.
文摘A new method was developed for the determination of cefradine by extraction-flotation of CuSCN. The experiment indicated that in the presence of 0.20 mol/L NaOH the degradation of cefradine took place in water bath at 100 ℃. The thiol group （-SH） of the degradation product could reduce Cu（Ⅱ） to Cu（Ⅰ） for the formation of the emulsion CuSCN in the presence of NH4SCN at pH 4.0. By determining the residual amount of Cu（Ⅱ） in the solution and calculating the flotation yield of Cu（Ⅱ）, the indirect determination of cefradine can be obtained. This method has been applied to determine cefradine in capsules, human serum and urine samples, respectively.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.51804084)the Natural Science Foundation of Guangxi Province,China(No.2021GXNSFAA220096)the Science and Technology Major Project of Guangxi Province,China(No.AA17204100)。
文摘To effectively separate and recover Co(Ⅱ) from the leachate of spent lithium-ion battery cathodes,we investigated solvent extraction with quaternary ammonium salt N263 in the sodium nitrite system.NO_(2)^(-)combines with Co(Ⅱ) to form an anion [Co(NO_(2))_(3)]^(-),and it is then extracted by N263.The extraction of Co(Ⅱ) is related to the concentration of NO_(2)^(-).The extraction efficiency of Co(Ⅱ) reaches the maximum of99.16%,while the extraction efficiencies of Ni(Ⅱ),Mn(Ⅱ),and Li(Ⅰ) are 9.27%-9.80% under the following conditions:30vol% of N263 and15vol% of iso-propyl alcohol in sulfonated kerosene,the volume ratio of the aqueous-to-organic phase is 2:1,the extraction time is 30 min,and1 M sodium nitrite in 0.1 MHNO_(3).The theoretical stages require for the Co(Ⅱ) extraction are performed in the McCabe–Thiele diagram,and the extraction efficiency of Co(Ⅱ) reaches more than 99.00% after three-stage counter-current extraction with Co(Ⅱ) concentration of 2544mg/L.When the HCl concentration is 1.5 M,the volume ratio of the aqueous-to-organic phase is 1:1,the back-extraction efficiency of Co(Ⅱ)achieves 91.41%.After five extraction and back-extraction cycles,the Co(Ⅱ) extraction efficiency can still reach 93.89%.The Co(Ⅱ) extraction efficiency in the actual leaching solution reaches 100%.
基金Concytec-Peru and the World Bank for the financial support of this project under the call“Mejoramiento y Ampliación de los Servicios del Sistema Nacional de Ciencia Tecnología e Innovación Tecnológica”8682-PE,through Fondecyt Grant 017-2019 FONDECYT BM INC.INV.
文摘Several hydrogels were synthesized by free-radical polymerization in an aqueous medium based on potato starch(PS),poly(vinyl alcohol)(PVA),and N,N′-Methylenebisacrylamide(MBAm),being possible to study these hydrogels as a function of the proportion of components incorporated.In this way,the products generated from the synthesis were characterized by swelling and deswelling kinetics,the first swelling being verified with Schott and statistical models,allowing to contrast the proximity between the experimental and theoretical behavior.Additionally,water retention in soil(R%),spectroscopy(FTIR),morphological(SEM),and thermal(TGA and DSC)analysis allowing to know the intrinsic characteristics of the material,increasing in general terms the knowledge of this type of material.In this context,it was possible to verify the characteristics and effectiveness of the synthesis and crosslinking of the main components.The experimental results obtained show that the synthesized hydrogels present representative swellings consistent with kinetic and statistical models,optimal thermal stability depending on the amount of crosslinker,and excellent water retention in environments such as soil,presenting it as an excellent alternative to be used in agro-industrial applications in an eco-friendly way.
文摘Antimicrobial poly( vinyl alcohol)( PVA) nanofibrous composites were prepared by adding 3-( 2,3-dihydroxypropyl)-5,5-dimethylimidazolidine-2,4-dione( N-halamine diol) to the PVA solution using electro-spinning technique upon curing and exposure to diluted sodium hypochlorite. Scanning electron microscopy( SEM) demonstrates that PVA nanofibers formed with diameters of( 255 ±94) nm. Cross-linked PVA nanofibers with N-halamine diol precursor and 1,2,3,4-butanetetracarboxylic( BTCA) showed good water resistance. The chlorinated PVA nanofibrous mats completely inactivated Staphylococcus aureus( Gram-positive) and Escherichia coli O157: H7( Gram-negative) with 7 log reductions( the reduction of the bacterial concentration in logarithm) within 5min and 1 min of contact time,respectively.
