The Promotion Effect of Low-Molecular Hydroxyl Compounds on the Nano-Photoelectrocatalytic Degradation of Fulvic Acid and Mechanism

A significant promotion effect of low-molecular hydroxyl compounds(LMHCs) was found in the nano-photoelectrocatalytic(NPEC) degradation of fulvic acid(FA),which is a typical kind of humic acid existing widely in natural water bodies,and its influence mechanism was proposed.A TiO_2 nanotube arrays(TNAs) material is served as the photoanode.Methanol,ethanediol,and glycerol were chosen as the representative of LMHCs in this study.The adsorption performance of organics on the surface of TNAs was investigated by using the instantaneous photocurrent value.The adsorption constants of FA,methanol,ethanediol,and glycerol were 43.44,19.32,7.00,and 1.30,respectively,which indicates that FA has the strongest adsorption property.The degradation performance of these organics and their mixture were observed in a thin-layer reactor.It shows that FA could hardly achieve exhausted mineralization alone,while LMHCs could be easily oxidized completely in the same condition.The degradation degree of FA,which is added LMHCs,improves significantly and the best promotion effect is achieved by glycerol.The promotion effect of LMHCs in the degradation of FA could be contributed to the formation of a tremendous amount of hydroxyl radicals in the NPEC process.The hydroxyl radicals could facilitate the complete degradation of both FA and its intermediate products.Among the chosen LMHCs,glycerol molecule which has three hydroxyls could generate the most hydroxyl radicals and contribute the best effective promotion.This work provides a new way to promote the NPEC degradation of FA and a direction to remove humus from polluted water.

Toxic Effects of Nano-CuO, Micro-CuO and Cu²⁺on <i>Chlorella</i>sp.

The 96 h acute toxic effects of nano-CuO (N-CuO), micro-CuO (M-CuO) and 2+ on Chlorella sp. were investigated in this paper. The results showed that toxicities decreased in an order of Cu2+>N-CuO>M-CuO. The 96 h EC50 of Cu2+ on Chlorella sp. was 1.06 mg /L, and of N-CuO it was 74.61 mg /L, while no pronounced toxicity was observed when the concentration of M-CuO was lower than 160 mg/L. Further experiments were carried out in order to study the toxicity mechanism of nano-CuO on Chlorella sp.. The results of Cu2+ release from N-CuO showed less than 0.2 mg/L Cu2+ were released, so the release of Cu2+ was not responsible for the toxicity. Further experiments showed N-CuO inhibited formation of Chlorophyll A. Content of Chlorophyll A in the control group was 4.75 mg/108 cells, while it declined to 2.89 mg/108 cells for 160 mg/L N-CuO after 96 h, which indicated that N-CuO could inhibit photosynthesis of Chlorella sp.. Moreover, N-CuO condensed with algal cells. It affected the activity of SOD and POD, indicating that N-CuO could cause oxidant stress to Chlorella sp.. These may be the toxicity mechanism.

Effects of Nano-TiO2 on Chlamydomonas reinhardtii Cell Surface under UV,Natural Light Conditions

Cell surface of aquatic organisms constitutes a primary site for the interaction and a barrier for the nano-TiO2 biological effects.In the present study,the biological effects of nano-TiO2 on a unicellular green algae Chlamydomonas reinhardtii were studied by observing the changes of the cell surface morphology and functional groups under UV or natural light.By SEM,the cell surface morphology of C.reinhardtii was changed under UV light,nano-TiO2 with UV light or natural light,which indicated that photocatalysis damaged cell surface.It was also observed that cell surface was surrounded by TiO2 nanoparticles.The ATR-FTIR spectra showed that the peaks of functional groups such as C-N,-C=O,-C-O-C and P=O,which were the important components of cell wall and membrane,were all depressed by the photocatalysis of nano-TiO2 under UV light or natural light.The photocatalysis of nano-TiO2 promoted peroxidation of functional groups on the surface of C.reinhardtii cells,which led to the damages of cell wall and membrane.

The Inhibition Effect of Tert-Butyl Alcohol on the TiO_2 Nano Assays Photoelectrocatalytic Degradation of Different Organics and Its Mechanism

The inhibition effect of tert-butyl alcohol(TBA), identified as the·OH radical inhibitor, on the TiO_2 nano assays(TNA) photoelectrocatalytic oxidation of different organics such as glucose and phthalate was reported. The adsorption performance of these organics on the TNA photoelectrode was investigated by using the instantaneous photocurrent value, and the degradation property was examined by using the exhausted reaction. The results showed that glucose exhibited the poor adsorption and easy degradation performance, phthalate showed the strong adsorption and harddegradation, but TBA showed the weak adsorption and was the most difficult to be degraded. The degradation of both glucose and phthalate could be inhibited evidently by TBA. But the effect on glucose was more obvious. The different inhibition effects of TBA on different organics could be attributed to the differences in the adsorption and the degradation property. For instance, phthalate of the strong adsorption property could avoid from the capture of·OH radicals by TBA in TNA photoelectrocatalytic process.

Shielding effect of a nano-circular inclusion acting on semi-infinite wedge cracks

The model of a screw dislocation near a semi-infinite wedge crack tip inside a nano-circular inclusion is proposed to investigate the shielding effect of nano inclusions acting on cracks. Utilizing the complex function method, the closed-form solutions of the stress fields in the matrix and the inclusion region are derived. The stress intensity factor, the image force, as well as the critical loads for dislocation emission are discussed in detail. The results show that the nano inclusion not only enhances the shielding effect exerted by the dislocation, but also provides a shielding effect itself. Moreover, dislocations may be trapped in the nano inclusion even if the matrix is softer than the inclusion. This helps the dislocation shield crack, and reduces the dislocation density within the matrix.

The Effect and Mechanism of Nano-Cu Lubricating Additives on the Electroless Deposited Ni-W-P Coating

The coating and deposition process with excellent anti wear and suitable for industrial application were developed, and the optimum bath composition and process were obtained by studying the influence of the bath composition, temperature and pH value on the deposition rate and the plating solution stability. Moreover, the tribological properties of nano-Cu lubricating additives and electroless deposited Ni-W-P coating as well as their synergistic effect are researched using ring-block abrasion testing machine and energy dispersive spectrometer. Research results show that Ni-W-P alloy coating and nano-Cu lubricating additive have excellent synergistic effect, e g, the wear resistance of Ni-W-P alloy coating （with heat treatment and the oil with nano-Cu additives） has increased hundreds times than 45 steel as the metal substrate with the basic oil, and zero wear is achieved, which breaks through the bottleneck of previous separate research of the above-mentioned two aspects.

Study on Extended Gate Field Effect Transistor with Nano-TiO-2 Sensing Membrane by Sol-Gel Method

The nano-titanium dioxide (nano-TiO_2) sensing membrane,fabricated by sol-gel technology,was used as the pH-sensing layer of the extended gate field effect transistor (EGFET) device.The objective of this research is the preparation of titanium dioxide materials by sol-gel method using Ti(OBu)_4 as the precursor.In this study,we fabricated a nano-titanium dioxide sensing layer on the ITO glass by dip coating.In order to examine the sensitivity of the nano-TiO_2 films applied to the EGFET devices,we adopted the ITO glass as substrate,and measured theⅠ_(DS)-Ⅴ_G curves of the nano-titanium dioxide separative structure EGFET device in the pH buffer solutions that have different pH values by the Keithley 236 Instrument.By the experimental results,we can obtain the pH sensitivities of the EGFET with nano-TiO_2 sensing membrane prepared by sol-gel method,which is 59.86mV/pH from pH 1 to pH 9.

Synergistic Effect between Nano-ceramic Lubricating Additives and Electroless Deposited Ni-W-P Coating

The major solving ways for the material wear are surface modification and lubrication. Currently, the researches at home and abroad are all limited to the single study of either nano-lubricating oil additive or electroless deposited coating. The surface coating has high hardness and high wear resistance, however, the friction reduction performance of the coating with high hardness is not good, the thickness of the coating is limited, and the coating can not regenerate after wearing. The nano-lubricating additives have good tribological performance and self-repair function, but under heavy load, the self-repair rate to the worn surface with the nano-additives is smaller than the wearing rate of the friction pair. To solve the above problems, the Ni-W-P alloy coating and deposition process with excellent anti-wear, and suitable for industrial application were developed, the optimum bath composition and process can be obtained by studying the influence of the bath composition, temperature and PH value to the deposition rate and the plating solution stability. The tribological properties as well as anti-wear and friction reduction mechanism of wear self-repair nano-ceramic lubricating additives are also studied. The ring-block abrasion testing machine and energy dispersive spectrometer are used to explore the internal relation between the coating and the nano-lubricating oil additives, and the tribology mechanism, to seek the synergetic effect between the two. The test results show that the wear resistance of Ni-W-P alloy coating （with heat treatment and in oil with nano-ceramic additives） has increased hundreds times than 45 steel as the metal substrate in basic oil, the friction reduction performance is improved. This research breaks through the bottleneck of previous separate research of the above-mentioned two methods, and explores the combination use of the two methods in industrial field.

Evaluation and Exploration of Se-enriching Effects of Microbial Nano-selenium on Several Kinds of Vegetable

[Objectives] This study was carried out to explore the selenium-enriching effect of different crops, and provide certain references for production of selenium-enriched agricultural products. [Methods] Four kinds of crops （tomato, leaf mustard, peanut, and carrot） were exogenous selenium fertilizer treated, to explore the selenium-enriching effects on these crops. [Results] Exogenous application of microbial nano-selenium can significantly increase the selenium content of the crops, of which the effects on big tomato （Weiyanuo） were the best. After spraying, the selenium content increased by 1.39 times, and at the same time the sugar content of tomato was also increased. [Conclusions] This study is expected to provide references for increase of the selenium content of agricultural products.

Nano Lanthanum Oxide Preparation by Alkalescent Ammonium Citrate System and Its Primary Biological Effect

Using alkalescent ammonium(AAC)as precipitatnt, the diameter of nano La_2O_3 powder with diameter in 80 nm and less was prepared by the method of homogeneous precipitation, and reactant concentration, temperature and pH were studied and confirmed. The best precipitated concentration is from 0.2 to 0.5 mol·L^(-1), and the diameter of compounded powder turns small as the temperature gradually becomes high, and the pH from 6 to 8 is the best and the concentration of precipitant does not affect the diameter of compounded powder significantly. Meanwhile, most experiments lasting for fifty days in the greenhouse, and the results are 0.2 g·kg^(-1) nano La_2O_3 powder is enorgh for increasing biomass by 133% compared with that of the CK.

Surface effects of adsorption-induced resonance analysis on micro/nanobeams via nonlocal elasticity

The governing differential equation of micro/nanbeams with atom/molecule adsorption is derived in the presence of surface effects using the nonlocal elasticity. The effects of the nonlocal parameter, the adsorption density, and the surface parameter on the resonant frequency of the micro/nanobeams are investigated. It is found that, in ad- dition to the nonlocal parameter and the surface parameter, the bending rigidity and the adsorption-induced mass exhibit different behaviors with the increase in the adsorption density depending on the adatom category and the substrate material.

磁电弹性材料含正六边形纳米缺陷的表面效应研究

在磁电弹性材料断裂力学框架下,利用表面弹性理论和解析函数边值理论,解析研究了反平面机械载荷、面内电载荷和磁载荷耦合作用下磁电弹性体中正六边形孔边均布六条等长裂纹的Ⅲ型断裂力学问题,确定了考虑表面效应时纳米尺寸裂纹问题的精确解.基于以上解析解,通过数值算例揭示了表面效应、缺陷几何参数及所施加的损坏载荷分别在两种理想裂纹面电磁条件假设下对断裂参数的影响规律.研究发现:考虑表面效应时影响裂纹扩展的因素与经典弹性理论解答明显不同.各个物理分量呈现出显著的尺寸依赖效应,但随着缺陷尺寸的增加,表面效应的影响呈下降趋势,并趋于经典弹性理论值.研究可为该材料应用于微纳米结构和微机电系统提供理论指导.

The Casimir Topological Effect and a Proposal for a Casimir-Dark Energy Nano Reactor

A basically topological interpretation of the Casimir effect is given as a natural intrinsic property of the geometrical topological structure of the quantum-Cantorian micro spacetime. This new interpretation compliments the earlier conventional interpretation as vacuum fluctuation or as a Schwinger source and links the Casimir energy to the so called missing dark energy density of the cosmos. We start with a general outline of the theoretical principle and basic design concepts of a proposed Casimir dark energy nano reactor. In a nutshell the theory and consequently the actual design depends crucially upon the equivalence between the dark energy density of the cosmos and the faint local Casimir effect produced by two sides boundary condition quantum waves. This Casimir effect is then colossally amplified as a one sided quantum wave pushing from the inside on the one sided M?bius-like boundary with nothing balancing it from the non-existent outside. In view of the present theory, this one sided M?bius-like boundary of the holographic boundary of the universe is essentially what leads to the observed accelerated expansion of the cosmos. Thus in principle we will restructure the local topology of space using material nanoscience technology to create an artificial local high dimensionality with a Dvoretzky theorem like volume measure concentration. Needless to say the entire design is based completely on the theory of quantum wave dark energy proposed by the present author. The quintessence of the present theory is easily explained as the intrinsic Casimir topological energy where produced from the zero set of the quantum particle when we extract the empty set quantum wave from it and find by restructuring space via plates similar to that of the classical Casimir experiments but with some modification.

生物炭改性及其对除草剂污染水体和土壤修复的研究进展

除草剂已被大量使用于现代农业生产,而长期使用除草剂可能造成其在土壤中大量残留,或通过降水、淋溶和径流污染水体,因此引发环境污染问题和食品安全问题。生物炭作为一种绿色、高效的吸附剂已被广泛用于修复有机物污染水体和土壤。本文介绍了酸碱、有机物和金属盐浸渍改性,纳米零价铁和微生物负载改性等生物炭改性方法;综述了改性生物炭在除草剂污染修复中的应用情况,对比分析了生物炭改性前后的修复效果;探讨了改性生物炭自身特性、环境条件对改性生物炭修复除草剂污染的影响及机制。未来仍需对改性生物炭在除草剂污染修复过程中的稳定性、长效性和安全性等方面开展研究。

激光选区熔化Ti-6Al-4V合金的微纳压痕尺寸效应

目的研究不同状态激光选区熔化Ti-6Al-4V合金的纳米压痕尺寸效应。方法对原始态合金分别进行600、700、800、900℃退火处理,利用扫描电子显微镜观察原始态和4种退火态合金的显微组织。基于纳米压痕技术测量原始态及4种退火态合金的纳米硬度和弹性模量。基于比例试样阻力模型、Nix-Gao模型和Meyer定律对纳米硬度进行函数拟合。结果随着退火温度的升高,原始态组织从魏氏体逐渐演变为网篮组织。5种形态的Ti-6Al-4V合金的硬度和弹性模量均出现随压入深度的增加而减小的现象,表现出典型的压痕尺寸效应,基于试验测得的原始态及4种退火态合金的纳米硬度分别为3.66、4.36、3.96、3.88、4.77 GPa,弹性模量分别为113.1、125.2、102.1、100.3、108.7 GPa;基于比例试样阻力模型计算的纳米硬度分别为3.53、4.34、3.92、3.52、4.04 GPa;基于Nix-Gao模型计算的纳米硬度分别为3.68、3.94、4.07、3.85、4.47 GPa;基于Meyer定律拟合出的迈耶指数分别为1.75、1.86、1.82、1.80、1.81,均小于2,均表现为正压痕尺寸效应。结论激光选区熔化Ti-6Al-4V合金的硬度及弹性模量均有典型的压痕尺寸效应;3种模型均能较好地描述原始态和退火态合金的压痕尺寸效应,Nix-Gao模型直接建立了纳米硬度和压痕深度的关系,其拟合结果更接近于试验结果,计算的硬度值也最为准确。

不同种类微塑料与纳米ZnO对锦鲫复合生物效应

为探究微塑料(MPs)种类对其与颗粒态污染物复合效应影响,选取1 mg/L相同粒径(500 nm)球状聚苯乙烯(PS)、聚氯乙烯(PVC)、聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯(PMMA)MPs和纳米ZnO为目标污染物,以锦鲫(Carassius auratus)为受试生物,进行材料表征、水合粒径、Zeta电位、Zn^(2+)释放、Zn在锦鲫体内累积分布及锦鲫肝脏氧化损伤测定,探究MPs与纳米ZnO复合前后赋存状态及生物效应。结果表明:MPs表面元素含量和比例不同,主要为C和O。PMMA MPs单一与复合溶液体系不稳定,颗粒水合粒径最大。纳米ZnO溶液Zeta电位绝对值最小,颗粒物更易团聚,与MPs复合后Zeta电位绝对值显著增大,溶液稳定性增强。MPs复合促进纳米ZnO释放Zn^(2+),PS MPs复合体系中Zn^(2+)含量最高,锦鲫的眼部、鳃部、鱼肉中Zn富集相应增加。复合暴露增强对锦鲫氧化损伤。PS MPs分子极性大、表面静电作用强、体系稳定性差,与纳米ZnO复合易促进Zn^(2+)释放、增强复合毒性效应。

微纳米塑料对鱼类的毒性效应及作用机制研究进展

微纳米塑料(MNPs)在水环境中的污染问题已成为全球关注的热点。MNPs因其数量多、粒径小,极易被鱼类误食对鱼体造成危害。本文综述了MNPs对鱼类毒性效应及作用机制,首先阐述了鱼类对MNPs的摄食、富集和转运规律,分析了不同粒径的MNPs对鱼类造成的不同危害,其次重点评述了MNPs对鱼类毒性效应及作用机制,并介绍了MNPs和其他污染物对鱼类的毒性效应,最后展望了MNPs对鱼类的研究趋势。研究MNPs对鱼类毒性效应及作用机制有利于增进对MNPs的生态毒性的认识,为经济鱼类的安全生产和生态稳定提供科学依据。

藤黄酸在乳腺癌治疗中的研究进展

藤黄酸作为中药藤黄的主要生物活性成分,通过多种机制发挥抗肿瘤作用,包括诱导细胞凋亡、抑制肿瘤血管的生成和转移以及逆转肿瘤的多药耐药等;尤其是在乳腺癌治疗中可发挥多种抗肿瘤作用,有望成为乳腺癌的治疗药物。但藤黄酸自身存在缺陷,如水溶性差、半衰期短等,限制其临床应用。随着纳米载药制剂的不断发展,有望改善藤黄酸的不足,发挥藤黄酸强大的抗肿瘤作用。因此,综述近五年藤黄酸治疗乳腺癌的相关文献,以期为最大化藤黄酸抗乳腺癌奠定基础。

基于单质量块微纳光栅泰伯效应的双轴MOEMS加速度计

对一种基于单质量块微纳光栅泰伯效应双轴微光机电系统(MOEMS)加速度计进行了设计、加工与测试。利用有限元分析和时域有限差分法分别对双轴加速度计的敏感结构和光栅参数进行仿真优化。在保证加速度计高集成度的同时,为了实现双轴加速度的高精度测量,采用不同周期的两组光栅进行双轴加速度检测,通过磁控溅射工艺将两组光栅结构沉积在质量块的不同区域,最终通过阳极键合方式实现该双轴MOEMS加速度计的制备。实验结果表明,光栅泰伯效应双轴MOEMS加速度计x轴与y轴的灵敏度分别为3.36和3.54 V/g,零偏稳定性分别为25.53和20.91μg@1 s。该研究为实现高精度多轴加速度计提供了一种新的方法。

高选择性部分氧化催化剂Au-Pd/TiO_(2)-SiO_(2)的设计合成与苯甲醇部分氧化反应

贵金属纳米催化剂在苯甲醇部分氧化制备苯甲醛过程中具有较高的反应活性,产物苯甲醛选择性较低。采用一锅法制备TiO_(2)改性的Au-Pd/TiO_(2)-SiO_(2)纳米合金催化剂并用于苯甲醇部分氧化反应。对催化剂结构表征关联反应进行评价。结果表明:少量TiO_(2)的引入会改善贵金属纳米颗粒在载体表面的分散度,调变了金钯合金表面的电子结构,提高反应活性,并显著提高载体表面Lewis酸位的数量,从而大幅提高苯甲醛选择性;大量TiO_(2)的引入会导致金钯合金程度降低,产生大量的Bronsted酸位,使得反应活性和产物选择性都大幅降低。