The aim of this study is to examine the progress of the worldwide pandemic Covid-19.As authors,we have decided to analyze the situation of COVID-19 onMediterranean islandwith accurate data.For this purpose,amathematic...The aim of this study is to examine the progress of the worldwide pandemic Covid-19.As authors,we have decided to analyze the situation of COVID-19 onMediterranean islandwith accurate data.For this purpose,amathematical model is constructed and proposed by dividing the whole population into sensible and suitable compartments.The study captures the dates February 01 till May 15,2021.For the control of the spread of disease,vaccination and infection rates are compared and calculated.During calculations and comparison,MatLab software is used.All of the data that are used are taken from the Ministry of Health.The effect of parameters is examined with sensitivity analysis.Furthermore,with this analysis,values of parameters are obtained.Afterwards,by using the constructed model,the effect of vaccine on infected individuals is analyzed separately.As a result,it is concluded that the studied part of the island is late for the control of the disease via vaccine.This can be explained by two main reasons;vaccinating the people that are not inmobilitymost of the time(aged people and people with chronic diseases)and getting the vaccine late.Hence,the results showed that this rate and distribution of vaccines would not be enough to control the pandemic on the island.展开更多
Knowing the causes of biological invasion success can be relevant to combat future invasive processes.The recent invasion of the horseshoe whip snake Hemorrhois hippocrepis on the island of Ibiza provides the opportun...Knowing the causes of biological invasion success can be relevant to combat future invasive processes.The recent invasion of the horseshoe whip snake Hemorrhois hippocrepis on the island of Ibiza provides the opportunity to compare natural history traits between invasive and source populations,and to unravel what makes this snake a successful invader that is threatening the only endemic vertebrate of the island,Podarcis pityusensis.This study compares the basic reproductive traits of mainland native and invasive populations of the snake.Our results revealed that invasive populations were characterized by female maturity at a smaller size,extended reproductive period,and much lower reproduction frequency compared to the native population.In contrast,some major reproductive traits--the abdominal fat body cycle,clutch size,hatchling body size,and hatchling body condition,did not differ between the two populations.Some of these results must reflect the environmental differences in the recently invaded island with respect to the source area,and overall plasticity of reproductive traits.Plasticity is evolutionarily interesting,and may aid the succesful growth of this species in their invasiveness of Mediterranean islands like Ibiza.The most significant finding is that this expression of phenotypic plasticity occurred rapidly in this invasive population,within a period of 14 years maximum.Our results on the reproduction ecology of the invasive population were not conclusive regarding the factors determining the invasiveness of the snake and pointed to alternative causes.展开更多
Although shifts in life-history traits of insular vertebrates, as compared with mainland populations, have been observed in many taxa, few studies have examined the relationships among individual life-history traits o...Although shifts in life-history traits of insular vertebrates, as compared with mainland populations, have been observed in many taxa, few studies have examined the relationships among individual life-history traits on islands. Lifehistory theory also predicts that there is a trade-off between body size and reproductive effort, and between egg size and clutch size. We surveyed the rice frog, Fejervarya limnocharis, on 20 islands within the Zhoushan Archipelago and two nearby sites on the mainland of China to compare differences in life-history traits and to explore relationships among those traits. Rice frog females reached a greater body size on half of the smaller islands among the total 20 surveyed islands, and larger egg size, decreased clutch size and reduced reproductive effort on most of the islands when compared to the two mainland sites. Insular body size was negatively correlated with reproductive effort. There was a negative correlation between egg size and clutch size. Results suggest that life-history theory provides a good explanation for co-variation between body size and reproductive effort, and between egg size and clutch size in rice frogs on the islands.展开更多
Studies of plants have been instrumental for revealing how new species originate.For several decades,botanical research has complemented and,in some cases,challenged concepts on speciation developed via the study of o...Studies of plants have been instrumental for revealing how new species originate.For several decades,botanical research has complemented and,in some cases,challenged concepts on speciation developed via the study of other organisms while also revealing additional ways in which species can form.Now,the ability to sequence genomes at an unprecedented pace and scale has allowed biologists to settle decades-long debates and tackle other emerging challenges in speciation research.Here,we review these recent genome-enabled developments in plant speciation.We discuss complications related to identification of reproductive isolation(RI)loci using analyses of the landscape of genomic divergence and highlight the important role that structural variants have in speciation,as increasingly revealed by new sequencing technologies.Further,we review how genomics has advanced what we know of some routes to new species formation,like hybridization or whole-genome duplication,while casting doubt on others,like population bottlenecks and genetic drift.While genomics can fast-track identification of genes and mutations that confer RI,we emphasize that follow-up molecular and field experiments remain critical.Nonetheless,genomics has clarified the outsized role of ancient variants rather than new mutations,particularly early during speciation.We conclude by highlighting promising avenues of future study.These include expanding what we know so far about the role of epigenetic and structural changes during speciation,broadening the scope and taxonomic breadth of plant speciation genomics studies,and synthesizing information from extensive genomic data that have already been generated by the plant speciation community.展开更多
文摘The aim of this study is to examine the progress of the worldwide pandemic Covid-19.As authors,we have decided to analyze the situation of COVID-19 onMediterranean islandwith accurate data.For this purpose,amathematical model is constructed and proposed by dividing the whole population into sensible and suitable compartments.The study captures the dates February 01 till May 15,2021.For the control of the spread of disease,vaccination and infection rates are compared and calculated.During calculations and comparison,MatLab software is used.All of the data that are used are taken from the Ministry of Health.The effect of parameters is examined with sensitivity analysis.Furthermore,with this analysis,values of parameters are obtained.Afterwards,by using the constructed model,the effect of vaccine on infected individuals is analyzed separately.As a result,it is concluded that the studied part of the island is late for the control of the disease via vaccine.This can be explained by two main reasons;vaccinating the people that are not inmobilitymost of the time(aged people and people with chronic diseases)and getting the vaccine late.Hence,the results showed that this rate and distribution of vaccines would not be enough to control the pandemic on the island.
基金the Consell Insular d'Eivissa,Govern de les Illes Balears[grant numbers 54/2013 and 21/2015—AGRICULTURA].
文摘Knowing the causes of biological invasion success can be relevant to combat future invasive processes.The recent invasion of the horseshoe whip snake Hemorrhois hippocrepis on the island of Ibiza provides the opportunity to compare natural history traits between invasive and source populations,and to unravel what makes this snake a successful invader that is threatening the only endemic vertebrate of the island,Podarcis pityusensis.This study compares the basic reproductive traits of mainland native and invasive populations of the snake.Our results revealed that invasive populations were characterized by female maturity at a smaller size,extended reproductive period,and much lower reproduction frequency compared to the native population.In contrast,some major reproductive traits--the abdominal fat body cycle,clutch size,hatchling body size,and hatchling body condition,did not differ between the two populations.Some of these results must reflect the environmental differences in the recently invaded island with respect to the source area,and overall plasticity of reproductive traits.Plasticity is evolutionarily interesting,and may aid the succesful growth of this species in their invasiveness of Mediterranean islands like Ibiza.The most significant finding is that this expression of phenotypic plasticity occurred rapidly in this invasive population,within a period of 14 years maximum.Our results on the reproduction ecology of the invasive population were not conclusive regarding the factors determining the invasiveness of the snake and pointed to alternative causes.
基金supported by the grant from the"973"Program of China(No.2007CB411600)the Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS)(No.kscx2-yw-z-1021)the"Xi Bu Zhi Guang"Program of CAS(No.XBBS201102)
文摘Although shifts in life-history traits of insular vertebrates, as compared with mainland populations, have been observed in many taxa, few studies have examined the relationships among individual life-history traits on islands. Lifehistory theory also predicts that there is a trade-off between body size and reproductive effort, and between egg size and clutch size. We surveyed the rice frog, Fejervarya limnocharis, on 20 islands within the Zhoushan Archipelago and two nearby sites on the mainland of China to compare differences in life-history traits and to explore relationships among those traits. Rice frog females reached a greater body size on half of the smaller islands among the total 20 surveyed islands, and larger egg size, decreased clutch size and reduced reproductive effort on most of the islands when compared to the two mainland sites. Insular body size was negatively correlated with reproductive effort. There was a negative correlation between egg size and clutch size. Results suggest that life-history theory provides a good explanation for co-variation between body size and reproductive effort, and between egg size and clutch size in rice frogs on the islands.
基金supported by Discovery grants from the Natural SciencesEngineering Research Council of Canada.
文摘Studies of plants have been instrumental for revealing how new species originate.For several decades,botanical research has complemented and,in some cases,challenged concepts on speciation developed via the study of other organisms while also revealing additional ways in which species can form.Now,the ability to sequence genomes at an unprecedented pace and scale has allowed biologists to settle decades-long debates and tackle other emerging challenges in speciation research.Here,we review these recent genome-enabled developments in plant speciation.We discuss complications related to identification of reproductive isolation(RI)loci using analyses of the landscape of genomic divergence and highlight the important role that structural variants have in speciation,as increasingly revealed by new sequencing technologies.Further,we review how genomics has advanced what we know of some routes to new species formation,like hybridization or whole-genome duplication,while casting doubt on others,like population bottlenecks and genetic drift.While genomics can fast-track identification of genes and mutations that confer RI,we emphasize that follow-up molecular and field experiments remain critical.Nonetheless,genomics has clarified the outsized role of ancient variants rather than new mutations,particularly early during speciation.We conclude by highlighting promising avenues of future study.These include expanding what we know so far about the role of epigenetic and structural changes during speciation,broadening the scope and taxonomic breadth of plant speciation genomics studies,and synthesizing information from extensive genomic data that have already been generated by the plant speciation community.
