Development and Characterization of Extruded Broken Rice and Lupine (<i>Lupinus albus</i>)

Mixtures of cereals and legumes result in products with higher content of high biological value proteins. The thermoplastic extrusion promotes the transformation of chemical, physical and nutritional characteristics of the food such as starch gelatinization and promotes the inactivation of anti-nutritional compounds and enzymes. This study aimed to develop products extruded using broken rice and lupine and to evaluate the physical and chemical characteristics of those products. The expansion index (EI), water solubility (WSI), water absorption (WAI), texture and color were determined for the extruded rice, and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) of the extruded rice was also performed. As the rice concentration in the mixture increased, the EI, WSI and WAI values as well as the a* color parameter were increased too, and the brightness was reduced. An increase in the levels of essential amino acids with the addition of lupine grain to the extrudates was observed. SEM analysis identified intact loose starch granules or pellets in the raw materials, and the extruded samples showed a compact and amorphous shape without apparent starch granules. Due to the structural changes and reduced expansion rate of the extruded mixture prepared with lupine and rice grits, use of the extruded mixtures as snacks would not be suitable. However, these mixtures could be used in pre-gelatinized flour to formulate various products to increase the protein level.

Competition Indices of Intercropped Lupine (Local) and Small Cereals in Additive Series in West Gojam, North Western Ethiopia

The experiment was conducted on intercropping of lupine (Lupinus albus L.) with wheat (Triticum aestivum), barley (Hordeum vulgar) and finger millet (Eleusine coracana) in 2009 at Adet Agricultural research station, in Western Gojam. The treatments were sole wheat at a seed rate of 175 kg/ha, sole barley at a seed rate of 125 kg/ha, sole finger millet at a seed rate of 30 kg/ha, sole lupine at a seed rate of 90 kg/ha, and an additive series of 25, 50 and 75% of the sole lupine seed rate combined with the full cereal seed rate to determine the effect of intercropping on competition (CR) among the different species, the land equivalent and area time equivalent ratios (LER and ATER);and the economic feasibility of each intercropping system(MAI) as compared with sole cropped. The experimental design was a completely randomized block with nine intercropping and four sole cropping systems in three replications. Lupine was planted in rows after establishment of main crops. JMP-5 (SAS, 2002) software’s was used to compute the analysis of variance. Partial LER of lupine was lower than LER of cereal, indicating an advantage for main crops and a disadvantage for the minor crop. Values of ATER showed 4.9%-31.3% and 11.1%-37.8% advantage in lupine-wheat and lupine-finger millet combinations, respectively, whilst lupine-barley combinations showed ATER of 54.5%-60.9% disadvantage. CR showed dominancy of wheat and barley over lupine while lupine was higher CR than finger millet. Positive MAI values were recorded in lupine-wheat and lupine-finger millet mixtures indicating that these intercropping systems were a definite yield advantage and the most profitable as compared to sole cropped. In conclusion, the lupine-finger millet mixture at the 50:100 seeding ratio and 75:100 seeding ratio;and lupine-wheat mixture at the 75:100 seeding ratio indicated a significant advantage from intercropping which was attributed to better MAI and land use efficiency (higher LER and ATER), lower CR and thereby enhanced sustainability of crop production in West Gojam, but the other socio-economic and cost of production aspects of intercropping should also be assessed especially under small scale farmers’ conditions.

Lack of Evidence for Local Adaptation of the Endangered Karner Blue Butterfly to Its Sole Larval Hostplant—The Wild Lupine

Local adaptation is an important process that drives the evolution of populations within species, and it can be generally expressed by the higher fitness of individuals raised in their native habitats versus in a foreign location. The influence of local adaptation is especially prominent in species that subsist in small and/or highly isolated populations. This study evaluated whether the federally endangered Karner blue butterfly, Lycaeides melissa samuelis (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae) is locally adapted to its exclusive larval host plant, the wild lupine (Lupinus perennis). To test for local adaptation, individuals from a laboratory-raised colony were reared on wild lupine plants from populations belonging to either their native (Indiana) or a foreign (Michigan and Wisconsin) region. For this purpose, lupine plants from the different populations were grown in a common garden in growth chambers, and one Karner blue larva was placed on each plant. Fitness traits related to growth and development were recorded for each butterfly across populations. Days from hatching to pupation and eclosion showed gender-specific significant differences across wild lupine populations and plant genotypes (within populations). The percent survival of butterflies (from hatching to eclosion) also differed among plants from different populations. These results indicate that wild lupine sources can affect some developmental traits of Karner blue butterflies. However, growth-related traits, such as pupal and adult weight of individuals reared in plants from native populations did not differ from those of foreign regions. The apparent absence of local adaptation to wild lupine suggests that, at least, some individuals of this species could be translocated from native populations to foreign reintroduction sites without experiencing decreased fitness levels. However, future studies including more populations across the geographical range of this butterfly are recommended to evaluate other environmental factors that could influence adaptation on a wider spatial scale.

The Nutritional Value of Yellow Lupine (Lupinus luteus)for Growing Pigs

The aim of the study was a comparison of the composition and apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of nutrients in the seeds of two varieties of yellow lupine (YL). Moreover, an examination of the level of soybean meal (SBM) substitution by YL meal and in a combination with rapeseed meal (RSM) on the pigs’ performance was performed. In a digestibility trial, 30 male pigs were tested using a marker method. In two growth experiments, 60 pigs (in each) were fed diets where SBM was replaced by YL in 0%, 20%, 40%, 60%, 80% and 100% or by a mixture of RSM and YL or by both these components. The chemical composition of varieties differed among crude protein (CP), fiber, acid detergent fiber (ADF), neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and fat. The digestibility coefficients of protein, fat and gross energy were similar for both varieties. The substitution of SBM with YL did not negatively affect the pigs’ performance. A mixture of RSM with YL had no negative effect on growth parameters, except for the starter phase, when a level of above 15% RSM in the diet reduced the pigs’ gains. In conclusion, YL alone and with RSM may be a sustainable alternative to SBM in pig nutrition.

Seed Morphology and Seedling Variation of Four Ornamental Lupin Pedigrees

[Objective] This study was conducted to reveal seed characteristics, variation and their effects on seedling growth of ornamental lupins. [Method] The phenotypic characteristics and germination rate of the seeds of four excellent lupin pedigrees were measured, and then their correlations with seeding growth were analyzed. [Result] There were abundant variations among the four ornamental lupin pedigrees. Pink seeds had the largest volume and red seeds had the largest 1 000seed weight. The variation coefficients for the seed morphological traits among the four pedigrees ranged from 2.97% to 14.34%. Seed specific weight and 1 000-seed weight could be used as important indicators for selection in breeding because of their higher variability. Seed weight variation of ornamental lupin was mainly depen- dent on seed width variation. There was small variation in seed length. The seeds of the four ornamental lupin pedigrees started to germinate one day after sowing, and the germination period was 5 d. Germination rate coefficient and germination index of pink and red seeds were higher than those of blue seeds, but blue seeds had the largest germination rate. 1 000-seed weight shared significantly positive correlations with seed germination rate, germination potential and seedling retention rate. Round and large seeds had some advantages in germination. Full seeds had higher germination rate and speed, and seedling retention rate. There was a significant relationship between seed length-width ratio and the number of leaflets of seedlings. [Conclusion] The results provided references for the evaluation of seed phenotypic diversity and breeding research of ornamental lupins.

Effect of Germination on the Nutritional and Protein Profile of Australian Sweet Lupin (<i>Lupinus angustifolius</i>L.)

Australian Sweet Lupin (ASL) has a nutritional profile ideally suited for human consumption with high protein and fibre, but low starch and fat content. The nutritional and protein profile of germinated ASL may be better than ungerminated ASL and these improvements would provide further benefits in its use as an ingredient in food applications. In this study the nutritional components such as protein, crude fibre, fat and protein profile of germinated ASL flour following germination at 25℃ and 90% - 95% relative humidity for 9 days were determined. The changes in the pattern of ASL protein during germination were analysed using sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). Germination significantly increased crude fibre contents by 450% (db), total protein contents by 38% (db) and decreased the fat content by 70% (db) at day 9 of germination. Electrophoretic analysis of the protein fractions revealed that during germination up to 9 days, some of the high molecular weight proteins disappeared. Germination represents a means to further improve the nutritional profile of the germinated ASL flour with an increased fibre and protein, but lower fat content.

Analyses Using SSR and DArT Molecular Markers Reveal that Ethiopian Accessions of White Lupin (<i>Lupinus albus</i>L.) Represent a Unique Genepool

PCR-based genic and microarray-based Diversity Arrays Technology (DArTTM) markers were used to determine genetic diversity in 94 accessions of white lupin (Lupinus albus L.) comprising Australian and foreign cultivars, landraces, and advanced breeding lines from Australian breeding programs. A total of 345 (50 PCR-based and 295 DArT-based) polymorphic fragments were identified, which were used to determine the genetic diversity among accessions. Both cluster analysis of bivariate marker data using UPGMA, and principal coordinate analysis, indicated a high level of genetic diversity in the germplasm. Our results showed that both types of markers used in this study are suitable for estimation of genetic diversity. Landrace accessions from Ethiopia formed a very distinct and separate grouping with both marker systems. Australian cultivars and breeding lines were clustered together and tended to be distinct from European landraces. These findings will allow breeders to select appropriate, diverse parents to broaden the genetic base of white lupin breeding populations.

Effect of Phytase on Digestibility and Performance of Growing and Finishing Pigs Fed Diets with Lupins and Rapeseed Meal

Lupin seeds and rapeseed meal(RSM)contain relatively high amounts of poorly digestible phytate.Phytase additive can help in the utilization of nutrients from the diet.The aim of this study was to determine total tract digestibility coefficients of nutrients and performance results of finishing pigs fed diets containing yellow lupin or narrow-leafed lupin seeds and/or RSM with similar or increasing levels of phytase.Three experiments were conducted.In Experiment I the effect of RONOZYME®HiPhos(100 g/t)in diets containing narrow-leafed or yellow lupin seeds and RSM on production parameters of fatteners was analyzed.In Experiment II the effect of phytase RONOZYME®HiPhos(1,000 FTU/t)in similar diets was analyzed but calcium(Ca)and phosphorus(P)levels in diets were reduced.In Experiment III the effect of increasing levels of Quantum Bluephytase(0,5,000,10,000 and 15,000 FTU/t)in diets with yellow lupin seeds with reduced Ca and P level on total tract digestibility coefficients of selected nutrients and performance of pigs was analyzed.In none of the experiments the enzyme additives included in the diet affected pig performance(p>0.05).There were no significant differences(p>0.05)in apparent total tract digestibility coefficients of dry matter(DM)and crude protein(CP).The phytase additives significantly improved P and Ca digestibility coefficients(p<0.05)in comparison with the control diet,but this improvement was not linearly related with phytase dosage.By improving digestibility phytase allows to reduce mineral contents in diets,thus reducing the cost of pig nutrition.

Analysis of Genetic Difference Between Species in Lupins by AFLP

The genetic difference between species in 18 lupins (Lupinus L .) varieties including L. angus-tifolius L., L . albus L., L. pilosus Murr. was analyzed using AFLP. A total of 462 bands were observed, a-mong of which, 442 (95.7%) were polymorphic, with an average of 110.5 polymorphic bands for each AFLP primer combination. The average genetic diversity index was 0.781 in this study. The genetic difference between species was higher than that of between varieties, the average identification percentage of four AFLP primer combinations was 100% and 84.7% between species and between varieties, respectively. The cluster analysis indicated that 3 species were distinctly distinguished on the dendrogram using UPGMA method.

Analyze Production, Utilization and Its Future Trends of Lupin in Ethiopia

Lupin is a significant legume crops to maintain the sustainable farming practice. It is important to analyze production and utilization trends to forecast future trends and create good insights. The CSA published data, recorded in 2001/02 until 2017/18 cropping seasons, were used for analysis using Excel and SPSS version 21. Inconsistent trends of Lupin productions were recorded in Ethiopia, South Africa and Egypt, but increasing in Morocco. In Ethiopia, the productions were ranged between 48,326 and 443,705.05 quintals. All the recorded yields were ranged between 3.22 and 16.65 q/ha and declined in 2009/10-2012/13 and increased trends in 2015/16-2017/18 cropping seasons. In Ethiopia, about 95.85% of land coverage and 99.29% of total productions accounted from Amhara region in 2017/18 cropping season and Benishangul Gumz region is the second producers. West Gojam and Awi zone are the first and the second, which accounted major productions in the country. Out of the total production, 44.61%, 53.28% and 50.48% in 2009/10, 2011/12 and 2017/18 were utilized as sales respectively. The major Lupin production, in 2009/10 (Amhara and Benishangul Gumz), 2010/11 (Benishangul Gumz and Oromia) and 2011/12 (Southern Nation Nationalities and Peoples Regional state), were utilized as household consumption. In Amhara region, the majority of the productions were utilized for sales in 2009/10, 2011/12 and 2017/18 cropping seasons. This indicated that the percentage of utilization showed inconsistent trends and mostly used as sales. In Ethiopia, inconsistent trends of Lupin will be continued in the next four years.

The Effect of Partially Substituted Lupin, Soybean, and Navy Bean Flours on Wheat Bread Quality

Many edible legumes contain high amounts of proteins, fibers, minerals and vitamins. Their essential amino acid composition and concentration complements the amino acids in wheat and other cereals. In addition, breads fortified with protein rich legumes make the breads more palatable. In this study, we evaluated breads made from wheat flour partially substituted with soybean, navy bean, and lupin flours at 10%, 20%, and 30% levels. The physicochemical properties of breads were measured and compared with the control (made from 100% wheat flour). Statistical analysis was used to assess the significance of the differences. The breads fortified with soybean, lupin and navy bean flours showed remarkable springiness, similar to the breads made from wheat flour. However, the higher amount of substitution increased the firmness of the breads, probably due to the incorporation of additional fibers and proteins into the formulations. Compared to wheat bread, the volumes of 90:10 wheat-soybean, wheat-lupin, and wheat-navy bean breads decreased about 7%, 2%, and 10%, respectively. Higher substitution levels would result in a higher reduction in volume for all legumes tested. The volume reduction as a result of legume substitution appears to be navy bean flour > soybean flour > lupin flour. The inclusion of legumes in the bread formulations imparts a slightly darker crust color and crumb color with the exception of breads with the soybean flour substitution. Lupin appears to be the best substitution candidate among the legumes tested for fortified bread making. Lupin can be presented as a high-value protein source in developing marketable foods for health conscious consumers.

Replacement of Soybean Meal with Lupin or Chickpea Seed Meal in Diets for Fattening Iberian Pigs Promotes a Healthier Ileal Microbiota Composition

Five castrated male Iberian pigs (100 ± 2 kg b.w.) fitted with T-shaped ileal cannulas at the terminal ileum were used to determine the effects of legume feeding on intestinal microbiota composition. The diets were based on defatted soybean (Glycine max), lupin (Lupinus angustifolius) or chickpea (Cicer arietinum) seed meals and contained similar amounts of digestible energy (14.2 - 15.1 MJ·kg-1) and protein (107 g·kg-1). A hydrolyzed casein diet was used to determine the bacterial counts in pigs fed on a vegetable-free diet. The composition of the intestinal microbiota at the terminal ileum was analysed by q-PCR. Higher (P 10 number of copies was determined in the ileal contents of pigs fed on lupin- or chickpea-based diets with respect to those fed on the soybean-based diet. Bacteroides and the Clostridium coccoides/Eubacterium rectale group log10 number of copies was lower (P < 0.01) than that of soybean in the ileal contents of chickpea-fed pigs. Enterobacteria and the Escherichia/Shigella group log10 number of copies was lower (P < 0.01) than that of soybean in pigs fed on diets based on lupin or chickpea. The number of copies of the different bacterial groups in animals fed on the casein-based diet was lower (P < 0.01) than that of soybean for lactobacilli and bacteroides, but was higher than that of soybean for bifidobacteria, enterobacteria and the Escherichia/Shigella group. This information suggests that lupin or chickpea feeding might induce a benefit in the microbiota composition of Iberian pigs in their final productive stages.

Genetic Analysis of Quantitative Signs of White Lupin (Lupinus albus L.) Genotypes

Genetic variability in the base population plays an important role in crop⁃breeding program.A comprehensive assessment on the quantitative signs of white lupin genotypes was performed to be included in the selection process.Two limits of the environment were applied,i.e.,dense and sparse sowing.Positive true heterosis was established in PI533704×Zuter and PI533704×Lucky801 crosses by using the traits of the weight of nodules and fresh root mass weight at both limits of the environment.In more favorable growing conditions,the number and weight of nodules,as well as fresh aboveground mass weight had greater influence on the inheritance of epistatic gene interactions.In the case of dense sowing,the dominant gene actions for the weight of seeds were found more significant.With a high coefficient of inheritance in both environments,the hybrids of PI533704×Zuter and Lucky801×PI533704 were characterized by number and weight of nodules,Zuter×PI533704 by fresh root and aboveground mass weight,and almost all hybrids by seed weight per plant.The assessment of the initial material makes it highly likely to speed up the process of creating new varieties of white lupin.

The Chemical Quality of Some Legumes, Peas, Fava Beans, Blue and White Lupins and Soybeans Cultivated in Finland

The cultivation and management of different legume species and their varieties were tested in South-Western Finland at farmers＇ fields in two years, 2010 and 2011. The studied legumes were peas and lava beans, and included also such species which are seldom or not normally cultivated in Finland, namely soybeans and blue and white lupins. Seed samples were collected from legume farms. The quality of different legume species was analysed and compared to each others. The chemical qualities were analysed for crude protein, fat, fibre, ash, nitrogen-free extract and phytic acid contents, and amino acid composition. The quality of the varieties of lupins and soybeans were compared to the quality of pea and fava bean varieties, which are generally cultivated nowadays in Finland. The highest protein contents were in soybean （369 and 379 g kg^-1） and white lupin （382 g kg^-1） and the lowest in pea varieties. Amino acid composition of legumes is good, but lupins have lower lysine content （g 100 g^-1 protein） than other legumes. High fat contents were in soybeans （91 and 100 g kg^-1） and white lupin （101 g kgl）, and moderate in blue lupin （30-49 g kg^-1）. Fuego fava bean variety had lower protein content than Kontu. The highest phytic acid contents were in soybeans （18.9 and 22.6 mg kg^-1） and the lowest in white lupin （6.2 mg kg^-1）. Lupins are interesting protein crops, especially white lupin with high protein and fat and low phytic acid contents. Lupins are not day length sensitive, like soybean, and therefore valuable for long-day cultivation conditions The present research strengthens the good chemical quality of legumes for food and feed purposes.

玉米和羽扇豆、鹰嘴豆间作对作物吸收积累Pb、Cd的影响

采用土壤盆栽试验研究玉米、羽扇豆和鹰嘴豆在不同分隔/间作方式下对Pb、Cd吸收积累的影响。试验结果表明,不同分隔/间作方式对玉米、羽扇豆和鹰嘴豆生物量变化有不同的影响。不同分隔/间作方式均显著影响玉米地下部对Pb的吸收,但是不同间作方式对玉米地上部Pb含量影响不大。塑料分隔以及玉米-鹰嘴豆间作可显著减少玉米地下部对Pb的吸收。在玉米单作中,塑料分隔和尼龙网分隔处理的玉米地下部Pb含量分别比不分隔处理时降低41·1%和33·3%。在不分隔处理时,玉米-鹰嘴豆间作的玉米地下部Pb含量仅分别为玉米单作和玉米-羽扇豆间作时的53·9%和63·8%。不同分隔方式对玉米地下部Cd含量影响较大,但是不管是间作还是分隔方式均对玉米地上部Cd含量影响不大。同时,还讨论了不同分隔/间作方式对羽扇豆和鹰嘴豆Pb、Cd含量的影响。作物根际土壤溶液Pb含量随着作物的生长而不断降低,但Cd含量却不断提高。不同分隔/间作方式对作物根际土壤溶液Pb、Cd含量也有一定影响。

羽扇豆种间遗传差异AFLP分析

利用AFLP对羽扇豆 (LupinusL .) 3个种 (L .angustifoliusL .,L .albusL .,L .pilosusMurr.)的 18个品种指纹图谱进行了分析 ,4个引物组合共产生 46 2条带、多态性带为 44 2 ,平均每个引物组合产生 110 .5多态性带 ,多态性百分率为 95 .7%。总体平均遗传多样性指数为 0 .781。种间遗传差异大于品种间的遗传差异 ,4个引物组合种间和品种间的平均鉴定效率分别为 10 0 %和 84.7%。按UPGMA方法进行聚类分析 ,所有的供试材料明显地分为 3个组 ,每一个组由同一个种的品种构成。

羽扇豆套种对猕猴桃叶片和果实丙二醛含量的影响

以江西奉新8年生的"红阳""金艳"和"金魁"猕猴桃为试材,采用羽扇豆套种的方法,研究了6—10月猕猴桃叶片和果实丙二醛(MDA)含量的变化,以期为不同品种猕猴桃抵抗自然高温胁迫提供参考依据。结果表明:自然生长过程中,"红阳"猕猴桃MDA含量最高,"金魁"次之,"金艳"最低。3种猕猴桃叶片MDA含量变化趋势为先升高后降低,其中"红阳"叶片MDA含量达到峰值的时间早于"金艳"和"金魁"。套种可显著降低3种猕猴桃叶片MDA含量,"红阳""金艳"和"金魁"叶片MDA平均含量分别降低了16%、30%和25%。而套种使"金艳"和"金魁"果实MDA平均含量分别降低了20%和31%,但未能降低"红阳"果实MDA含量。可见,不同猕猴桃品种对自然高温胁迫的耐性存在差异,"金艳"耐性最强,"红阳"最弱。因此,从生理和分子角度深入研究羽扇豆套种增强猕猴桃叶片和果实的抗逆性机理,有助于解决猕猴桃高温胁迫后产量和品质下降问题。

缺磷条件下白羽扇豆排根发育与生长素及miR164的关系

以缺磷条件下白羽扇豆为材料,观察了外源生长素NAA和生长素运输的抑制剂NPA对白羽扇豆排根形成及其活性的影响,同时运用基因芯片与RT-PCR的方法分析了生长素信号转导途径中转录因子NAC1以及调控NAC1表达的上游microRNA164(miR164)在不同发育阶段排根中的表达变化,以探讨白羽扇豆在缺磷时排根形成与发育的调控机制。结果表明,缺磷胁迫下排根大量形成与生长素及其运输有关,排根NAC1的表达在初生阶段上调,成熟后下调,并受其上游的miR164的负调控,而排根衰老后则上述基因的表达都减弱。研究发现,在缺磷诱导的排根发生至发育成熟过程中,miR164、NAC1、生长素与排根发育之间很可能组成了一个级联系统,从而控制排根的发生与发育。

外源水杨酸对观赏羽扇豆高温胁迫的生理响应

选用5叶期观赏羽扇豆‘尖塔’品种为试材,喷施200μmol/L水杨酸后进行30℃～45℃的高温胁迫,观测其叶片超氧化物歧化酶活性、过氧化物酶活性、丙二醛含量及可溶性蛋白和可溶性糖含量的变化,以阐明高温胁迫下观赏羽扇豆的防御机理。结果表明:高温胁迫下,外源水杨酸预处理可以提高观赏羽扇豆幼苗叶片中的超氧化物歧化酶活性和过氧化物酶活性,抑制丙二醛含量的增加,提高渗透物质可溶性蛋白和可溶性糖的浓度,且随着胁迫温度的升高,抗氧化酶活性和渗透调节物质含量逐渐升高,当温度超过40℃后,开始下降。叶片中过氧化物酶活性对SA处理比较敏感,可作为衡量其耐热性的指标。可见,外源水杨酸可以通过提高植株抗氧化能力和渗透调节物质、保护膜结构和功能来降低高温胁迫对观赏羽扇豆幼苗的伤害。