Facing common security threats, leaders of six countries-Russia, China, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan and Uzbekistan-established the Shanghai Cooperation Organization in June 2001 to maintain regional stability a...Facing common security threats, leaders of six countries-Russia, China, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan and Uzbekistan-established the Shanghai Cooperation Organization in June 2001 to maintain regional stability and security, fight terrorism and extremism, prevent conflicts and enhance economic cooperation. The SCO's primary goals are economic cooperation and fighting terrorism.展开更多
The concept of common interests of mankind in the environmental protec-tion spurred -by the internationalized and globalized environmental problems are discussed in this paper. While making challenges for many princip...The concept of common interests of mankind in the environmental protec-tion spurred -by the internationalized and globalized environmental problems are discussed in this paper. While making challenges for many principles and rules of international law and the traditional conception of national security, the concept does play its role in strengthening the environmental protection. However, it cannot be neglected that diflerent national interests pose an obstacle to the realization of the common interests of mankind in the envirormental protection. The article concludes that whether the concept plays its greater role in the environmental protection will depend on many factors, such as the spread of environmental awareness, the revision of the traditional conception and the balanced development of the world economy.展开更多
Many scientists and researchers in the field of international relations suggest theories which help to systematize our observations recognize stable patterns and explain those observations and paradigms. Furthermore, ...Many scientists and researchers in the field of international relations suggest theories which help to systematize our observations recognize stable patterns and explain those observations and paradigms. Furthermore, some scientists present recommendations about policies that should be selected. However, constantly in each issue of Foreign Policy, there are distinct and conflicting options for policy making. Theories of international relations are trying to find the causes and conditions that are sometimes direct countries to conflict, and sometimes to cooperate with each other. In this article, two important theoretical approaches in the field of international relations are considered which affect on the approaches of US leaders and decision making process in this country： Neo-Realism and Neo-Liberalism. The authors seek to show that what＇s the difference between these two approaches in theoretical principles？ Understanding of these differences will help to show this matter that based on suggestion of these two theories, how American policy makers must choose a rational choice from among competing alternatives？ Policymakers can select rational choices among competing alternatives, when a theory possesses empirical evidence, and values or goals.展开更多
Recent scholarship on great-power foreign policy and diplomacy undermines President Obama＇s realist approach compared to his predecessor Bush＇s neoconservative idealism approach to the Middle East＇s geopolitical en...Recent scholarship on great-power foreign policy and diplomacy undermines President Obama＇s realist approach compared to his predecessor Bush＇s neoconservative idealism approach to the Middle East＇s geopolitical enduring Arab-Israeli conflict, the rising power of political Islam, the unexpected events of the Arab Spring, along with the challenge of democratization. This article genealogically examines President Obama＇s foreign policy and diplomacy in response to the chronology of the unfolding events of the Arab Spring in Egypt, Tunisia, Libya, Syria, Bahrain, and Yemen that witnessed the Arab Spring of 2011. President Obama and his top diplomats＇ performances in response to each country recounting events were assessed, critically analyzed, and compared to the other in terms of the U.S. bilateral relations with each country, U.S. national interests, and her strategic goals in the Middle East region. The researcher analyzed the aforementioned issues within the complicated realities of the Palestinian/Arab Israeli conflict, the rising power of political Islam on the Middle East＇s ground manifested by the Muslim Brotherhood rise to power in Egypt, ISIS in Iraq and Syria, and Libya, and the rivalry between Sunni and Shia＇a---supported by Iran in Lebanon, Syria, Bahrain, and Yemen. The research findings indicate that in a broader sense Obama＇s foreign policy and diplomacy has been a movement away from the U.S. foreign policy and diplomacy since World War II, particularly when he （Obama） decided that the U.S. should abstain from exercising the veto power at the United Nations （UN） on resolution 2334 in support of the Palestinian right to have their own state, thus following the consensus of other permanent members of the UN security council and international law.展开更多
This work investigates the rise of political Islam in the Middle East and its impact on the United States＇ and Egypt＇s national interests and bilateral relations. In this article, the author describes the United Sta...This work investigates the rise of political Islam in the Middle East and its impact on the United States＇ and Egypt＇s national interests and bilateral relations. In this article, the author describes the United States＇ foreign policy dilemma in dealing with the Arab revolutionary waves of 2010 and 2011, which was hijacked by political Islam championed by the Muslim Brotherhood＇s mother organization in Egypt. Also, how the United States and Egypt managed to navigate their strategic partnership for stability and peace in the region through developing tolerance of interference in one another＇s foreign policy making and reconciling their national interests within the complicated political, economic and social realities of the Middle Eastern region.展开更多
Mao Zedong＇s theory of ＂the differentiation of three worlds＂ originated in his idea of ＂one intermediate zone＂ in the 1940s and 1950s, took initial shape with the idea of ＂two intermediate zones＂ in the 1960s a...Mao Zedong＇s theory of ＂the differentiation of three worlds＂ originated in his idea of ＂one intermediate zone＂ in the 1940s and 1950s, took initial shape with the idea of ＂two intermediate zones＂ in the 1960s and was officially formulated in the early 1970s. Taking national interests and the pursuit of sovereignty as its logical starting point, the law of the unity of opposites as its philosophical basis, the background of the Cold War as its historical platform, and opposition to hegemony as its diplomatic strategy, Mao Zedong advanced the well-known ＂three worlds＂ theory. As a hallmark achievement of China＇s diplomatic strategy and international relations theory, Mao＇s ＂three worlds＂ theory has a very special value for the times, especially with regard to its philosophy and principles in areas such as the principles of international ethics and justice, discourse power and national image, security mechanisms and strategic partnerships, and interdependence and cultural transcendence, all of which are precious ideological resources that we should cherish.展开更多
文摘Facing common security threats, leaders of six countries-Russia, China, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan and Uzbekistan-established the Shanghai Cooperation Organization in June 2001 to maintain regional stability and security, fight terrorism and extremism, prevent conflicts and enhance economic cooperation. The SCO's primary goals are economic cooperation and fighting terrorism.
文摘The concept of common interests of mankind in the environmental protec-tion spurred -by the internationalized and globalized environmental problems are discussed in this paper. While making challenges for many principles and rules of international law and the traditional conception of national security, the concept does play its role in strengthening the environmental protection. However, it cannot be neglected that diflerent national interests pose an obstacle to the realization of the common interests of mankind in the envirormental protection. The article concludes that whether the concept plays its greater role in the environmental protection will depend on many factors, such as the spread of environmental awareness, the revision of the traditional conception and the balanced development of the world economy.
文摘Many scientists and researchers in the field of international relations suggest theories which help to systematize our observations recognize stable patterns and explain those observations and paradigms. Furthermore, some scientists present recommendations about policies that should be selected. However, constantly in each issue of Foreign Policy, there are distinct and conflicting options for policy making. Theories of international relations are trying to find the causes and conditions that are sometimes direct countries to conflict, and sometimes to cooperate with each other. In this article, two important theoretical approaches in the field of international relations are considered which affect on the approaches of US leaders and decision making process in this country： Neo-Realism and Neo-Liberalism. The authors seek to show that what＇s the difference between these two approaches in theoretical principles？ Understanding of these differences will help to show this matter that based on suggestion of these two theories, how American policy makers must choose a rational choice from among competing alternatives？ Policymakers can select rational choices among competing alternatives, when a theory possesses empirical evidence, and values or goals.
文摘Recent scholarship on great-power foreign policy and diplomacy undermines President Obama＇s realist approach compared to his predecessor Bush＇s neoconservative idealism approach to the Middle East＇s geopolitical enduring Arab-Israeli conflict, the rising power of political Islam, the unexpected events of the Arab Spring, along with the challenge of democratization. This article genealogically examines President Obama＇s foreign policy and diplomacy in response to the chronology of the unfolding events of the Arab Spring in Egypt, Tunisia, Libya, Syria, Bahrain, and Yemen that witnessed the Arab Spring of 2011. President Obama and his top diplomats＇ performances in response to each country recounting events were assessed, critically analyzed, and compared to the other in terms of the U.S. bilateral relations with each country, U.S. national interests, and her strategic goals in the Middle East region. The researcher analyzed the aforementioned issues within the complicated realities of the Palestinian/Arab Israeli conflict, the rising power of political Islam on the Middle East＇s ground manifested by the Muslim Brotherhood rise to power in Egypt, ISIS in Iraq and Syria, and Libya, and the rivalry between Sunni and Shia＇a---supported by Iran in Lebanon, Syria, Bahrain, and Yemen. The research findings indicate that in a broader sense Obama＇s foreign policy and diplomacy has been a movement away from the U.S. foreign policy and diplomacy since World War II, particularly when he （Obama） decided that the U.S. should abstain from exercising the veto power at the United Nations （UN） on resolution 2334 in support of the Palestinian right to have their own state, thus following the consensus of other permanent members of the UN security council and international law.
文摘This work investigates the rise of political Islam in the Middle East and its impact on the United States＇ and Egypt＇s national interests and bilateral relations. In this article, the author describes the United States＇ foreign policy dilemma in dealing with the Arab revolutionary waves of 2010 and 2011, which was hijacked by political Islam championed by the Muslim Brotherhood＇s mother organization in Egypt. Also, how the United States and Egypt managed to navigate their strategic partnership for stability and peace in the region through developing tolerance of interference in one another＇s foreign policy making and reconciling their national interests within the complicated political, economic and social realities of the Middle Eastern region.
文摘Mao Zedong＇s theory of ＂the differentiation of three worlds＂ originated in his idea of ＂one intermediate zone＂ in the 1940s and 1950s, took initial shape with the idea of ＂two intermediate zones＂ in the 1960s and was officially formulated in the early 1970s. Taking national interests and the pursuit of sovereignty as its logical starting point, the law of the unity of opposites as its philosophical basis, the background of the Cold War as its historical platform, and opposition to hegemony as its diplomatic strategy, Mao Zedong advanced the well-known ＂three worlds＂ theory. As a hallmark achievement of China＇s diplomatic strategy and international relations theory, Mao＇s ＂three worlds＂ theory has a very special value for the times, especially with regard to its philosophy and principles in areas such as the principles of international ethics and justice, discourse power and national image, security mechanisms and strategic partnerships, and interdependence and cultural transcendence, all of which are precious ideological resources that we should cherish.
