Scottish Literary Heritage and National Identity:A Case Study of Boswell’s The Journal of a Tour to the Hebrides

For a long time,the history of“Scottish Literature”has been overshadowed by the concept of“British literature”,and thus Scottish literary heritage has been seen as“regional characteristics”.The Act of Union 1707 led to a growing concern for Scottish national identity.In The Journal of a Tour to the Hebrides,the famous Scottish-born biographer James Boswell chose to take advantage of Scottish literary heritage as a point of penetration to express his own Scottish national identity with Scotland in literature and Scottish literature.

An Assessment of English Instruction for Elementary-Level Students in Jeddah Governorate, as Perceived by English Supervisors and Educators

This study investigated the perceptions of English educators and supervisors in Jeddah Governorate regarding the process of teaching English to elementary students.A survey was conducted using a sample size of 94 educators and 10 supervisors.The data indicate that respondents considered English instruction at the elementary level essential for expanding kids’perspectives,improving academic performance,and promoting international involvement.The main advantages cited are the development of English language skills and the promotion of early education.Although not as easily noticeable,the disadvantages include potential negative impacts on an individual’s proficiency in Arabic and their sense of national identification.The highlighted challenges encompass insufficient teacher training,student reluctance towards English,limited resources,and school disparities.The proposed techniques focused on prioritizing English instructors’training,ensuring the use of appropriate content,utilizing technology,and promoting awareness of students and educators.The current research found different obstacles in teaching English at elementary stages.To overcome these obstacles,it will be essential to enhance teacher competencies,develop efficient teaching methods,get the backing of stakeholders,assign adequate resources,and carry out continuous evaluations.Further research can also contribute to a better understanding of how early English learning impacts on Arabic identity and proficiency.

Logistics,Supply Chain Management,and Taiwan residents Immigration Assessed in Light of Globalization

Organizations regardless of size can take advantage of the market dynamics brought about by globalization.Supply chain management is crucial for large organizations,especially with regard to the costs,complexity,and risks of its large,often global,supply chains.From technology to risk management,learning what it takes to navigate transportation and logistics business management in today’s volatile world is critical.Human migration has accelerated in light of globalization and rapid advances in transportation(particularly aviation)technology.This study investigated the connection between logistics and supply chain management in the age of globalization;reviewed the migration,settlement,and naturalization of Taiwan residents immigrants along the West Coast of the United States;and theoretically analyzed the forces that have led to the construction of the Taiwan residents immigrant community.Taiwan residents immigrants and their settlement are affected by global forces,and factors such as their cross-cultural trade,the characteristics of diasporic communities,and their national identity can provide scholarly and pedagogical insights.

Role of Religion and Media Consumption in National Identity Formation of Youth in Pakistan

This research intends to study the relationship between faith, media exposure, and national identity construction of youth in Pakistan. The purpose is to ascertain the level of influence of foreign and local media consumption on national identity formation in terms of collective self-esteem and self-image of youth with high and low level of religiosity. A survey has been conducted from students （n = 321） between the age group of 16-19 living in Lahore. The results of this study revealed that respondents with high religiosity did not prefer to consume foreign media （r = -0.435＊＊ p 〈 0.01） whereas they did not show much preference to consume Pakistani media, either （r = 0.138＊, p 〈 0.05）. The level of religiosity and positive national identity had a strong and significant positive correlation （r = 0.619＊＊, p 〈 0.01）. This study also found that those respondents who preferred to consume foreign media texts demonstrated lower self-esteem and negative self-image as Pakistanis as compared to those who did not prefer foreign media consumption （r = -0.427＊＊, p 〈 0.01）. The researcher assumed that being Pakistani, a respondent would prefer to consume more national media texts over foreign and would have more positive national identity. However, results did not support this premise （r = 0.159＊＊, p 〈 0.01） due to the fact that the respondents did not show preference to consume Pakistani media at first hand. The study also connects theoretical understanding of faith and identity in Pakistani perspective along with an additional factor of media consumption. Thus, it strengthens the argument that strong faith positively contributes towards consolidating an individual＇s identity construction process. However, the results demonstrate that media tend to play a limited role in the process of identity construction compared to family and peers among Pakistani youth.

Soft Power and National Identity in Chinese International Promotion

Rather that cultural hegemony,soft power,as a part and parcel of comprehensive national power,has been paid more and more attention by China so as to get more discourse right and power in international diplomatic relationships to foster a peaceful external environment.This paper focuses on why China highlights soft power,how China strengthens it soft power through Chinese international promotion,and what is role Chinese international promotion has paid.

Comparative Textual Study of Political and Territorial Aspects of the Ancient Iranian National Identity

In a multidisciplinary compensatory way this paper aims at comparing Darius Inscription in Behistun with Karnameh of Ardeshir Babakan in order to find the territorial political aspects of ancient Iranian identity. With regard to the existence of the idea of national identity but not the term in these mentioned sources through content analysis, it shows that ancient Iranian national identity has basic interrelations with territorial political aspects although the other aspects will not be denied.

National Identity Turns, in the Age of Globalization

Globalization has many dimensions that it is interpreted as ＂communicational revolution＂ having incredible effects upon thought, behavior, and identity of today＇s human being. Based on this, the world is a stage for globalization and identity interactions. In such space, there are always conflicts among identity strata （individual, national, and global） and for conflicts prevention purposes, respect for the ＂other＇s＂ identity is considerable. Although admitting various nations＇ identity is one of the globalization identity notions challenges, but it doesn＇t mean that a dead end in this field. This research is focused on globalization effects and the subject of becoming far from national identity with rising of cosmopolitanism. We want to figure out： ＂What kind of relation is between national identity and cosmopolitanism identity in the globalization era？＂ This work＇s assumption is based on the relation between national identity and globalization identity in the stage of globalization and identity interactions; by admitting and respecting ＂other＇s＂ identity, we are able to prevent conflicts among identity strata. Thus, humans in their vast communications in globalization era for responding purposes, in face to face dialogs, need to implement general values common to all human beings. Through ＂global citizen＂ practices, while there exists differences, we can reach a shared view and become attended to our global responsibility.

Lusitan Identity Paradoxes Revealed by Fado Songs

This paper briefly presents the methods and the results of the investigation conducted within the doctoral study. The goal is to investigate the phenomenon of fado songs in the context of cultural transformations that take place in the uniting Europe. During the investigation, we tried to verify the problem of national and cultural identity of the Portuguese and their attitude towards ethno-cultural auto-identification in fado. According to the research results, the Portuguese are profoundly conscious of the relation between fado and their national and cultural identity. The results show that the Portuguese also consider the songs so strongly tied to their own nation, history, and places in Portugal, that this makes impossible for the foreigners to understand the message （even though some listeners claim, that they ＂feel＂ fado, though not being able to understand the lyrics）. The research results proved that the Portuguese consider fado as a carrier of their identity, or even ＂Portuguese soul＂.

Research on National Identity Based on National Audio-Visual Works: Taking Inner Mongolia as an Example

Mongolian audio-visual works are an important carrier of exploring the true significance to this national culture.This paper believes that the Mongolian people in Inner Mongolia constantly enhance the individual sense of identity to the overall ethnic group through the influence of film and television and music,and on this basis constantly evolve a new culture in line with modern and contemporary life to further enhance their sense of belonging to the ethnic nation.

A Study on the Mechanism of Cohort Effect on the Formation of National Identity among College Students

The lack of subjective awareness of national identity among young people is a common phenomenon in all countries.In this paper,we investigate the role of cohort effect in the formation of national identity among college students based on the theory of cohort effect.The results of the empirical study show that at the current stage,the formation of national identity within the group of Chinese college students mainly relies on the herding mechanism,followed by the competition mechanism and then the learning mechanism.

The Bamboos of Blekinge： The Writing of Cultures in Swedish Proletarian Fiction

The national identity of the source culture often constitutes an important hermeneutic flame fi＇om which a translated text is understood. At the same time, literary texts themselves sometimes have a tendency to resist cultural narratives and stereotypical ideas of a certain nation. This article explores how such a resistance is made in the English translations of four Swedish novels from the 1930s. These novels are all central texts in the history of Swedish literature, as they form the very basis of a literary current that had a huge impact on the development of the Swedish welfare state--proletarian fiction. In the translations of Harry Martinson＇s, Moa Martinson＇s, Eyvind Johnson＇s, and Ivar Lo-Johansson＇s breakthrough novels, the Anglophone target reader is faced with different kinds of disruptions of the Swedish national identity. Some of these disturb the conception of Sweden as a unified cultural space; others resist the idea of Sweden as a distinct cultural space. There is, however, no general rule to these disruptions： All four novels have their own, specific way of creating narrative resistance.

Fiction, Docudrama and Joumalism in the Globo Group （Grupo Globo）： A Memory of the Brazilian Military Dictatorship Directed at the General Public

From the early days of the moving image and its recordings of facts and events considered to be historical, followed by the consolidation of the classic narrative cinema grammar in the 1910s reaffirmed until today by a large part of the television production that turns to the past, without disregarding authorial aesthetic experiences produced especially since the 1920s, history has been present for over more than a century in several types of media. Movie theaters, people＇s homes and, nowadays, thanks to new media technology, any and every place are spaces for projecting historical narratives. They are both entertainment--by deploying strategies for constructing a ＂truth＂ about the past--and critical reflection, going against a belief in that possibility, in rendering explicit their nature as a language. Since all of these narratives presuppose an audience, a public, within different genres, styles and formats, with more realist overtones, more to the general public＇s taste, or anti-naturalist, in experiences for smaller audiences, it seems pertinent to discuss these issues considering that audiovisual narratives are powerful agents in constructing a memory of the past. Particularly in this text, we will examine how the most powerful communication enterprise in Brazil - Global Group - had construct a memory of the Brazilian military dictatorship （1964-1985） until 2016.

Islamophobia Abroad and Anti-Catholicism at home： The Making of the English Nation

One major feature of printing and publishing in England in the 16th and 17th centuries and repeated in subsequent centuries was that of travel tales to foreign spaces where Protestant males not only met believers in Islam but also encountered other Europeans （mostly Catholics） in those foreign spaces. This paper will attempt to show those travellers＇ tales written by Englishmen of the early modern period as well as subsequently were not only based upon Protestant foundations but also contributed to the making of the nation.

Research Through Unearthed Epitaphs:The Tuyuhun People’s Sinicization During the Northern Dynasties

In the middle and late Northern Wei Dynasty,Tuyuhun people gradually entered political field of Central Plains Dynasty,and cultural merging came with the interaction of the crowd.Although Tuyuhun Kingdom located in the northwestern area,Tuyuhun people’s epitaphs whose unearthed places were known so far were all found in the Central Plains,which shows that Tuyuhun was closely linked with the Central Plains Dynasty in politics and culture.Taking epitaph of Tuyuhun Ji as the center,this thesis analyzes the political and cultural phenomenon reflected in the epitaph,on the basis of reorganizing his genealogy and official career.At the same time,combining with unearthed epigraphs of other Tuyuhun people in the Northern Dynasties,the thesis analyzes the sinicization elements in the cognitive identity of tomb owners and their images reflected in inscriptions,and further discusses the transformation of the concepts of national,ethnic,and cultural identity of Tuyuhun people who lived in the Central Plains.

Retracing the Kurdish and the Armenian Issues in the Journal of Albayrak in Period of National Struggle in Turkey （1919-1922）

World War I became a milestone in the decay of empires and in the transition to the form of nation-state all over the world. Also, the national identities had been emerged and shaped in this period, before and after of the war. Contemporaneously, the years between 1912 and 1922, constructing Turkish identitiy and nationalim provided the important components to the founding of the Republic in Turkey. Especially, 1919-1922 period was important in terms of this arising national movement, because of the era which was beginnig the transition from the empire to the nation-state with the accession of the whole society in a national struggle. Therewith, Treaty of Sevres and Mondros Armistice Agreement were considerable factors in acceleration of the struggle in Anatolia. Besides, local press had a curicial role in the occupied territories throughout the stage. And the Journal of Albayrak which came out in Erzurum was one of the foremost media vehicles in the period of national struggle in the east of country. Herewith, Albayrak stated that it would make contribution to the point of informing the community and raising consciousness about the reasons of Armenian problem and its forthcoming dangers. This journal, also, gave information and news concerning Kurdish issue that arised in this period. In this respect, the purpose of this paper is to examine the place or role of a journal as a propaganda material within a struggle of independence and constructing a nation state period of an occupied country by analysing its news. It is important to study Albayrak because it had important impact on area of the local press in the region which made news about Armenians and Kurds. Herewith, the study also intends to handle the approach of this media source to Kurdish and Armenian issues in the era and by this way tries to make any contribution to the related discussion.

Deterritorializing the Nation： Deleuzian Time, Space and Narrative in the Video Art of Lia Lapithi Shukuroglou

The purpose of this paper is to engage with Gilles Deleuze＇s work on time and space in cinema as a theoretical trajectory for exploring the video art of Lia Lapithi Shukuroglou. In Cinema 2： The Time-Image （1989）, Deleuze argues that post-Second World War cinema has been shaped by a historical transformation compelling it to create new signs and images. Centering on the post-war landscape of Cyprus in 1974, the moment of ＂historical transformation＂ in Deleuze is transposed to this national context; examining Lapithi＇s response to the crisis of historical time in its relation to physical spaces. It negotiates a contextualized reading of three videos and argues that they manifest Deleuzian ＂time-images＂. These texts react to the territorialization of real spaces by deterritorializing official national history. Using Martin Jones＇ study, Deleuze, cinema and national identity： Narrative time in national contexts （2006） Lapithi＇s time-images are interpreted as ＂unruly＂ as they resist a linear narrative and destabilize public time. Contrary to Martin Jones＇s view that time-images constitute a temporary deviation from flowing national time, the author argues that Lapithi excavates alternative temporalities in perpetuity; whilst proposing that in the context of Cyprus the deterritorialization of space by time postpones the nation＇s identity.

Who is the ＂Rightful＂ Inheritor of Ancient Culture？ Ancient Greece, Modern Greece, and Richard Wagner

The purpose of this paper is to analyze the reception of Wagner＇s approaches to Greek antiquity by Greek musicologists and composers which took place at the first half of the 20th century. Wagner＇s such readings were parts of wider narrations of archeology and how Greeks perceived their past.This research is largely based on primary sources of that time; its arguments construct two levels of critique： （1） Admiration （the ＇proper＇ aesthetic examples are German models, as exemplified in Wagner＇s work）; and （2） ＂Hellenism＂ as a means to distancing from Wagner （The past of ancient Greece is still believed to be better understood by the Greeks）. The principal conclusions are： （1） Wagner＇s views were admired because Wagner＇s example （ancient culture） should also be an example for Greek composers; and （2） Wagner＇s views were judged on the grounds of： Ideology： the expression of the ＂soul＂; the theory of ＂historic continuity＂; the balance between music, poetry, and dance; Wagner gave superiority to music, modem Greeks （should） give a predominant role to language as a means of expression in an ancient drama, or achieve a balance among the three arts of music, poetry, and dance.

Lucia Bedarida Servadio： A Life Beyond Limits. A Female Italian Jewish Scientist in Tangier

Italian Jewish women in the early 20th century, and, their struggle with their Italian national identity, culture, and, Jewish heritage is a topic that has not been yet sufficiently studied, in particular the one regarding Italian Jewish women in sciences and their contribution to the Italian culture. With the exception of a few memoirs, as well a book recently published in Italian, who depicted shortly the life of some of these women, to this day, there is a paucity of publications about it, with the result that, there is little knowledge about them and their ＂pioneering spirit＂ and ＂modernism＂. Thus, this article aims to spread light on one of these extraordinary women： the tubiba （Arabic name for doctor） Lucia Bedarida Servadio. In analyzing Lucia＇s life through her memoirs, writings, and, unpublished documents, such as private letters that she wrote to her friends and family, I will show the impact that this ＂avant-garde＂, and, still quite unknown women had in the Italian society. Above all, the legacy that she left as a ＂messenger＂ of peace, in dedicating her whole life, to help the ＂others＂, despite their colors, race and religion, like she did in Morocco from 1940 until 1981.

The Effect of Separatism on the Society： Quantitative Analysis on the World Values Survey

In the 21st century, world politics appeared to far from resolved condition in terms of power sharing among the elites, thus created separatism movements in many parts of the world. These movements caused some changes in the society that is nowadays seen as a multicultural. Using World Values Survey＇s data, this study revealed that separatism would cause people to less likely agree on ethnic diversity benefit. Further, when the result is tested by elaboration model, economic condition was found as important factor on how people saw ethnic diversity benefit among the society.

Intergroup Evaluation as an Indicator of Emotional Elaboration of Collective Traumas in National Historical Narratives

In a longitudinal content analytical study, the authors explored intergroup evaluation patterns in Hungarian history school-book narratives about the so-called ＂Trianon Peace Treaty＂ in 1920 which had approved the detachment of 2/3 of Hungary＇s territory by victorious countries of the First World War. The event has meant a major national trauma that has not been elaborated to date. The study aimed to find evaluation patterns in temporally changing narrative constructions which were diagnostic to the process of emotional elaboration of the trauma. School-books released between 1920 and 2000 were included in the study, by a 10-year sampling method. Analysis was performed by NARRCAT （Narrative Categorial Content Analytical Tool）, a computerized tool for narrative psychological content analysis, which is capable for identifying complex linguistic structures of psychological relevance in large databases of narratives. Four different evaluation patterns emerged in the narratives which roughly correspond to four different historical eras in Hungary. Results show that the aggressor-victim relation between the former Entente powers and Hungary has remained a part of the narrative representation of the treaty, reflecting the identity state of collective victimhood.