An investigation and analysis of the export earnings of 100 foreign trade enterprises in the first five months of this year

In order to understand the export situation faced by Chinese foreign trade enterprises and learn about their difficulties and problems in this regard, the China Association of Foreign Trade and Economic Cooperation Enterprises carried

HACCP——Management of Acquatic Export Enterprises

In order to help our export acquatic enterprises meet the safety and health requirements of importing countries, the State Administration of Import and Export Commodity Inspection will implement HACCP management over acquatic export enterprises in China.

An Empirical Analysis on Enterprises＇ Wine Export of Campania Region and the Role of ICT

The progressive growth of foreign multinational companies in different markets and their new company strategies, regarding production, distribution, marketing, brand policies, product diversification, promotional activities and investments, should push the universe of Italian small and medium enterprise to follow action lines that are capable to let them compete with the main global actors, with good chances to succeed. The problem is not the influence of big companies on Italian little enterprises, but it is that these last ones must react to their strategies in order to not lose important market shares. The aim of the present work is to analyse, above all, the outcome of an enquiry into enterprises＇ export of an important Italian Region： Campania. In the first part a picture of the wine regional sector is introduced, with particular observations on what are the wine varieties, what is the general level of production, which typologies they offer, what are the characteristics of consumption, and what is the specific economic importance of wine exportation to Campania. In the second part, then, the conducted investigation will be illustrated to the purpose to analyze the actual characteristics of the export of the regional firms, the difficulties found on the international markets and the possibilities of development in the next future, but also the role of information and communication technologies （ICT）, that is able to greatly contribute to achieving a deeper integration, communication and information flow between the different stakeholders in the supply chain.

Jiangsu's Top Enterprises with Import and Export Value of More Than US$ 200 Million in 1995

Name of the Enterprise1. Jiangsu Overseas Enterprises (Group) Co. Ltd2. Yizheng Chemical Fibers Co. Ltd3. Jiangsu Silk Products Imp. & Exp. (Group) Co. Ltd4. Jiangsu Garments Imp. & Exp. (Group) Co. Ltd5. Zhangjiagang Foreign Trading Company6. Jiangsu Textiles Imp. & Exp. (Group) Co.

NEW REGULATIONS ON IMPORT AND EXPORT MANAGEMENT RIGHTS GRANTED TO COMMERCIAL AND MATERIAL SUPPLY ENTERPRISES

With the approval of the State Council, State Economicand Trade Commission, Ministry of Foreign Trade and EconomicCooperation and Ministry of Internal Trade recently issued theCircular Regarding Some Relevant Issues in Granting Import andExport Management Rights to Commercial and Material SupplyEnterprises. It means that work ofgranting import and exportmanagement rights has from a trial been led onto the right path ofexamination and approval. The principle of examination and ap-proval, conditions, and the procedure of reporting to a higher in-stitution shall still be in conformity with the relevant regulationsprescribed in Decree No.76 (1993) of the State Council.In November 1993, the State Council approved and trans-mitted Opinions on Experiment of Granting Import and ExportManagement Rights to Some Commercial and Material Enterprisesby State Economic and Trade Commision, Ministry of ForeignTrade and Economic Cooperation and Ministry of Internal Trade.Totaling 206 commercial (including grain and supply and sale)and material supply enterprises are put to trial and granted

THE DEVELOPMENT OF OUTWARD ECONOMY IN RURAL ENTERPRISESAND THE DIFFERENCE AMONG PROVINCES

Rural wterprise plays a more and more important role in the development of outward economy of China. In 1994, 44.5 percent of the export value was produced by rural enterprises. This paper will focus on the rural enterprises with export, their growth, structural change and regional distribution. 'San Lai Yi Bu' as a special form of outward enterprises, the foreign investment in rural enterprises the regional distribution and development tendency of rtral aterprises with foreign investment will be studied at the same time. The factor analysis will be used to study the evolution of the role that rural enterprises played in the development of outward economy, the regional difference in the development level and industrial structure of rural enterprises of outward economy.

A Model to Analyze Small and Medium Enterprises＇ Training Needs Related to the Internationalization

Formal training can play a particularly important role in supporting the internationalization of small and medium enterprises （SMEs）. However, the demand for education services by the latter still appears limited. This is due to known structural and cultural limits that are found widely in this type of business and to the fact that the provision of training---especially that which is funded^oes not seem to address adequately SMEs＇ needs; in many cases, such training is not stimulating, because it is perceived as too general. In fact, SMEs do not constitute a single homogeneous group and therefore assistance needs vary among the different types of firms. So, especially in relation to internationalization, it is clear that there are important differences to consider due to the variety of approaches and ways of developing this process. In order to optimize the resources to invest in the promotion of training, there is a need to find a proper balance between providing ＂viable solutions for all businesses＂ and offering ＂targeted responses and tailored services＂. In such a context, the main objective of this paper is to identify and systematize the variables that most influence the SMEs＇ training needs related to internationalization by taking into account the differences among them. To this end, an empirical analysis was developed involving a significant number of Italian SMEs by using a combination of qualitative research methods. The results show the critical issues faced by the investigated firms during their internationalization process and highlight some important variables that affect their training needs： export involvement, characteristics of the product/market, characteristics of the company, exporting strategy, and human resources. Based on these variables, the writers identified clusters of firms characterized by similar needs and problems to be faced.

Canton Fair tailored negotiation platform for textile enterprises——Interview with Huang Changjie of China Foreign Trade Center

The China Import and Export Fair,also known as the Canton Fair,is a comprehensive international trade event with the highest level,the largest scale,the most complete variety of goods,the largest number of buyers attending the fair,the largest number of participating countries and the best turnover in China,and has the reputation of"the first exhibition in China".

REGULATIONS OF THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA ON ADMINISTRATION OF IMPORT AND EXPORT ENTERPRISE IDENTIFICATION DIGITS

The Ministry of Foreign Trade and Economy Co-operation (hereinafter called the MOFFEC)willintroduce throughout the country "the Importand Export Enterprise Identification Digits of thePeople’s Republic of China" (hereinafter called"IEEID") for the purpose of pushing forward the de-velopment of foreign economy and trade, strength-ening macro-administration by the governments andimproving working efficiency and service. ThisRegulation has been enacted to ensure

Impact of Controllable Factors on Export Performance of SMEs in Jordan

Exporting is of great interest for SMEs in Jordan from both microeconomic and macroeconomic perspective.The objective of this study was to identify to what extent specific internal factors contribute to export success of SMEs in Jordan.This study hypothesized that export performance of SMEs is directly affected by three groups of internal factors.These include firm characteristics,managerial characteristics,and marketing strategy.A multiple case approach is used to conduct this research and a structured interview is developed to collect the data directly from the participants.A pattern matching approach was used to test the hypotheses.The results show that export performance is positively affected by firm characteristics,managerial characteristics,and marketing strategy.Additionally,the demographic characteristics of managers and adaptation of distribution channels are unlikely to have an influence on export performance.This was unexpected,because of the plenty of empirical evidences in the literature that support the impact of these variables on export success.

HAS THE PEARL RIVER DELTA BEEN AN EXPORT-ORIENTED ECONOMY?

Ever since the introduction of the Open Door Policy, the Pearl River Delta (PRD) has enjoyed very phenomenal export and economic growth. As a result, many scholars have tried to associate the two phenomena and described the region as an,'export-oriented economy'.However, these studies, mostly based on the rapid export growth of the PRD and its status as the most important exporting area of the country,have not paid any heed to the actual export-orientation of the regional economy and, hence, cannot prove that the PRD has been a 'truly'export-oriented economy. in view of these shortcomings. the present paper attempts to re-examine the issue from the viewpoint of the PRD's local economy, at both the regional and county levels. The study period is from 1981 to 1990. Judging from the export-dependency indices and the relative importance of exports in accounting for the economic growth and industrialization of the PRD, this paper concludes that the region, though having signs of increasing export-orientation, cannot be categorized as a 'truly' export-oriented economy. In addition, it also shows that most of the 'evidences' or 'common beliefs' behind the notion of an export-oriented economy in the RD are illusionary, if not erroneous. Finally, the paper explores into the reasons behind the low export-orientation of the PRD and tries to sugyst some ways for boosting the export-orientation of the PRD and tries to suggest some ways for boosting the export-orientation of the region.

Expanding the Role of African Firms In China’s Export Development

While there are a plethora of techniques that contribute to the success of a business and its operations in China,the often overlooked opportunity represented by public-private partnerships is one that private enterprises should not forgo when they begin the complex journey of navigating the Chinese market.

制造业企业数字化对出口国内附加值率的影响研究

在国际环境复杂多变和数字经济迅猛发展的背景下,数字化能否赋能制造业全球价值链升级受到广泛关注。文章构造了一种衡量制造业企业数字化水平的新指标,利用WIOD数据库、中国工业企业及海关数据库的匹配数据,通过数理分析与实证检验,从效率提升与安全保障的视角探究了我国制造业企业数字化对出口国内附加值率(DVAR)的影响。研究发现:企业数字化显著提升了出口DVAR,且经过一系列稳健性检验后结论依旧。机制检验证实,企业数字化通过生产率提振效应与供应链本土化效应提升企业出口DVAR。进一步分析表明,企业数字化的出口DVAR提升作用对于非加工贸易企业、本土企业、劳动密集型行业与所在地区市场一体化程度高的企业更为显著。从数字化细分维度看,国内数字要素投入、数字技术应用与数字产品生产均能显著提升企业出口DVAR,而国外数字要素投入则具有抑制作用。

僵尸企业对正常企业出口产品质量的影响研究

提升出口产品质量是实现经济高质量发展和建设贸易强国的关键。然而,僵尸企业的大量存在引发资源错配,对正常企业的出口产品质量的影响尚未受到关注。以2009—2015年中国上市企业微观数据为样本,实证检验僵尸企业对正常企业出口产品质量的影响。结果表明:僵尸企业对正常企业的出口产品质量产生显著的负面影响,结论在一系列稳健性与内生性检验后仍稳健。异质性分析表明,僵尸企业对企业出口产品质量的负面影响在私有企业、未获得政府补贴的企业以及中西部地区企业中更为明显。机制检验发现,僵尸企业引发的资源错配降低了正常企业的劳动生产率和研发创新投入,从而影响了出口产品质量的提升。

重点产业政策与中国企业出口产品组合调整

本文利用中国工业企业数据和海关数据,考察了重点产业政策对多产品企业出口产品组合调整的影响。研究结果发现,重点产业政策促进了企业出口产品集中度的提高和出口产品范围的扩大。这种促进作用在民营企业、外资企业、一般贸易企业和东部地区企业中更为突出。重点产业政策通过缓解企业融资约束和激励企业技术创新等渠道影响企业出口行为的调整,同时,激烈的国内同业竞争和目的地市场竞争进一步强化了产业政策效应。除了影响受支持企业的出口行为,重点产业政策还能通过融资和创新的溢出效应带动相同二位码行业内非重点企业调整出口产品组合,培育其竞争优势。

Export determinants study reveals strategy’s weakness

In this paper,the authors try to reveal export expansion determinants of local firms using sample data of the questionnaire answered by 342 Jiangsu-based manufacturing enterprises.Studies show that supply-chain partnership is an important force driving exports of local Chinese manufacturers;firm size and export intensity take on a"U-shaped"nonlinear dependence relation;industrial cluster as a location factor has a saliently positive effect on exports.It is noteworthy that factors stressed in classical trade theory like technical innovation,human capital and capital intensity have not become export determinants of local Chinese manufacturing enterprises.Further,we discovered that firms vary widely in terms of export determinants with their different sizes,which warns us that our local manufacturing enterprises may be captured and locked at the low end of the global value chain(GVC)by large international buyers,thus handicapped from further sharpening their export competitive edge.

中国制造业企业出口能否促进共同富裕?——基于劳动收入份额的视角

共同富裕是中国式现代化的重要特征,完善收入分配制度是实现共同富裕的重要路径。文章运用异质性企业理论,利用中国工业企业数据、中国海关贸易数据对中国制造业企业出口影响劳动收入份额的方向和效果进行了多时点DID和灵活DID检验。研究发现:出口能显著提升企业的劳动收入份额;异质性检验表明,出口对劳动收入份额的提升作用在低生产率企业、非国有企业、出口高技术产品的企业以及高市场集中度行业的企业中表现得更为显著;持续期检验表明,即使企业出口转为内销,出口对劳动收入份额的提升作用依然持续;影响机制检验表明,企业出口对劳动收入份额的影响存在正向的劳动收入效应和负向的生产率效应,其中,劳动收入效应占主导地位。因此,中国应继续推进贸易自由化进程,鼓励非国有企业对外开放、推动制造业转型升级、鼓励高市场集中度行业对外开放,同时进一步优化劳动力市场结构、不断完善社会保障体系。

信息化与工业化融合能否促进企业出口“增量提质”?

在逆全球化背景下,基于数字经济的迅速崛起,推动信息化与工业化融合发展以实现出口贸易的“增量提质”,不仅是中国经济高质量发展的重中之重,更是打造出口竞争新优势与构筑高水平国际循环模式的关键所在。引入双重差分模型,综合评估了两化融合对企业出口数量与质量的影响强度及内在作用机制。研究发现:首先,两化融合显著促进了企业出口“增量提质”,这一效应在外资参与、产权保护程度高、一般贸易、高新技术及规模大的企业中更为显著;其次,两化融合可以通过产品转换、行业竞争与创新等路径促进“增量提质”。此外,讨论了两化融合“增量提质”效应对环境外部性的影响,研究发现,两化融合在促进企业出口“增量提质”的过程中,实现了企业生产效益和环境效益的“双改进”。研究结论为推进信息化与工业化深度融合、优化出口贸易结构提供了政策启示。

全球价值链位置攀升会提高中国企业出口国内增加值率吗?——基于WIOD产业与微观企业统一体系估计

我国全球价值链嵌入深度大但攀升高度不足。本文利用WIOD数据库和海关数据库对企业层面全球价值链攀升高度进行测算,并对企业全球价值链攀升高度与出口国内增加值率的关系进行研究。研究表明:企业攀升全球价值链位置越高、离世界最前沿分工距离越近,越能提高其出口国内增加值率;企业的全球价值链嵌入深度越大,进口质量越高、进口规模越大、进口下游度越大越能降低其出口国内增加值率;加工贸易企业全球价值链地位攀升不能提高其出口国内增加值率,微笑曲线失灵。外资企业的全球价值链攀升提高出口国内增加值率的微笑曲线存在;企业全球价值链攀升能够通过提升全要素生产率、降低中间品进口规模、降低劳动力密集型产业集聚来提高企业出口国内增加值率。鉴于此,我国应该加快企业的自主技术创新与研发、加快中间品内向化与国内价值链构建、促进技术密集型产业集群的发展来推动企业出口国内增加值率提升。

民营企业家早年外企工作经历与企业出口表现

基于中国私营企业调查数据实证检验了民营企业家外企工作经历对于企业出口的影响。结果表明:有外企工作经历的民营企业家其所在企业的出口参与概率相对更高,出口规模相对更大。为了缓解内生性问题,采用代理变量、倾向得分匹配、处理效应模型等方法进行处理,结论仍然稳健。影响机制检验表明,外企工作经历使得民营企业家积累了社会资本,提升了公司治理水平,进而促进了企业的出口。进一步分析发现,外企工作经历的出口效应主要存在于外企负责人经历,而外企一般员工经历对企业出口不存在显著影响;相对于外企工作经历,企业家的港澳台企业工作经历对企业出口的促进作用更大;此外,外企工作经历对企业出口的影响存在地区差异,企业家才能的激发需要相应的制度环境支撑。