The Trace Elements are Bounded by Organic Functional Groups in Coal:A Studying Result Based on FTIR Analysis

The relationship between trace elements in coal and organic functional groups of coal, also some of aromatic structure, was investigated by using curve fitting of infrared spectra. Cluster analysis was also performed according to the degree of affinity of organic groups to the trace elements. The results show that there is a possibility that trace elements, especially LREE, were bound to peripheral organic functional groups of middle rank coal macromolecule. The most possible functional group that binds trace element is the hydroxyl, and to the less degree, the asymmetric -CH3 and 〉CH2 stretching, -CH3 stretching, etc. The degree of affinity of trace elements to different functional groups varies. The tendency obeys the natural structural changing law of trace elements-- the periodic law. The deviation of some trace elements from this regular trend is attributed to the deviation of intrinsic ＂confusion degree＂ （conventional molar entropy） of the matter system of coal basin, which is affected by the inner and outer factors during the evolution.

Organic Material and Trace Elements of Bituminous Rocks in the Ozank(?)y Field,Ankara,Turkey

Bituminous rocks in the Ozankoey （Ankara） field are different from those of the Paleocene- Eocene Mengen and Giineytepe （Bolu） regions in metal enrichment levels. Organic carbon （Corg） content of organic material-rich rocks in the Ozankoey （Ankara） field is 3.66-40.72% wt averaging 14.34%. The dominant organic materials are algae/amorphous accompanied by minor amount of herbaceous material （The dominant kerogen type is Type-I with a limited amount of Type-Ⅱ kerogen.）. The bituminous rocks in the Ozankoey field are enriched in heavy metals such as Ni, Mn, As and Cr. In comparison with the average enrichment values of dements, Ni, Mn, As and Cr in bituminous shales of the Ozankoey field are as about 4.38, 14.93, 10.90 and 5.58 times as average values. The average concentrations of these heavy metals are also as high as 215× 10^-6, 828 × 10^-6, 58.54 × 10^-6, and 148 × 10^-6 respectively. In addition, sorption properties of day and organic materials are also important for metal enrichments in the bituminous shales.

Effects of Organic and Medium and Trace Element Fertilizers on Yield and Quality of Panax notoginseng

[Objectives]This study aimed to investigate the effects of organic and medium and trace element fertilizers(Ca,Zn,B)on yield and quality of Panax notoginseng to provide theoretical support for rational fertilization in cultivation of P.notoginseng.[Methods]Five fertilization treatments,control(CK),organic fertilizer(OM),zinc fertilizer(ZF),boron fertilizer(BF)and lime(LF),were designed.A two-consecutive-year field plot trail was conducted.The biological traits,yield and saponin content of P.notoginseng were determined.[Results]The application of organic fertilizer had no significant effect on the biological traits of P.notoginseng.Trace element fertilizers significantly increased the scape length of P.notoginseng.Among the treatments,ZF significantly increased the single flower weight but reduced the inflorescence diameter,while the effects of BF were opposite to those of ZF;LF significantly increased the stem thickness and reduced the plant height.All treatments significantly increased the seedling rate of three-year-old P.notoginseng,and the increase in the LF group(20.49%)was the largest,followed by those in the ZF(16.80%)and OM(16.40%)groups,and the increase in the BF group(13.08%)was the smallest.Although OM,ZF and BF treatments caused the root weight of individual plants to decrease,the final yield of each treatment was higher than that of the control group,and the increases in the BF and LF groups exceeded 17%(P<0.05).The total saponin outputs of all the treatments except OM were significantly higher than that of the control group.[Conclusions]Under the conditions of this test,the supplementation of organic and medium and trace element fertilizers on the basis of conventional fertilization will help to increase the yield of P.notoginseng.However,the reduction of the total saponin output of P.notoginseng caused by organic fertilizer cannot be ignored.

Characteristics of major and trace elements in surface sediments of the Makran Accretionary Prism, Pakistan and their implications for natural gas hydrates

To accurately identify the natural gas hydrates(NGH)in the sea area of the Makran Accretionary Prism,Pakistan,this paper presents the testing and analysis of major and trace elements in sediment samples taken from two stations(S2 and S3)in the area by the China Geological Survey.As shown by testing results,all major elements are slightly different in content between the two stations except SiO2 and CaO.This also applies to the trace elements that include Sr and Ba primarily and Cr,Ni and Zn secondarily.It can be concluded in this study that the tectonic setting of the Makran Accretionary Prism is dominated by oceanic island arc and that provenance of the Makran Accretionary Prism is dominated by felsic igneous provenance,which is at the initial weathering stage and mainly consists of granodiorite.Besides terrigenous detritus,there are sediments possibly originating from Makran-Bela Ophiolite from the northwestern part and Murray Ridge igneous rocks from the southeastern part.The V/Cr,Ni/Co,and V/(V+Ni)ratios indicate that sediments of the two stations are in an oxidation-suboxidation environment.However,the authors infer that the sedimentary environment of the sediments 3.0 m below the seafloor tends to be gradually transformed into a reduction environment by comparison with the Qiongdongnan Basin in the South China Sea where NGH has been discovered.The sediments in the Makran Accretionary Prism are rich in organic matter,with total organic carbon(TOC)content greater than 1%.According to comprehensive research,the organic matter in the sediments mainly originates from marine algae and has high TOC content,which is favorable for the formation of NGH.

Mineralogy,distribution,occurrence and removability of trace elements during the coal preparation of No.6 coal from Heidaigou mine

Optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy in conjunction with energy dispersed X-ray spectrometry(SEM–EDX)were used to study the minerals and the concentrations of 33 trace elements in No.6 coal from Heidaigou mine.The distributions,organic affinity and removability of 18 trace elements were studied by float-sink experiments.A determination of the maceral groups was also undertaken.A high mineral content,dominated by kaolinite,was found in No.6 coal from Heidaigou mine.The bauxite content was relatively high and it was mainly present as individual particles in fusinite lumens or was intimately intergrown with carbonate minerals.The pyrite and quartz contents were low.Some marcasite with a parallel twin structure was observed by cross-polar reflected light.A small amount of bean-like goyazite was present in the calcite.The weighted trace element content in Heidaigou formations is relatively low,which is beneficial for coal processing and utilization.The concentrations of Ga,Hg,Pb,Se,Th,Ta are relatively high compared with the average values of Chinese coals.As,Hg,Mo,Ge,Ga,Ta,Ti,W,Mn are mainly present in minerals while B,Be,Th,P,Sc,Sr,V,Y,Yb are mainly found in organic matter.As,Ge,Hg,Mo are mainly present in sulfides and Be,Th,P,Sc,Sr,Y,Yb are mainly present in inertinite.B and V are mainly present in vitrinite.The high organic affinity and the low theoretical removability of most trace elements cause difficulties in removing them during coal preparation.

Adsorption kinetics of platinum group elements onto macromolecular organic matter in seawater

Adsorption kinetics of the interaction between Pt, Pd and Rh(defined here as platinum group elements, PGEs)ions and macromolecular organic compounds(MOCs,>10 kDa), including humic acid, carrageenan and bovine serum albumin, and different cutoff fractions of natural organic matter(>1 kDa and >3 kDa) obtained from seawater using centrifugal ultrafiltration devices were investigated. For a given element, all the adsorption kinetics did not reach equilibrium except the interaction between Pt and >1 kDa cutoff, and between Pd and humic acid.For all the tested MOCs, the adsorption kinetics could be divided into two stages, a rapid adsorption process in the first 8 h and the desorption stage after the first 8 h until the equilibrium. The change trend of partition coefficient(log10Kd) values with experiment time was consistent with that of the kinetic curves. However, in the interaction between PGE ions and natural dissolved organic matter(NDOM), an obvious difference in the change trends of log10Kd and kinetic curves was observed. It indicated that the partition behavior of PGE ions interacting with NDOM in seawater was a combined effect of different organic constituents. The adsorption and log10Kd of PGEs in the >1 kDa NDOM fraction were higher and more stable than those in the >3 kDa NDOM fraction. The results also indicated that the 1–3 kDa NDOM may dominate the interaction between PGEs ions and NDOM. Moreover, no kinetic model could perfectly simulate the adsorption process. It indicated that the colloidal struction and morphology of MOCs or NDOM in seawater might be inhomogeneous. Hence, the interaction between PGE ions and organic matter in seawater was a complicated process and needs further research.

Statistical Study of Trace Elemental Concentrations in Major Types of Organisms from Typical Chinese Coastal Waters

Frequency distribution characteristics of trace elements Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, Sr and Ba are studied for the marine organisms collected from typical Chinese coastal waters and compared with those of major elements Ca and Mg. Nearly all the distributions for trace elements in macroalgae, benthic molluscs, crustaceans, cephalopods and different tissues of fish ( muscle, liver and bone ) are found to show some degree of positive skewness, indicating a relatively large number of marine organisms with low concentrations for a particular element and only a few organisms with disproportionately high concentrations. Their distribution types are generally logarithmic normal distribution or nearly logarithmic normal distribution. Distribution of Ca is similar to that of trace elements, while Mg shows normal distribution. Average elemental concentrations of major types of organisms are calculated based on their frequency distributions.

喀斯特地区水生光合生物群落结构组成及其对微量元素的影响

微量元素是影响喀斯特地表水体水质的重要因素,水生光合生物在光合代谢过程中能够吸收并去除部分有害元素,然而关于不同水生光合生物群落结构组成对微量元素的吸收效果和去除潜力如何目前则少有研究。基于普定喀斯特生态系统国家野外观测站的野外监测、系统采样和实验测定以及统计分析,构建了由裸岩地、裸土地、耕地、草地和灌丛地5种土地利用组成的植被-土壤-地下水-地表水模拟生态系统,并以其中的地表水生生态系统为研究对象,开展了水生光合生物群落结构组成对微量元素去除潜力及控制机制的研究。结果表明:①地表水水化学和水生光合生物量受季节变化与土地利用类型影响显著;②Cr,Mn,Co,Ni,Fe和Zn 6种微量元素浓度在不同喀斯特水生光合生物系统中存在显著差异,浮游-沉水共存系统对Mn,Co,Ni,Fe和Zn的吸收和去除能力优于单一浮游系统;③喀斯特地区的自然植被恢复(灌丛地和草地)促使地表水体形成的高溶解性无机碳(DIC)环境,有利于沉水植物生长,从而提高了对地表水体中Mn,Co,Ni,Fe和Zn等微量元素的去除潜力。这些认识将有助于岩溶区地表水体水生光合生物群落结构对地表水体微量元素调控机制的研究。

长期施肥对强筋专用小麦籽粒营养及磨粉品质性状的影响

【目的】分析不同施肥措施对小麦品质性状的影响,为优质小麦提供指导性建议。【方法】有机无机肥配合施用试验位于青岛农业大学莱阳长期定位试验站,始于1978年,共设9个处理,分别为不施肥对照(CK)、适量化肥氮138 kg/hm^(2) (N1)、适量有机肥30000 kg/hm^(2) (M1)、有机肥30000 kg/hm^(2)+化肥氮138 kg/hm^(2)(M1N1)、过量化肥氮276 kg/hm^(2) (N2)、过量有机肥60000 kg/hm^(2) (M2)、有机肥30000 kg/hm^(2)+化肥氮276 kg/hm^(2)(M1N2)、有机肥60000 kg/hm^(2)+化肥氮138 kg/hm^(2) (M2N1)、有机肥60000 kg/hm^(2)+化肥氮276 kg/hm^(2) (M2N2),其中N1和M1为等氮量处理,N2和M2为等氮量处理。于2021年小麦成熟期,取籽粒样测定了籽粒营养与加工品质指标。【结果】适量氮肥显著提高了小麦籽粒Fe、粗蛋白、干湿面筋含量,提高出粉率,且化肥的提升效果优于有机肥。N2显著降低了小麦淀粉含量,影响糊化特性;M2处理小麦籽粒各项品质指标较M1得到提升,糊化特性也得到相应改善。与单施化肥(N1、N2)、有机肥(M1、M2)相比,M2N1显著改善了小麦籽粒品质,M2N1与CK相比分别提高Fe (34.26%)、Zn (19.77%)、出粉率(7.98%)、粗蛋白含量(30.75%)、淀粉含量(12.82%)、峰值黏度(24.93%)、崩解值(14.81%)、回复值(27.64%)。相比于M2N1,M2N2则降低了Zn含量、出粉率、容重、粗蛋白、淀粉含量、糊化特性。相关性分析显示,面粉中支链淀粉、总淀粉、支链淀粉/直链淀粉与峰值黏度、谷值黏度、最终黏度呈极显著正相关,容重、硬度与峰值黏度、谷值黏度呈极显著负相关,直链淀粉与峰值黏度、谷值黏度、最终黏度呈负相关。【结论】单施化肥可以显著提升小麦出粉率、蛋白质和面筋含量等品质,单施有机肥改善小麦面粉淀粉含量和糊化特性的效果更好,有机肥与氮肥配施可同时提升小麦的营养和加工品质,综合各项指标,最有利于小麦品质的施肥措施为年施有机肥60000 kg/hm^(2)+化肥氮138 kg/hm^(2)。

不同功能稀土微量元素螯合有机肥的研制及其对水稻发育、产量、品质的影响

针对长期不合理施用大量元素化肥、未经腐熟的农业废弃物等,造成土壤板结、盐渍化、重金属含量超标,导致农产品品质和产量下降等问题,研发了提质增效型、土壤改良型和重金属污染土壤修复型稀土微量元素螯合有机肥,并介绍了有机肥的生产工艺。以水稻为试验对象,连续2 a的田间试验示范结果表明:3种类型的有机肥对提高水稻产量、改善品质、节本增效具有明显的效果,增产幅度为4.1%~11.6%;水稻产品中对人体有益的铁、锰含量增幅为2.81%~87.44%,重金属含量下降4.46%~61.76%;3种类型的有机肥在提高耕地质量、修复土壤障碍因子等方面具有一定的作用。

Characterization of organic-rich mineral debris revealed by rapid glacier retreat, Indren Glacier, European Alps

In the summer of 2003 and 2004, characterized by a rapid glacier retreat, a stony surface covered by well-structured organic-rich mineral debris was observed very close to the Indren glacier terminus(Monte Rosa Massif, NW Italy, 3100 m ASL), on an area covered by the glacier tongue till the year before. The origin and type of this organicrich material were investigated, in order to detect their characteristics, potential sources and fate within the foreland system. The deposits were dated using Carbon-14 and analyzed for the chemical characteristics of the organic component, the elemental composition of the mineral fraction and presence of microbial markers. The material, granular and dark in color, had a total organic carbon(TOC) content ranging between 17.4 ± 0.39 and 28.1 ± 0.63 g kg^(-1) dry weight(dw), significantly higher than the surrounding glacial till(~ 1.4 g kg^(-1) dw), although only 0.33% of it was in water soluble form. Microbial carbon(C) and nitrogen(N) accounted for 10.6% and 3.13% of TOC and total N, respectively. Dissolved nitrogen(N), mainly present as ammonium, represented 2.40% of the total N. The low aromatic component and large presence of nitrogen(N)-derived compounds suggested that most of the organic carbon(OC) in these organic-rich mineral deposits was derived from microbial cells, although the high average radiocarbon age of about 2900 years may also point to the contribution of aeolian depositions of anthropogenic or natural origin. Elemental composition and the crustal enrichment factor of trace elements in the mineral fraction of the aggregates corroborated the hypothesis that most part of the accumulated material derived from ice meltwater. Some indicators of the colonization of these deposits by microbial communities were also reported, from the abundance of DNA and phylogenetic markers, to the presence of bacterial taxa commonly able to thrive in similar habitats. All these elements suggested that such kind of deposits may have a potential role as energy and nutrient sources in recently deglaciated areas, highlighting the necessity to better understand the processes underlying their formation and their evolution.

Phenolic Acids Content and Nutritional Quality of Conventional, Organic and Biodynamic Cultivations of the Tomato CXD271BIO Breeding Line (Solanum lycopersicum L.)

This study was undertaken to evaluate the influence of growing systems (conventional, organic and biodynamic performed with two types of manuring) on some nutritional traits of the tomato breeding line CXD271BIO (Solanum lycopersicum L.). Experimental fields were in the same geographical area and the cultivations were performed over five years. The content of macronutrients, minerals (Ca, K, Mg, P, Na), trace elements (Fe, Zn, Cu, Mn) and phenolic acids (chlorogenic, caffeic, p-coumaric and ferulic acids) was determined. The biodynamic A growing system showed the highest protein and carbohydrates content compared to the other growing systems. Data on minerals and trace elements content showed significant differences (mainly in Ca, Na, Fe and Zn content) between conventional and biodynamic tomatoes, whereas no major impact of the fertilization among organic and the two biodynamic growing systems was observed. Appreciable differences in phenolic acids biosynthesis were observed, with the year of harvest showing a marked effect especially on chlorogenic, p-cumaric and ferulic acids content. Conversely, the cultivation system did not show major influence. Principal Components Analysis (PCA), performed on mineral and phenolic acids content, substantiated the large effect of the year of harvest, also suggesting an effect of the conventional cultivation system.

DISTRIBUTION OF SOME ELEMENTS IN HUMAN HAIR AND ORGANS DETERMINED BY NAA

Twenty four male autopsies were obtained from Shanghai. The samples of liver, lung, kidney cortex, brain and scalp hair were collected from the autopsies. The elements As, Br, Ca, Cd, Cl, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, Mg, Mn, Na, Rb, 8, Se and Zn were determined by neutron activation analysis (NAA). The present study provides the elemental levels of different tissues for normal male adults. The distribution pattern of elements was discussed. Great difference on distribution of some elements in different tissues was observed.

有机微量元素对肉鸭微量元素代谢和肠道发育的影响

本试验旨在研究不同水平有机微量元素替代全部无机微量元素对1~42日龄樱桃谷肉鸭肝脏、胸肌、胫骨及全血中铜、铁、锰、锌沉积以及肠道发育和形态的影响,以确定有机微量元素在肉鸭饲粮中的适宜添加量。试验选择525羽1日龄健康樱桃谷肉鸭,随机分为5个组,每组7个重复,每个重复15羽。对照组(100%无机组)以无机盐形式按推荐量100%提供微量元素,4个有机组分别以推荐量25%、50%、75%和100%添加羟基蛋氨酸螯合形式的铜、铁、锰、锌。试验期42 d。试验饲粮分为2个阶段配制(前期1~21日龄,后期22~42日龄),各组除铜、铁、锰、锌外,其他营养水平保持一致。结果表明:1)21日龄时,肉鸭肝脏、胸肌、胫骨和全血中铜、铁、锰、锌含量在各组间均无显著差异(P>0.05)。42日龄时,肉鸭肝脏中铜和锌含量以25%有机组含量最低,且显著低于75%和100%有机组(P<0.05);75%和100%有机组肉鸭胫骨中铁含量显著高于对照组和25%有机组(P<0.05);肉鸭全血中铜和铁含量以100%有机组最高,且显著高于25%有机组(P<0.05)。2)与对照组相比,4个有机组小肠相对重量均有所提高但未达到差异显著水平(P>0.05)。各组间十二指肠、空肠和回肠的绒毛高度、隐窝深度和绒毛高度/隐窝深度值均无显著差异(P>0.05)。综上所述,1~42日龄樱桃谷肉鸭饲粮以标准推荐量的50%~100%添加羟基蛋氨酸螯合形式的铜、铁、锰、锌,能够提高试验鸭后期微量元素在组织中的沉积,改善肠道形态,促进肠道发育;从生产成本考虑,建议1~42日龄樱桃谷肉鸭以标准推荐量的50%添加有机微量元素。

苇基杏鲍菇栽培及产品分析

以木屑栽培的产业化杏鲍菇产品为对照,分析芦苇基质栽培的杏鲍菇形态、有机养分、矿质元素及重金属含量,从形态和营养上研究芦苇基质替代木屑栽培食用菌的可行性。结果表明,2种杏鲍菇的形态、鲜重、含水率、粗蛋白、粗脂肪、氨基酸含量等指标无显著差异。苇基杏鲍菇的粗多糖和锌含量显著低于木屑杏鲍菇,但其钙和铁含量显著高于后者。重金属中砷和镉的含量虽然有差异,但均低于食品安全标准。总体上,芦苇基质替代木屑栽培食用菌技术具有推广空间。

3种有机肥部分替代化肥对春茶产量与品质的影响

于浙西丘陵地区‘龙井43’成龄茶园设置纯化肥和猪粪、茶渣、沼渣3种肥源有机肥处理(有机肥替代50%化肥),连续2a进行大田试验,探究3种不同肥源有机肥部分替代化肥对春茶产量、品质及中量、微量元素含量的影响。结果表明:连续施用2a有机肥后,猪粪、茶渣、沼渣有机肥分别比纯化肥提高春茶鲜叶产量21.53%、3.98%和6.62%;与纯化肥相比,有机肥施用1 a和2 a后,茶渣、沼渣有机肥处理的茶叶游离氨基酸总量均有所提高;茶渣有机肥施用1a后显著降低了茶叶酚氨比,猪粪、沼渣有机肥施用2a后也显著降低了茶叶酚氨比,有机肥施用2 a对茶叶品质的提升效果比1a更明显;采用主成分分析法对2a试验茶叶产量和品质数据进行综合评价,茶渣有机肥、猪粪有机肥、沼渣有机肥、纯化肥的综合得分依次降低;猪粪有机肥处理的茶叶Cu、Zn含量最高,茶渣有机肥处理的茶叶Ca、Mg、Fe、Mn含量最高。可见,施用3种有机肥均可提高茶叶产量,改善茶叶品质,促进茶叶对中量、微量元素的吸收,尤其以茶渣有机肥在茶园的应用效果更佳。

玉米不同品种和不同器官微量元素含量比较研究

为比较玉米不同品种和不同器官微量元素含量,本研究选取山东省广泛种植的玉米品种32个,从淀粉性质上包含粉质玉米10个,胶质玉米22个;从籽实外型上包括马齿型9个,半马齿15个,硬粒8个;从成熟时期包含早熟6个,中熟7个和晚熟19个;从用途上包含普通玉米24个,饲用玉米4个和糯玉米4个。完熟期收割,测定不同品种和不同器官微量元素含量。结果表明:按照四种分类方法,不同品种间玉米全株和秸秆中风干基础上Cu、Fe、Mn、Zn、Co、Se含量没有表现出统计学上的差别(P>0.05)。而只考虑玉米籽实部分,不同品种间Cu、Fe、Zn、Co含量差异显著(P<0.05),粉质玉米籽实中Cu、Fe、Mn、Zn、Co的含量较胶质玉米分别提高10.1%、15.1%、6.6%、11.6%、31.1%(P<0.05);硬粒中Cu、Mn、Zn的含量较半马齿分别提高15.6%、9.5%、10.8%(P<0.05);早熟品种中Fe、Mn、Zn、Co的含量较中熟品种提高16.7%、7.8%、11.0%、24.8%(P<0.05);糯玉米中Cu含量较普通玉米提高14.9%,Fe、Co含量较饲用玉米分别提高23.9%、40.3%,普通玉米的Se含量高达饲用玉米的2倍(P<0.05)。Cu、Fe、Mn、Zn、Co、Se每亩产量在不同玉米品种苞叶、叶片、叶鞘和茎秆四个不同器官中有显著差异(P<0.05),粉质玉米籽实中Cu、Fe、Mn、Zn、Co产量较胶质玉米分别提高7.4%、13.1%、4.5%、9.7%、29.8%(P<0.05);半马齿叶片中微量元素含量较马齿提高11.4%,硬粒叶鞘中微量元素含量较马齿提高8.7%(P<0.05);早熟品种Fe、Mn、Zn、Co含量较晚熟品种分别提高27.3%、16.7%、19.3%、17.9%(P<0.05);普通玉米Fe、Co、Se含量较糯玉米分别提高17.0%、18.9%、92.8%(P<0.05)。以籽实中必需微量元素含量为100%,与籽实中微量元素含量相比较,Cu在玉米非籽实部分中含量为籽实的4.9倍,Fe为14.5倍,Mn为8.1倍,Zn为1.3倍,Co为16.6倍,Se为1.6倍。由此说明,玉米不同品种间微量元素含量相差较大,且大部分集中于玉米植株非籽实部分。