Water quantity-quality combined evaluation method for rivers＇ water requirements of the instream environment in dualistic water cycle： A case study of Liaohe River Basin

In this article the meaning of the quantity and quality of environmental flows of river in dualistic water cycle is discussed, and compared with the meaning of unitary water cycle. Based on the analysis of the relationship between environmental flows of river requirements, the efficiency of water resource usage, the consumption coefficient, and the concentration of waste water elimination, the water quantity and water quality calculation method of the environmental flows of river requirements in dualistic water cycle is developed, and the criteria for environmental flows of river requirements are established, and therefore the water quantity-quality combined evaluation of natural river flows requirements are realized Taking the Liaohe River as a model, the environmental flows of river requirements for Xiliao River, Dongliao River, mainstream Liaohe River, Huntai River and northeast rivers along the coasts of the Yellow and Bohai seas in unitary water cycle are calculated, each taking up 39.3%, 63.0%, 43.9%, 43.3% and 43.5% of runoff respectively. Evaluated according to Tennant recommended flow, the results show that： except Xiliao River is ＂median＂, the rest are all upon ＂good＂, the Dongliao River is even ＂very good＂. The corresponding results in dualistic water cycle are that, the proportion of natural flows for each river is 57.5%, 74.1%, 60.8%, 60.3% and 60.4%; while the combined evaluation results show that： considering ＂quantity＂, except Xiliao River, the rest rivers can all achieve the ＂quantity＂ criteria of the en- vironmental flows of river requirements, but if considering the aspect of ＂quality＂, only Dongliao River can reach the ＂quality＂ standard. By water quantity-quality combined evaluation method, only Dongliao River can achieve the criteria. So the water quality is the main factor that determines whether the environmental flows can meet the river ecosystem demands.

Dualistic water cycle pattern and its evolution in Haihe River basin

The Haihe River basin is widely recognized as an area in China which is most severely affected by human activities.The water resources utilization and recycling in the basin is very complex, and the characteristic of the dualistic water cycle is becoming more and more prominent.The ever-growing demand of water for modern industry and domestic life nearly dries up all the natu-ral runoff.Meanwhile, industrial, agricultural and domestic wastewater discharges cause severe deterioration in water quality.Consequently, many of water courses are either dried out or being heavily polluted.Modern water resources management can no longer rely on the "monitoring-rehabilitation" model which was originally developed based on the natural water cycle.This paper analyzes the critical characteristics, water balance, and evolution of water flux process based on the theory of dualistic water cycle.Referring to the water cycle in the Haihe River basin, a schematic diagram was drawn to describe the dualistic water cycle pattern.Ten different parameters affecting mainly the evolution of water flux in the "dualistic water cycle" are closely examined using the newly-collected data.As a result, this paper proposes several water management and control strategies to achieve healthy wa-ter status for the Haihe River basin.

Integrated simulation of the dualistic water cycle and its associated processes in the Haihe River Basin

Water resource shortages, water environmental deterioration, and water ecological degradation are becoming increasingly prominent in the Haihe River Basin under the effects of global climate change and intense human activity. Finding ways to solve these problems reasonably is an urgent task in basin water resources management. The water cycle describes the formation and transformation of every water drop, while it interacts with associated water ecology and water environment processes. Therefore, to fundamentally solve the above problems, the three processes must be combined and the evolutionary trends of the ecology and water environment driven by the water cycle must be determined. To comprehensively diagnose and solve the problems of water resources, ecology and water environment in the basin, an integrated simulation platform of the dualistic water cycle and its associated processes in the Haihe River Basin was established by fully analyzing the "natural-social" dualistic characteristics of the evolution of the basin water cycle in this study. Accordingly, it is a supporting tool to evaluate the future trends of water resources, ecology and the water environment by setting scenarios based on the predictions of a climate mode and water control conditions. The results show that with climate change, the water consumption, groundwater overexploitation, and the amount of water flowing to the sea could develop soundly and satisfy the requirements of national economic growth in the future planning year 2030 through the implementation of water consumption control management and the South-North Water Diversion Project. Meanwhile, associated water environmental deterioration can be alleviated, and a growing trend for production capacities of the natural ecosystem and agro-ecosystem is seen. The above results provide a foundation for implementing basin water resources regulation and the most strict water resources management.

Theoretical framework of dualistic nature–social water cycle

The global climate change and intensification of human activities in recent decades have made profound changes in hydrological cycle processes and water resources,and produced serious water problems and water crisis in many areas.The main reason is that the driving force of water cycle,the structure of water cycle,and the parameters of water cycle have dualistically evolved under the influence of human activities,and consequently resulted in reduction of runoff water resources,water pollution,and degradation of natural ecosystems.In order to realize of the safety aim of water supply,water environment,and ecosystem in area which is short of water resources,scientific regulation of water resources must take basin water cycle system as the unified base,and the first scientific basis is the awareness of the internal mechanism and law of water cycle evolution under highly intensive human activities.This article discussed four aspects of dualistic water cycle evolution,including its history in China,its theory,its characteristics in a typical basin,and its description of integral structure,along with the conceptive model system to quantify it.This article can be a reference to the basic cognition of water cycle evolution in a changing environment,and the study of water resources reduction reasons in the contemporary age.

考虑水土互馈关系的区域水土资源联合优化配置

针对水土资源空间不匹配、水资源总量不足及土地资源利用程度不高等问题,以二元水循环理论为基础,构建考虑水土互馈关系的区域水土资源联合优化配置模型。该模型包括产水模块、水土联合配置模块和土地模拟模块,以GDP最大和基于生态绿当量的区域植被覆盖率(EGE-RVC)最高为目标函数,并提出了一种耦合约束法、逐次逼近法和非线性规划的三层嵌套算法进行求解。以河南省洛阳市为例对模型和方法进行验证,结果表明,洛阳市可利用水量增加了4463万m^(3),GDP提高了12.5%,EGE-RVC增加了2.6%,各用地类型缺水率不同程度下降。研究成果能够为区域水土资源优化配置研究提供新的思路和技术参考。

小尺度典型农村水资源平衡模型研究及应用

针对农村地区水资源、水环境问题,基于二元水循环理论,从自然和社会两方面系统分析了农村不同类型的水量变化规律,构建农村水资源平衡模型和农村水量计算模型。水平衡模型梳理了农村地区水资源变化规律,水量计算模型构建了不同类型水量的计算方法。利用研究区域内气象、土壤及调研数据对山西中部某典型村庄水资源量进行核算,验证水资源平衡模型的科学性。经核算,水资源平衡模型误差为3.12%,能较好地反映农村水资源输入与输出之间的关系,自然作用力下输入和输出水量占比分别为60.72%、95.27%,有更强的“自然”属性,可为提高农村地区水资源利用效率、优化农村水资源配置,解决系统性水资源问题等提供理论支持。

城市水循环演变及对策分析

全球气候变化和快速城市化改变了自然水循环过程,使水循环呈现“自然-社会”二元特征。城市是二元水循环耦合程度最深的区域,城市水循环的驱动力、结构与过程呈现复杂化,由此引发的城市水问题越来越突出,未来城市水循环面临严峻挑战。本文在识别城市水循环的演变历程和机理的基础上,解析了城市水问题的产生根源。以城市水问题以及未来城市水循环发展趋势为导向,提出了未来城市水循环调控的总体思路,论述了未来城市水循环调控的“理水”“用水”“治水”“管水”四大战略,阐明了以“安”“和”“畅”“保”“节”“回”“净”“智”八字方针为指导的未来城市水循环调控实现途径。

海河流域二元水循环模型开发及其应用——Ⅰ.模型开发与验证

针对高强度人类活动作用下海河流域水循环的"自然-人工"二元特性,开发了流域二元水循环模型(简称"二元模型")。二元模型由分布式流域水循环模型(WEP)、水资源合理配置模型(ROWAS)和多目标决策分析模型(DAMOS)3个模型耦合而成。针对各模型的优势与不足,提出了两层耦合的技术路线,以实现统筹考虑水资源、宏观经济与生态环境的流域水资源综合管理分析的功能。WEP、ROWAS和DAMOS分别采用11752个、125个和8个计算单元对海河流域进行划分,在获取各类输入参数后,应用二元模型对海河流域进行了分析计算与模型验证。结果表明,所建立的二元模型对径流过程、入海水量以及地下水流场等均具有合理的模拟精度,模型得到验证,可望用作海河流域水资源规划与管理的情景分析工具。

基于二元水循环模式的水资源评价理论方法

国内外流域水资源评价方法是随着水资源稀缺性的逐渐增强而不断发展的。时至今日,传统的水资源评价方法在描述人类活动干扰和满足不同层次水资源规划要求方面面临严峻挑战。本文提出了水资源全口径层次化动态评价方法,即以降水为资源评价的全口径通量,遵照有效性、可控性和可再生性原则对降水的资源结构进行解析,实现广义水资源、狭义水资源、径流性水资源和国民经济可利用量的层次化评价。在手段上,构建了由分布式水循环模拟模型与集总式水资源调配模型耦合而成的二元水资源评价模型,并将下垫面变化和人工取用水作为模型变量以实现动态评价。

城市耗水计算模型

快速城市化背景下,城市人工供水的比例迅速增加,由此产生的耗水不可忽视。传统水文模型在计算耗水时一般只考虑降水产生的蒸发,忽略人工耗用蒸发。为解析城市耗水过程,探究城市耗水机理,在观测城市耗水过程的基础上,划分城市耗水类型,建立城市耗水量计算模型。以北京市某区域为例,采用调查统计、实验监测和模型计算结合的方法,计算该区域2014年的耗水量为820.0 mm,明显高于传统水文模型的计算结果(多年平均值为494.0 mm)。分项结果显示:研究区绿地耗水贡献率为40.58%,建筑体耗水贡献率为38.70%(其中内部人工耗水为31.22%,屋顶截留雨水蒸发为7.48%),硬化地面贡献率为18.32%,水面贡献率为2.40%。结果表明:建筑体内部耗水量不可忽视,是人工用水消耗的主要组成部分,其耗水量与建筑体层数和居民数量成正比例关系。

基于二元水循环的河流环境流量预警

根据河流的自然和社会功能将河流流量分为环境流量与水利流量,并探讨其确定方法及计算模型。以环境流量作为河流健康表征因子,通过建立二元水循环下河流环境流量最小阈值模型,探讨了河流环境流量的预警问题,并以颍河登封河段为案例进行分析。计算结果表明:二元水循环条件下,河流环境流量是决定河流健康的主要因子,它与开发利用率、回归率、消耗率、污径比等有直接的函数关系。应用河流环境流量最小阈值模型能预警河流健康,具有广泛应用前景。

城市系统碳循环:特征、机理与理论框架

城市是地表受人类活动影响最深刻的区域,城市系统碳循环在全球和区域碳过程中具有重要的地位和作用。提出了城市"自然-社会"二元碳循环的概念,探讨了城市系统碳循环的一般特征;分析了城市系统碳循环的内部机理,主要包括:城市系统碳储量和碳输入/输出通量的主要过程和途径、城市系统碳储量、碳通量和碳流通的生命周期分析、城市系统碳输入和碳输出的类型划分等;提出了基于系统层次划分和碳流通过程的城市系统碳循环的研究框架,分析了城市自然系统和城市经济系统的主要碳流通过程和环节,构建了城市系统碳循环研究的思路和理论框架;最后提出了城市系统碳循环领域未来的研究重点。

基于二元水循环的河流生态需水水量与水质综合评价方法——以辽河流域为例

通过考虑水的自然循环与水在人类活动影响下的循环(二元水循环),后者包括水资源开发利用率、耗水率、污水排放浓度影响,探讨了二元水循环下河流生态需水“质”与“量”的综合评价,以区别以往仅从自然水循环(一元)出发评价河流生态需水的缺陷。建立了二元水循环下的河流生态需水的水量与水质计算方法,并确定了河流生态需水的“质”与“量”的评价标准,实现了河流生态需水水量与水质的综合评价。以辽河流域为例进行实证分析,计算了一元水循环下西辽河、东辽河、辽河干流、浑太河、东北沿黄渤海诸河等水资源分区的河流生态需水,分别占径流的39.3%、63.0%、43.9%、43.3%、43.5%,采用Tennant推荐流量及等级进行评价,结果是:除西辽河属于“中”等级外,东辽河、浑太河、辽河干流、东北沿黄诸河等均在“好”等级以上,东辽河达到“极好”等级。与之对应的二元水循环下的河流生态需水比例分别是57.5%、74.1%、60.8%、60.3%、60.4%,综合评价结果显示:从水量角度评价,西辽河不能达到生态需水“量”的标准,其余能够达标,从水质角度评价,西辽河、浑太河、辽河干流、东北沿黄诸河等均不能够达到“质”的标准,东辽河可以达标。从“量”与“质”相结合的角度评价,仅有东辽河可以达标。因此,水质状况是决定辽河流域河流生态需水是否满足生态系统需求的主要问题。

基于二元水循环的黄淮海平原耕地水源涵养功能研究

水源涵养功能是陆地生态系统的重要功能类型之一。黄淮海平原耕地数量巨大,耕地利用模式典型,研究其水源涵养功能,对于调控区域水资源,推动耕地可持续利用有重要作用。从耕地利用角度出发,基于整个系统二元水循环过程,构建了黄淮海平原耕地水源涵养功能研究基本框架,并应用SCS-CN模型,结合研究区耕地覆盖数据、气候数据、土壤数据对黄淮海平原耕地水源涵养功能进行了评价。研究结果表明:耕地利用过程中的耕地水源涵养功能认识,应从理想水源涵养能力、有效水源涵养能力和净水源涵养能力3个层次展开;黄淮海平原耕地水源涵养功能效应在上述各层级上均表现出正向性,耕地水源涵养能力分别为1890.74、1127.76、464.62亿m^3;空间上,黄淮海平原耕地水源涵养功能具有明显的空间分异性,北部和东南部地区耕地水源涵养能力较强,中部和西南部地区耕地水源涵养能力较弱。研究结果不仅为耕地生态功能理论研究提供新思考点,同时也为耕地水资源有效调控以及耕地生态补偿制定提供参考和支撑。

海河流域农田水循环模式与水平衡要素

基于海河流域农业的现状与发展,分析了海河流域农田水循环的驱动机制,提出了海河流域农田综合二元水循环模式,揭示了农田水循环的机制,并根据农田水循环的结构与模式分析了海河流域农田水循环的各项输入输出等水平衡要素。对海河流域农田水循环模式和通量的分析结果表明,海河流域种植结构和耕作方式的改变使有效降水利用量增加,蒸散发的输出量整体增加,农业系统退水量减少。根据海河流域农田水循环模式和通量的分析结果,提出了海河流域农田水循环的调控措施,包括节水灌溉、发展旱地农业等。

基于二元水循环的水量-水质-水效联合调控模型开发与应用

为将我国最严格水资源管理制度的实践与二元水循环理论相结合,提高"三条红线"控制指标的科学性与合理性,本文以SWAT模型为基础,通过改进子流域划分方法、添加经济社会模块和人工用水模块,对其人工侧支循环模拟进行了系统的完善,开发了基于SWAT的水量-水质-水效联合调控模型SWAT_WAQER。以广西南流江流域为例,从国民经济用水量、河道径流与水质等方面对模型进行校验,并在此基础上划分了2030年"三条红线"控制指标。结果表明:该模型性能良好,能够用于不同节水情景下的国民经济用水量、污染物排放量、水功能区水质达标结果分析,可以作为科学制定"三条红线"控制指标的有力支撑工具。

基于二元水循环理论的用水评价方法探析

用水评价是水资源评价的重要内容。现行的用水评价存在4个方面的不足,即:缺乏供用耗排统一评价,缺乏用水过程与自然水循环过程的统一评价,缺乏地表用水和地下用水的统一评价,缺乏用水量与用水效率和效益的统一评价。以上4个方面的不足,导致评价结果不准,评价内容不能满足水资源管理的需要。基于流域二元水循环理论,通过理论推导,本文提出了基于流域二元水循环全过程的用水评价方法,即体现4个统一评价的评价方法:供用耗排统一评价,用水过程与自然水循环过程统一评价,地表水和地下水用水统一评价,用水量与用水效率、效益统一评价。所提出的方法对用水评价实践具有指导意义。

水循环视角下的黄河流域生态保护关键问题

流域作为陆地水循环的基本单元,其在生态保护修复中的地位和作用越来越得到重视。随着人类活动影响的加剧,流域水循环逐步演变为“自然-社会”二元模式,流域生态系统也在结构和功能上逐步转化为自然-社会复合结构和功能。本文基于对自然-社会二元水循环与流域生态保护关系的分析,针对黄河流域生态本底和特征,分别从空间格局和时间过程上提出了维护黄河流域生态系统完整性的主要原则和重点,并针对三江源区、祁连山-秦岭、黄土高原、黄河三角洲几个流域生态保护重点区域,分析了各区域目前存在的主要问题,提出了下一阶段保护治理的措施建议,以消耗一定的水资源为代价,实现坦化水循环极值性、大幅度减少冲沙用水、恢复自然生态三大功效,促进黄河流域生态保护和高质量发展。

河流生态用水综合评价

为完善河流生态用水综合评价，从水循环中河流生态用水角度出发，以河流水量收支平衡规律为理论基础，考虑河流本底水质，采用本底水质、排放水质和河流控制目标污染物浓度表达河流生态新污径比，并推导出污水排放允许极限值，深入探讨了河流生态用水的质与量综合评价，改进了二元循环下河流生态用水的水量水质计算方法和河流生态用水的综合评价新标准，进一步完善了河流生态用水质与量综合评价模型。用此模型对黄河2002-2005年为例进行实力分析，结果表明：①在污水一级达标排放和不调水情况下，黄河生态用水水量比例在33．5％～54．5％，在Tennant等级中为较好状态，但水质不满足要求，bo〉Blim。②在污水深度处理达到95mg／L（COD），不调水情况下，黄河生态用水质与量满足生态环境需水要求，综合评价合格；③在污水一级达标排放和南水北调调水40亿m^3情况下，黄河生态用水水量比例有较大提高，综合评价合格。这说明，黄河生态用水问题不仅是水量短缺，而且水质问题更加严重。

水资源合理配置研究历程与进展

本文系统介绍了目前的水资源配置理论方法,分析了国内有关水资源合理配置研究的主要历程和研究进展,并介绍了国内外水资源配置相关的模型软件研究现状。根据当前水资源管理的需求,分析了在天然和人工侧支循环耦合的水资源系统模拟框架下研究水资源配置及相关问题的必要性,展望了本领域未来的主要发展方向。