AN ESTIMATE OF THE EFFECTS OF LARGE SCALE STRUCTURES ON THE TURBULENT TRANSPORT PROCESSES NEAR WALL

Based on the three-term decomposition model for turbulent flows, the fundamental equations for quasi-periodic motions are obtained, and the approximate analytical solutions of these second-order nonlinear partial differential equations are derived by using the match method. The effects on the mo- mentum, heat and mass transport processes in the wall turbulent flows can be estimated approximately.

Active control of turbulence for drag reduction based on the detection of near-wall streamwise vortices by wall information

The spatial relations between the measurable wall quantities （streamwise shear stress τwx, spanwise shear stress τwz, and pressure fluctuations Pw） and the near-wall streamwise vortices （NWSV） are investigated via direct numerical simulation （DNS） databases of fully developed turbulent channel flow at a low Reynolds number. In the stan- dard turbulent channel flow, the results show that all the wall measurable variables are closely associated with the NWSV. But after applying a stochastic interference, the relation based on τwx breaks down while the correlations based on Pw and τwz are still robust. Hence, two wall flow quantities based on Pw and τwz are proposed to detect the NWSV. As an appli- cation, two new control schemes are developed to suppress the near-wall vortical structures using the actuation of wall blowing/suction and obtain 16 % and 11% drag reduction, respectively.

Large eddy simulation of high-Reynolds-number atmospheric boundary layer flow with improved near-wall correction

It is highly attractive to develop an efficient and flexible large eddy simulation(LES)technique for high-Reynolds-number atmospheric boundary layer(ABL)simulation using the low-order numerical scheme on a relatively coarse grid,that could reproduce the logarithmic profile of the mean velocity and some key features of large-scale coherent structures in the outer layer.In this study,an improved near-wall correction scheme for the vertical gradient of the resolved streamwise velocity in the strain-rate tensor is proposed to calculate the eddy viscosity coefficient in the subgrid-scale(SGS)model.The LES code is realized with a second-order finite-difference scheme,the scale-dependent dynamic SGS stress model,the equilibrium wall stress model,and the proposed correction scheme.Very-high-Reynolds-number ABL flow simulation under the neutral stratification condition is conducted to assess the performance of the method in predicting the mean and fluctuating characteristics of the rough-wall turbulence.It is found that the logarithmic profile of the mean streamwise velocity and some key features of large-scale coherent structures can be reasonably predicted by adopting the proposed correction method and the low-order numerical scheme.

PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTION FUNCTION OF NEAR-WALL TURBULENT VELOCITY FLUCTUATIONS

By large eddy simulation （LES）, turbulent databases of channel flows at different Reynolds numbers were established. Then, the probability distribution functions of the streamwise and wall-normal velocity fluctuations were obtained and compared with the corresponding normal distributions. By hypothesis test, the deviation from the normal distribution was analyzed quantitatively. The skewness and flatness factors were also calculated. And the variations of these two factors in the viscous sublayer, buffer layer and log-law layer were discussed. Still illustrated were the relations between the probability distribution functions and the burst events-sweep of high-speed fluids and ejection of low-speed fluidsIin the viscous sub-layer, buffer layer and loglaw layer. Finally the variations of the probability distribution functions with Reynolds number were examined.

Effect of Magnetic Mirror on the Asymmetry of the Radial Profile of Near-Wall Conductivity in Hall Thrusters

Considering the actual magnetic field configuration in a Hall thruster, the effect of magnetic mirror on the radial profile of near-wall conductivity （NWC） is studied in this paper. The plasma electron dynamic process is described by the test particle method. The Monte Carlo scheme is used to solve this model. The radial profile of electron mobility is obtained and the role of magnetic mirror in NWC is analysed both theoretically and numerically. The numerical results show that the electron mobility peak due to NWC is inversely proportional to the magnetic mirror ratio and the asymmetry of electron mobility along the radial direction gets greater when the magnetic mirror is considered. This effect indicates that apart from the disparity in the magnetic field strength, the difference in the magnetic mirror ratio near the inner and outer walls would actually augment the asymmetry of the radial profile of NWC in Hall thrusters.

Physical Modeling and Parametric Study on Two-Degree-of-Freedom VIV of A Cylinder near Rigid Wall

Unlike most previous studies on the transverse vortex-induced vibration（VlV） of a cylinder mainly under the wallfree condition （Williamson ＆ Govardhan, 2004）, this paper experimentally investigates the vortex-induced vibration of a cylinder with two degrees of freedom near a rigid wall exposed to steady flow. The amplitude and frequency responses of the cylinder are discussed. The lee wake flow patterns of the cylinder undergoin^g VIV were visualized by employing the hydrogen bubble technique. The effects of the gap-to-diameter ratio （eo/D） and the mass ratio on the vibration amplitude and frequency are analyzed. Comparisons of VIV response of the cylinder are made between one degree （only transverse） and two degrees of freedom （streamwise and transverse） and those between the present study and previous ones. The experimental observation indicates that there are two types of streamwise vibration, i.e. the first streamwise vibration （FSV） with small amplitude and the second streamwise vibration （SSV） which coexists with transverse vibration. The vortex shedding pattern for the FSV is approximately syrmnetric and that for the SSV is ahernate. The first streamwise vibration tends to disappear with the decrease of eo/D. For the case of large gap-to-dianeter ratios （ e.g. eo/D = 0. 54 ～ 1.58）, the maximum amplitudes of the second streamwise vibration and transverse one increase with the increasing gap- to-diameter ratio. But for the case of small gap-to-diameter ratios （e. g. eo/D= 0. 16, 0.23）, the vibration amplitude of the cylinder increases slowly at the initial stage （i.e. at small reduced velocity Vr）, and across the maximum amplitude it decreases quickly at the last stage （i.e. at large Vr）. Within the range of the examined small mass ratio （m 〈 4）, both streamwise and transverse vibration amplitude of the cylinder decrease with the increase of mass ratio for the fixed value of Vr- The vibration range （ in terms of Vr） tends to widen with the decrease of the mass ratio. In the second streamwise vibration region, the vibration frequency of the cylinder with a small mass ratio （ e.g. mx = 1.44） undergoes a jump at a certain Vr＋ The maximum amplitudes of the transverse vibration for two-degree-of-freedom case is larger than that for one-degree-of-freedom case, but the transverse vibration frequency of the cylinder with two degrees of freedom is lower than that with one degree of freedom（transverse）.

MATHEMATICAL MODELING OF NEAR-WALL FLOWS OF TWO- PHASE MIXTURE WITH EVAPORATING DROPLETS

In the framework of the two-continuum approach, using the matched asymptotic expansion method, the equations of a laminar boundary layer in mist flows with evaporating droplets were derived and solved. The similarity criteria controlling the mist flows were determined. For the flow along a curvilinear surface, the forms of the boundary layer equations differ from the regimes of presence and absence of the droplet inertia deposition. The numerical results were presented for the vapor-droplet boundary layer in the neighborhood of a stagnation point of a hot blunt body. It is demonstrated that, due to evaporation, a droplet-free region develops near the wall inside the boundary layer. On the upper edge of this region, the droplet radius tends to zero and the droplet number density becomes much higher than that in the free stream. The combined effect of the droplet evaporation and accumulation results in a significant enhancement of the heat transfer on the surface even for small mass concentration of the droplets in the free stream.

SECOND-MOMENT CLOSURE FOR MODELLING THE NEAR-WALL TURBULENCE IN 3D MEAN FLOWS

A second-moment closure for the near-wall turbulence is proposed. The limiting behaviour of this closure near a wall is consistent with that of the exact Reynolds-stress transport equations, and it converts asymptotically into a high- Reynolds-number closure remote from the wall. The closure is applied to a pressure- driven 3D transient channel flow. The predicted results are in fair agreement with the DNS data.

A cellular scale numerical study of the effect of mechanical properties of erythrocytes on the near-wall motion of platelets

The effect of mechanical properties of erythrocytes on the near-wall motion of platelets was numerically studied with the immersed boundary method. Cells were modeled as viscous-fluid-filled capsules surrounded by hyper-elastic membranes with negligible thickness. The numerical results show that with the increase of hematocrit, the near-wall approaching of platelets is enhanced, with which platelets exhibit larger deformation and orientation angle of its near-wall tank-treading motion, and the lateral force pushing platelets to the wall is increased with larger fluctuation amplitude. Meanwhile the near-wall approaching is reduced by increasing the stiffness of erythrocytes.

A Coupled Soil-Fluid-Structure Simulation of the Near-Field Earthquake Effects on Gravity Type Quay-Walls

This study focuses on non-linear seismic response of concrete gravity quay-wall structures subjected to near-fault ground motions, a subject which seems not to have received much attention in the literature. A two-dimensional coupled fluid-structure-soil finite element modelling is employed to obtain the quay-wall response. The seawater medium is represented by acoustic type, potential based fluid elements. The elasto-plastic behavior of the soil medium is idealized using Drucker-Prager yield criterion based on associated flow rule assumption. Four nodded plane strain elements are used to model the concrete wall, foundation, subsoil, backfill and seabed zones. Fluid Structure Interface （FSI） elements are considered between the seawater interfaces with the quay-wall and the seabed. Frictional contact elements are employed between the wall and soil interfaces. The numerical model is validated using field measurements available for permanent drifts in a quay-wall damaged during Kobe earthquake. Reasonable agreements are obtained between the model predictions and the field measurements. Non-linear seismic analyses of the selected quay-wall subjected to both near-fault and far-fault ground motions are performed. An incremental dynamic analysis approach （IDA） is used. In general, at least for models examined in the current study, the gravity quay-walls are found to be more vulnerable to near-field, in comparison with the corresponding far-field, earthquakes.

Rupture directivity and hanging wall effect in near field strong ground motion simulation

A random synthesis procedure based on finite fault model is adopted for near field strong ground motion simulation in this paper. The fault plane of the source is divided into a number of sub-sources, the whole moment magnitude is also divided into more sub-events. The Fourier spectrum of ground motion caused by a sub-event in given sub-source, then can be derived by means of taking the point source spectrum, attenuation with distance, energy dissipation, and near surface effect, into account. A time history is synthesized from this amplitude spectrum and a random phase spectrum, and being combined with an envelope function. The ground motion is worked out by superposition of all time histories from each sub-event in each sub-source, with time lags determining by the differences between the triggering times of sub-events and distances of the sub-sources. From the example of simulations at 21 near field points in a scenario earthquake with 4 dip angles of the fault plane, it is illustrated that the procedure can describe the rupture directivity and hanging wall effect very well. To validate the procedure, the response spectra and time histories recorded at three near fault stations MCN, LV3 and PCD during the Northridge earthquake in 1994, are compared with the simulated ones.

Relationship between wall shear stresses and streamwise vortices in turbulent flows over wavy boundaries

The relationship between wall shear stresses and near-wall streamwise vortices is investigated via a direct numerical simulation(DNS) of turbulent flows over a wavy boundary with traveling-wave motion. The results indicate that the wall shear stresses are still closely related to the near-wall streamwise vortices in the presence of a wave. The wave age and wave phase significantly affect the distribution of a two-point correlation coefficient between the wall shear stresses and streamwise vorticity. For the slow wave case of c/Um = 0.14, the correlation is attenuated above the leeward side while the distribution of correlation function is more elongated and also exhibits a larger vertical extent above the crest. With respect to the fast wave case of c/U_m=1.4, the distribution of the correlation function is recovered in a manner similar to that in the flat-wall case. In this case, the maximum correlation coefficient exhibits only slight differences at different wave phases while the vertical distribution of the correlation function depends on the wave phase.

NEAR模型的外墙面裂缝连接算法

在利用数字图像技术检测大型建筑物外墙面裂缝时,墙面上的裂缝宽度过窄,或是被灰尘填充而变得不清晰,又或是图像预处理过度导致提取到的裂缝出现断裂等情况,均会影响到后续如裂缝面积、长度、宽度、走势等参数的测量和评估.为了解决这个问题,本文提出了一种基于山脊线邻域的评价模型(NEAR)来判断和描述裂缝间的连续性,并根据其判断和描述结果,结合二次贝塞尔插值完成裂缝间的平滑连接.此外,本文还进行了对比试验,利用基于Hausdorff距离的最小二乘法对NEAR算法结果和K-D树算法结果进行评估比较.实验结果表明,该算法能明显提高判断裂缝连续性的准确程度.

Effects of hanging wall and forward directivity in the 1999 Chi-Chi earthquake on inelastic displacement response of structures

The characteristics of the inelastic response of structures affected by hanging wall and forward directivity in the 1999 Chi-Chi earthquake are investigated. Inelastic displacement ratios （IDRs） for ground motions impacted by these nearfield effects are evaluated and comprehensively compared to far-field ground motions. In addition, the inelastic displacement responses to hanging wall and footwall ground motions are compared. It is concluded that the inelastic displacement response is significantly affected in the short period range by hanging wall and in the long period range by footwall. Although high peak ground acceleration was observed at hanging wall stations, the IDRs for structures on hanging wall sites are only larger than footwall sites in the very long period range. Forward directivity effects result in larger IDRs for periods longer than about 0.5s. Adopting statistical relationships for IDRs established using far-field ground motions may lead to either overestimation or underestimation in the seismic evaluation of existing structures located in near-field regions, depending on their fundamental vibration periods.

气体引射对临近空间升力体飞行器气动力热影响

针对临近空间高速飞行器的降热减阻需求,采用三维数值模拟手段研究了临近空间典型升力体飞行器气动力/热特性,分析了壁面气体质量引射对气动力/热特性的影响规律和作用机理。结果表明:壁面质量引射会略微增大激波脱体距离,对激波层和速度边界层有增厚作用,降低了边界层内的速度梯度,使得表面剪切力减小,从而具有较好的减阻效果。对于典型的升力体构型,在高度为60~70 km时,壁面质量引射减阻效率均不低于47.5%;在高度为80 km时,壁面质量引射减阻效率不低于10.2%;且壁面质量引射减阻效果随攻角增大而增强,随飞行高度升高而减弱。同时,壁面引射排出的低温气体对飞行器具有隔热保护作用,因此壁面质量引射能显著降低迎风面的热流,具有较好的降热效果。

近壁旋转圆柱流场特性数值模拟分析

[目的]为探讨近壁旋转圆柱尾流及流体力特性,对典型间隙比下旋转圆柱绕流进行研究。[方法]对雷诺数Re=200下3种典型间隙比(G/D=0.2,0.8,1.4)的旋转圆柱绕流展开数值模拟,对比不同间隙比和转速比下的圆柱尾流及流体力特性。[结果]结果显示:当G/D=0.2时,圆柱表面脱涡会受到显著抑制,圆柱表面升阻力无波动;当G/D=0.8和1.4且转速比较低时,会发生“尾流涡”脱落现象,其结构与2S模式相似,升阻力系数呈正弦周期性波动,振幅较小;当正旋转速较大时,圆柱表面无漩涡脱落,形成稳定的D模式尾流(随转速比增大由D+模式变为D-模式),“尾流涡层”与“壁面涡层”发生分离,“壁面涡”呈现多周期性脱落现象,升阻力系数呈多周期波动,振幅显著增大;当反旋转速较大时,圆柱表面被一层正涡量的涡层包裹,漩涡脱落受到显著抑制,升阻力无波动。[结论]所得结论可为高效流动控制技术发展提供参考。

Geometric effects resulting from the asymmetry of dipping fault:Hanging wall/ footwall effects

Root-mean-square distance Drms with characteristic of weighted-average is introduced in this article firstly. Drms can be used to capture the general proximity of a site to a dipping fault plane comparing with the rupture distance Drup and the seismogenic distance Dseis. Then, using Drup, Dseis and Drms, the hanging wall/footwall effects on the peak ground acceleration (PGA) during the 1999 Chi-Chi earthquake are evaluated by regression analysis. The logarithm residual shows that the PGA on hanging wall is much greater than that on footwall at the same Drup or Dseis when the Drup or Dseis is used as site-to-source distance measure. In contrast, there is no significant difference between the PGA on hanging wall and that on footwall at the same Drms when Drms is used. This result confirms that the hanging wall/footwall effect is mainly a geometric effect caused by the asymmetry of dipping fault. Therefore, the hanging wall/footwall effect on the near-fault ground motions can be ignored in the future attenuation analysis if the root-mean-square distance Drms is used as the site-to-source distance measure.

近壁面深水爆炸气泡射流演化特性的研究

近壁面气泡载荷是水中战斗部对障碍物毁伤作用的重要载荷之一。以近壁面深水爆炸气泡脉动及射流载荷特征问题为中心,开展了模拟300 m水深环境下的爆炸实验。通过高速摄影仪得到了气泡射流的演化过程;利用Autodyn轴对称模型对气泡射流的演化过程进行了计算,分析了比例距离对气泡脉动周期、射流演化形成时刻及射流强度特征的影响;探讨了壁面近场范围内的压力特征,总结得到射流载荷的演化规律。可为深水环境下水中战斗部对障碍物的毁伤效应研究提供理论参考。

近场爆炸下波纹双钢板混凝土组合墙板的损伤破坏及抗爆性能

相对于传统的钢筋混凝土墙板和平面双钢板-混凝土组合墙板(profiled double-skin composite wall,PDSCW),波纹双钢板-混凝土组合墙板(concrete-infilled double steel corrugatedplate wall,CDSCW)具有更高的轴向抗压承载力、更大的侧向抗弯刚度以及良好的抗冲击和抗震性能,在船舶和军事领域有广阔的应用前景。制作2种CDSCW试件,通过近场爆炸试验对比分析了2种试件的损伤模式及动态响应;采用ANSYS/LS-DYNA软件建立了CDSCW和PDSCW的有限元模型,研究了近场爆炸下2种混凝土组合墙板的损伤机理和爆炸响应,并与试验结果进行对比分析;分析了混凝土厚度、钢板厚度、药量对CDSCW抗爆性能的影响。结果表明:近场爆炸作用下,相较于PDSCW,相同混凝土方量和尺寸(长、宽)的CDSCW具有更大的抗弯刚度、更强的抗变形能力以及更优的抗爆性能;增加波纹深度能有效提高CDSCW的抗爆性能,可为抗爆构件设计和相关工程研究提供参考。

基于浸没边界法的壁面凸起对仿生鱼游动影响的研究

流体流经壁面凸起后在壁面凸起的后方产生周期性脱落的尾涡,尾涡内流场复杂。当尾涡继续流动流经游动中的仿生鱼时,仿生鱼的水动力系数也随之发生剧烈变化。基于多重直接力浸没边界法,结合狄拉克函数,通过求解不可压缩Navier-Stokes(N-S)无量纲方程,对低雷诺数情况下的仿生鱼游动过程进行无量纲化数值模拟研究。为了验证算法和自主开发程序的准确性,对圆柱绕流和NACA0012外形鱼体游动流场进行了验证算例计算,计算结果与文献结果吻合较好,验证了算法和程序的有效性。在此基础上,研究固壁半圆形凸起对仿生鱼游动水动力系数的影响,计算结果表明:当仿生鱼距壁面较近时(d=0.25L),仿生鱼受到远离壁面方向的侧向力和顺时针方向力矩;当仿生鱼距壁面较远时(d=1.25L),仿生鱼受到指向壁面的侧向力和逆时针方向力矩。总体而言,壁面凸起使得仿生鱼更容易在与壁面有一定距离的高度区间内游动,壁面凸起对仿生鱼游动起到了一定减阻作用。