Study on Transient Properties of Levitated Object in Near-Field Acoustic Levitation

A new approach to the study on the transient properties of the levitated object in near-field acoustic levitation(NFAL) is presented.In this article,the transient response characteristics,including the levitated height of an object with radius of 24 mm and thickness of 5 mm,the radial velocity and pressure difference of gas at the boundary of clearance between the levitated object and radiating surface(squeeze film),is calculated according to several velocity amplitudes of radiating surface.First,the basic equations in fluid areas on Arbitrary Lagrange-Euler(ALE) form are numerically solved by using streamline upwind petrov galerkin(SUPG) finite elements method.Second,the formed algebraic equations and solid control equations are solved by using synchronous alternating method to gain the transient messages of the levitated object and gas in the squeeze film.Through theoretical and numerical analyses,it is found that there is a oscillation time in the transient process and that the response time does not simply increase with the increasing of velocity amplitudes of radiating surface.More investigations in this paper are helpful for the understanding of the transient properties of levitated object in NFAL,which are in favor of enhancing stabilities and responsiveness of levitated object.

Near-field acoustic levitation and applications to bearings:a critical review

The importance to industry of non-contact bearings is growing rapidly as the demand for highspeed and high-precision manufacturing equipment increases.As a recently developed non-contact technology,near-field acoustic levitation(NFAL)has drawn much attention for the advantages it offers,including no requirement for an external pressurized air supply,its compact structure,and its ability to adapt to its environment.In this paper,the working mechanism of NFAL is introduced in detail and compared to all existing non-contact technologies to demonstrate its versatility and potential for practical applications in industry.The fundamental theory of NFAL,including gas film lubrication theory and acoustic radiation pressure theory is presented.Then,the current stateof-the-art of the design and development of squeeze film air bearings based on NFAL is reviewed.Finally,future trends and obstacles to more widespread use are discussed.

STUDY ON DYNAMIC CHARACTERISTICS OF ACOUSTIC LEVITATION

The dynamic characteristics of acoustic levitation were investigated for the purpose of containerless processing of materials. Experimental measurements were accomplished on the variations of sound pressure level with both axial position z (6.5mm≤ z ≤27.5mm) and radial position r (1mm≤ r ≤16mm) in a cylindrical resonant tube(34mm×45mm) of a single axis acoustic levitator. The results showed that the minimum sound pressure levels in both axial and radial directions occur at the centres of two transverse intercepting planes with z =8.5mm and z =21.5mm, which were identified as the sound pressure nodes not only of the axial direction but also of the radial direction, and hence were expected to have good levitation stability. This was further proved by experimental observations.

Maximization of Acoustic Levitating Force for a Single-Axis Acoustic Levitation System Using the Finite Element Method

We investigate single-axis acoustic levitation using standing waves to levitate particles freely in a medium bounded by a driver and a reflector. The acoustic pressure at the pressure antinode of the standing wave counteracts the downward gravitational force of the levitating object. The optimal relationship between the air gap and the driving frequency leads to resonance and hence maximization of the levitating force. Slight deviation from the exact resonance condition causes a reduction in acoustic pressure at the pressure antinodes. This results in a significant reduction of the levitating force. The driving frequency is kept constant while the air gap is varied for different conditions. The optimal air gap for maximizing the levitation force is studied for first three resonance modes. Furthermore, a levitating particle is introduced between the driver and the reflector. The dependence of the resonance condition on the size of the levitating particle as well as the position of the particle between the driver and the reflector has also been studied. As the size of the levitating particle increases, the resonance condition also gets modified. Finite element results show a good agreement with the validated results available in the literature. Furthermore, the finite element approach is also used to study the variation of acoustic pressure at the pressure antinode with respect to the size of the reflector. The optimum diameter of the reflector is calculated for maximizing the levitating force for three resonance modes.

NEAR-FIELD ACOUSTIC HOLOGRAPHY FOR SEMI-FREE ACOUSTIC FIELD BASED ON WAVE SUPERPOSITION APPROACH

In the semi-free acoustic field, the actual acoustic pressure at any point is composed of two parts： The direct acoustic pressure and the reflected acoustic pressure. The general acoustic holographic theories and algorithms request that there is only the direct acoustic pressure contained in the pressure at any point on the hologram surface, consequently, they cannot be used to reconstruct acoustic source and predict acoustic field directly. To take the reflected pressure into consideration, near-field acoustic holography for semi-free acoustic field based on wave superposition approach is proposed to realize the holographic reconstruction and prediction of the semi-free acoustic field, and the wave superposition approach is adopted as a holographic transform algorithm. The proposed theory and algorithm are realized and verified with a numerical example, and the drawbacks of the general theories and algorithms in the holographic reconstruction and prediction of the semi-free acoustic field are also demonstrated by this numerical example.

Design of an Acoustic Levitator for Three-Dimensional Manipulation of Numerous Particles

We present a design of an acoustic levitator consisting of three pairs of opposite transducer arrays.Three orthogonal standing waves create a large number of acoustic traps at which the particles are levitated in mid-air.By changing the phase difference of transducer arrays,three-dimensional manipulation of particles is successfully realized.Moreover,the relationship between the translation of particles and the phase difference is experimentally investigated,and the result is in agreement with the theoretical calculation.This design can expand the application of acoustic levitation in many fields,such as biomedicine,ultrasonic motor and new materials processing.

Novel Method for Selection of Regularization Parameter in the Near-field Acoustic Holography

Because of the ill-posedness of the near-field acoustic holography（NAH）,the regularization method is required to stabilize the computational process of NAH.The regularization effect is related to how to select the parameter correctly and effectively.However the L-curve method commonly used for the selection of regularization parameters has the disadvantages of wrong selection and incorrect selection,which influences the application of NAH.For the purpose of solving the problems existed in the L-curve method,the （？）-curve method is introduced into the field of NAH,and the performance applied to NAH directly is analyzed on the basis of equivalent source method-based NAH.However,it is found out via investigations that the（？）-curve method in NAH also has the problem of wrong selection and is unable to choose the regularization parameter correctly.In order to select the parameter correctly and effectively,a novel method for selecting regularization parameters is proposed based on the original（？）-curve method,which can be called improved （？）-curve method.In the proposed method the regularization parameters are discretized linearly between the largest singular value and the smallest singular value,and the solution norm and the residual norm corresponding to these regularization parameters are also described in a linear coordinate instead of in a lg-lg coordinate,which are the two main differences compared with the L-curve and with the original（？）-curve method.In linear coordinate and using the linearly discretized regularization parameters,the solution norm is a monotonically decreasing function of the residual norm as the increase of the regularization parameter,moreover the curve is convex everywhere.So the regularization parameters can be selected correctly and effectively based on the improved（？）-curve method.Then a numerical simulation is done with a simply supported plate to verify the validity of the proposed method.Experiments with two actual sources,a clamped plate and the double speakers,are carried out to do a further demonstration.The simulation result as well as the experimental result shows that the improved（？）-curve method is efficacious and has some advantages over the L-curve method and the original（？）-curve method.The proposed novel method is able to avoid the problem of wrong selection and to select the regularization parameter correctly even if the curve is smooth.

Parameter Scaling of the Aerodynamic Breakup of the Acoustic Levitated Droplets in an Air Jet Flow

The aerodynamic breakup of the droplet has been intensely studied in this paper.We aim to establish a unified relationship between dimensionless kinematic parameters such as displacement,spreading diameter,Weber num-ber,time,and so on.The breakup characteristics of the acoustic levitated ethanol droplet are experimentally inves-tigated when exposed to an air jetflow.The breakup phenomenons were recorded with a high-speed camera.The breakup characteristics were analyzed,and the physical models of the moving and transforming behaviors were established to explain the breakup mechanisms.We found that the displacement of the windward side of the dro-plet follows free acceleration rule,with the displacement,acceleration,and time in the dimensionless form.The spreading of the diameter during deformation can also be written in a simple equation as a function of Weber number and displacement.We also discussed more details.

声悬浮高温小球轴向稳定性研究

针对驻波声悬浮高温小球的轴向稳定性,建立了声−热−流−重力场耦合的物理模型,采用有限元方法计算了高温小球周围空间的不均匀温度场和声场,分析了驻波声场中直径2 mm的氮化硅小球在300~2000 K温度区间的轴向悬浮稳定性,并通过常温下声悬浮实验验证了仿真模型的准确性。结果表明在初始悬浮间距满足谐振并保持不变的条件下,随着悬浮小球的温度升高,小球的平衡位置降低,并且存在能保持稳定悬浮状态的温度最大值。在小球升温的过程中,通过反馈调节发射端−反射端间距和发射端激励电压,可以在一定程度上保持高温小球的轴向悬浮稳定性。

超薄超小镍铁水滑石的声悬浮制备

开发高效、低成本的清洁能源,有助于降低CO_(2)排放。电催化分解水产氢产氧或许可实现未来对清洁能源的需求。在诸多纳米材料中,超薄二维纳米材料因其可暴露更多的活性位点、具有更高的比表面积等特点,在电催化反应中表现出优异的性能。镍铁水滑石(NiFe-LDH)是非常有前景的过渡金属电催化分解水产氧反应(OER)催化剂。采用水热法制备Ni_(x)Fe_(1)-LDH(x=1,2,3)前体,利用超声悬浮剥离法实现超薄超小镍铁水滑石纳米片的快速制备。声悬浮法利用超声波发射端和反射端间产生的高强度声辐射力来抵消样品的重力,进而使样品被悬浮。超声波反复叠加形成的高声强驻波,更易实现超薄超小纳米材料的快速制备。研究发现,通过超声悬浮技术可实现仅用20μL甲酰胺在20 min内成功将Ni_(1)Fe_(1)-LDH前体从横向尺寸为1500 nm、厚度为25.66 nm剥离为分散较为均匀、横向尺寸约10 nm、厚度低至0.649 nm的超薄超小镍铁水滑石纳米片,并具有优异的OER性能。不同物质的量比的镍铁水滑石随超声悬浮时间逐渐增加,OER性能逐渐提高。其中,当电流密度达10 mA/cm^(2)时,Ni_(1)Fe_(1)-LDH-20 min的过电位低至309 mV,相比于Ni_(1)Fe_(1)-LDH前体的过电位673 mV,降低了364 mV,其塔菲尔斜率也相应从137 mV/dec降至67 mV/dec,电化学活性表面积增大了2.4倍。与其他过渡金属基催化剂相比,在OER中表现出优异的性能。

盘型声流超声电机驱动机理分析及实验研究

针对传统超声电机定子与转子表面存在严重摩擦磨损导致系统性能降低的问题,提出了一种新型非接触悬浮式声流超声电机。该电机结构紧凑,能够利用声悬浮原理实现定子和转子的非接触驱动,消除传统超声电机存在的严重摩擦磨损。基于连续性方程,建立了悬浮间隙介质流体分析模型,并采用有限元法进行求解。搭建实验台进行转动特性测试实验,分析了新型电机的工作机理,研究了不同槽型及运转状态下的声流分布。研究结果表明:转子表面刻槽导致间隙内圆周方向产生了压力梯度,进而形成了驱动转子的转矩;随着驱动电压升高,定子盘的振动幅值及转子转速均增大,当驱动电压为1 430 V时,定子盘振动幅值为9.8μm,转子转速达到74 r·min^(-1);相较于光滑转子,刻槽型转子在槽域附近的声流场发生了明显改变。此研究可为非接触超声电机的研究提供参考,也能进一步扩展超声电机的应用领域。

声悬浮条件下双水相液滴的蒸发与相分离

采用声悬浮无容器处理技术,研究了聚乙二醇-硫酸铵(PEG-AMS)双水相液滴的蒸发与相分离过程.双水相液滴蒸发过程中,液滴赤道直径的平方d^(2)随时间线性减小,同时液滴横纵比γ随时间线性增大.初始处于单相区的液滴随着水分蒸发可以跨越到双相区,进而发生相分离.声悬浮状态下PEG-AMS双水相液滴的相分离分为3个阶段:首先液滴内部形成富PEG相微滴,然后富PEG相微滴发生碰撞凝并同时向外迁移,最终液滴形成水平分层结构.对比分析了不同横纵比及不同成分的双水相液滴的蒸发和相分离过程,发现横纵比γ越大,富PEG相体积分数越小,则液滴蒸发速率越快;横纵比γ越大,富PEG相体积分数越大,则液滴相分离越快.这些发现有助于深入理解声悬浮条件下液滴的运动特性、蒸发动力学和相分离规律,并为材料的声悬浮无容器制备和加工提供依据.

超声波声速测量及悬浮传送装置设计

阐述基于单片机和外围电路的超声波声速测量及悬浮传送装置设计,该装置可以实现测量声速、悬浮平面、无接触传送的功能。

金属有机框架多面体微颗粒自组装超结构的设计策略

周期性超结构通常具有优异的光学性能,在光子晶体学、催化、传感等领域具有重要意义。在此,采用了声悬浮法和点滴法来探索多维有序金属有机框架(MOF)超结构的组装策略,并建立了组装参数与超结构维度和有序性之间的关系。结果表明:声悬浮法对MOF颗粒分散液浓度和颗粒的单分散性包容性极强,适用于三维超结构的自组装;点滴法对MOF颗粒分散液浓度和颗粒的单分散性有较高的要求,能组装出大面积二维MOF单层膜。该研究为利用各向异性微粒组装多维超结构提供了新的策略。

NEAR-FIELD SOURCE LOCALIZATION METHOD AND APPLICATION USING THE TIME REVERSAL MIRROR TECHNIQUE

In order to develop the acoustic keyboard for Personal Computer(PC),it is necessary to seek high-precision near-field source localization algorithm for identifying the keyboard characters.First of all,the focusing property of Time Reversal Mirror(TRM) is introduced,and then a mathe-matical model of microphone array receiving typing sound is established according to the realization of acoustic keyboard from which the TRM localization algorithm is carried out.The results through computer simulation show that the localization Root Mean Square Error(RMSE) performance of the algorithm can reach 10-3,which demonstrates that the algorithm possesses a high accuracy for the actual near-field acoustic source localization,with potential of developing the computer acoustic keyboard.Furthermore,for the purpose of testing its effect on actual near-field source localization,we organize three experiments for acoustic keyboard characters localization.The experiment results show that the positioning error of TRM algorithm is less than 1 cm within a provided acoustic keyboard region.This will provide theoretical guidance for the further research of computer acoustic keyboard.

High undercooling of bulk water during acoustic levitation

The experiments on undercooling of acoustically levitated water drops with the radius of 5-8 mm are carried out, and the maximum undercooling of 24 K is obtained in such a containerless state. Various factors influencing the undercoolability of water under acoustic levitation are synthetically analyzed. The experimental results indicate that impurities tend to decrease the undercooling level, whereas the dominant factor is the effect of ultrasound. The stirring and cavitation effects of ultrasound tend to stimulate the nucleation of water and prevent further bulk undercooling in experiments. The stirring effect provides some extra energy fluctuation to overcome the thermodynamic barrier for nucleation. The local high pressure caused by cavitation effect increases the local undercooling in water and stimulates nucleation before the achievement of a large bulk undercooling. According to the cooling curves, the dendrite growth velocity of ice is estimated, which is in good agreement with the theoretical prediction at the lower undercooling. The theoretical calculation predicts a dendrite growth velocity of 0.23 m/s corresponding to the maximum undercooling of 24 K, at which the rapid solidification of ice occurs.

The liquid phase separation of Bi-Ga hypermonotectic alloy under acoustic levitation condition

Containerless treatment of Bi-58.5at%Ga hypermonotectic alloy is successfully performed with acous-tic levitation technique. Under acoustic levitation condition,the second phase (Ga) distributes almost homogeneously in solidification sample,opposite to macrosegregation in solidification sample under conventional condition. Stokes motion of the second liquid droplet (Ga) is significantly restrained un-der acoustic levitation condition. The analyses indicate that the melt vibration in the gravity direction forced by acoustic field can induce steady flow around the second liquid droplet,which influences droplet shape during its moving upward and consequently restrains Stokes motion velocity of the second liquid droplet.

Particle Velocity Sensor and Its Application in Near-Field Noise Scanning Measurement

The Particle Velocity Sensor (PVS) is a kind of acoustic transducer which measures the particle velocity directly with figure-of-eight directivity. This paper proposes a near-field noise scanning technology based on the research of PVS, pressure-particle velocity (P-U) probe, and its application in noise source identification. Firstly, the principle and characteristics of PVS are presented. Secondly, a P-U probe is designed on the basis of PVS development. Finally, the noise measurement experiment for a single source is arranged and conducted. The result shows that the proposed P-U probe performs well in near-field noise source identification and localization.

共聚焦超声换能器的声场优化与粒子捕获

超声悬浮被广泛应用于多个领域,目前主要有驻波式和相控阵式悬浮系统.基于共焦点排列的聚焦换能器结构,本研究提出了一种单边式超声悬浮系统.其基本原理是利用反相激励成对聚焦换能器在空间构建具有势阱结构的特定声场,实现微粒的捕获与悬浮.针对4个共焦点排列的聚焦换能器,基于有限元仿真研究了换能器轴夹角及激励相位模式对声场分布的影响;利用实验演示了系统的粒子捕获效果,验证了其势阱分布情况.结果表明,换能器轴线与结构中轴线夹角为45°时,势阱强度最高;换能器的激励相位分别为0,0,π,π时,声场中存在1处主势阱、2处次级势阱,可以捕获3处粒子团;换能器的激励相位分别为0,π/2,π,3π/2时,声场中仅存在1处势阱,只可捕获1处粒子团.该系统具有成本低、自由度高、稳定性强、操作便捷的优点,且能够实现单个位置或多个位置粒子团的捕获与悬浮,可以用于流体中高密度物体操控.

声学超材料和声子晶体研究进展

低频振动和噪声的有效控制一直是动力学与控制学科的经典难题,急需新的思路进行交叉研究.作为动力学与控制学科的一个重要分支,声学超材料和生子晶体的研究近年来一直很受重视.在国家科技部门和相关行业的支持下,声学超材料和声子晶体的振动噪声控制机理及其应用研究取得了大力发展.本文从声学超材料和声子晶体的发展趋势和应用前景等研究角度出发,重点介绍了声学超材料的设计方法和隔振降噪特性,力学超材料的抗冲吸能特性,以及声场悬浮与运输方法等三个方面的研究成果.这些成果在一定程度上反映了作者们目前所关注的问题和拟解决途径,希望能给声学超材料和声子晶体的其他研究者们提供一些借鉴和参考.