Sea Surface Effects on Sound Scattering in the Persian Gulf Region Based on Empirical Relations

In this paper, sound scattering from the sea surface in the Persian Gulf region is investigated. Chapman-Harris and Ogden-Erskine empirical relations coupled with perturbation theory are implemented. Based on the Ogden and Erskine＇s experiments, sound scattering from the sea surface has three different regimes in which two mechanisms of surface roughness and subsurface bubble clouds are involved. Ogden-Erskine＇s scattering relation which consists of perturbation theory and Chapman-Harris＇s scattering terms are verified by the experimental data of Critical Sea Tests 7. Subsequently, wind speed in the Persian Gulf is provided based on three data bases of Arzanah station, ERA40, and PERGOS. Accordingly, surface scattering strength in the Persian Gulf region is calculated at different grazing angles, frequencies and provided wind speeds. Based on the resulted values of scattering strength, scattered intensity from the sea surface is also studied. These studies indicate that both scattering strength and scattered intensity generally increase as grazing angle, frequency and wind speed increase.

Near-Field Scattering Enhancement of Perylene Based Aggregates for Random Lasing

Strong near-field scattering enhancement (NFSE) of polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxanes(POSS) nanoparticles (NPs) aggregates is found through physical simulation. An aggregation of N,N′-di-[3-(isobutyl polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxanes) propyl] perylene diimide(DPP) which possesses POSS as scatteres experimentally performs strong NFSE, which confirms the physical simulation results. Moreover, coherent random laser is triggered from the DPP aggregates in carbon disulfide. It is the NFSE of POSS NPs connected to both ends of DPP through covalent bonds and the NFSE of their aggregation thanks to DPP’s aggregation that is responsible for the coherent random laser. So, this work develops a method to improve weak scattering of system through construction of molecules, and opens a road to a variety of novel interdisciplinary investigations, involving molecular designing for disordered photonics.

A Significant Look at the Effects of Persian Gulf Environmental Conditions on Sound Scattering Based on Small Perturbation Method

The main goal of this paper is to investigate sound scattering from the sea surface, by Kuo＇s small perturbation method （SPM）, in the Persian Gulf＇s environmental conditions. Accordingly the SPM method is reviewed, then it is demonstrated how it can accurately model sound scattering from the sea surface. Since in Kuo＇s approach, the effects of surface roughness and sub-surface bubble plumes on incident sounds can be studied separately, it is possible to investigate the importance of each mechanism in various scattering regimes. To conduct this study, wind and wave information reported by Arzanah station as well as some numerical atmospheric models for the Persian Gulf are presented and applied to examine sound scattering from the sea surface in the Persian Gulf region. Plots of scattering strength by Kuo＇s SPM method versus grazing angle for various frequencies, wave heights, and wind speeds are presented. The calculated scattering strength by the SPM method for various frequencies and wind speeds are compared against the results of critical sea tests 7 （CST-7）. The favorable agreement achieved for sound scattering in the Persian Gulf region is indicative of the fact that the SPM method can quite accurately model and predict sound scattering from the sea surface.

The diel vertical migration of the sound-scattering layer in the Yellow Sea Bottom Cold Water of the southeastern Yellow Sea: focus on its relationship with a temperature structure

Using the hydroacoustic method with a 200 kHz scientific echo sounding system, the diel vertical migration （DVM） of the sound-scatteringlayer （SSL） in the Yellow Sea Bottom Cold Water （YSBCW） of the southeastern Yellow Sea was studied in April （spring） and August （summer） of 2010 and 2011. For each survey, 13-27 hours of acoustic data were continuously collected at a stationary station. The acoustic volume scattering strength （Sv） data were analyzed with temperature profile data. In the spring of both 2010 and 2011, the SSL clearly showed the vertical migration throughout the entire water column, moving from the surface layer at night to near the bottom during the day. Conductivity, temperature, and depth data indicated that the entire water column was well mixed with low temperature of about 8℃. However, the SSL showed different patterns in the summers of 2010 and 2011. In the summer of 2010 （≈28℃ at the surface）, the SSL migrated to near the bottom during the day, but there were two SSLs above and below the thermocline at depth of 10-30 m at night. In the summer of 2011 （≈20℃ at the surface）, the SSL extended throughout the entire water column at night, possibly owing to an abrupt change in sea weather conditions caused by the passage of a Typhoon Muifa over the study area. It was cancluded that the DVM patterns in summer in the YSBCW area may be greatly influenced by a strengthened or weakened thermocline.

Multi-resolution EMD and classscatter matrix extracting of tank sound

The acoustic vibration signal of tank is disassembled into the sum of intrinsic mode function （IMF） by multi-resolution empirical mode decomposition （EMD） method. The instantaneous frequency is obtained, and feature transformation matrix is figured out by class scatter matrix. Multi- dimensional scale energy vector is mapped into low-dimensional eigenvector, and classification extraction is realized. This method sufficiently separates of different sound target features. The test result indicates that it is effective.

A hybrid method of solving near-zone composite eletromagnetic scattering from targets and underlying rough surface

For composite electromagnetic(EM)scattering from rough surface and target above it in near-field condition,modified shooting and bouncing ray(SBR)method and integral equation method(IEM),which are analytic methods combined with two-scale model for rough surface,are proposed to solve the composite near-field scattering problems.And the modified method is verified in effectiveness and accuracy by comparing the simulation results with measured results.Finally,the composite near-fielding scattering characteristics of a slanted plane and rough water surface below are obtained by using the proposed methods,and the dynamic tendency of composite scattering characteristics versus near-fielding distance is analyzed,which may have practical contribution to engineering programs in need of radar targets near-field characteristics under extra-low-altitude conditions.

Fast prediction method of full-space bistatic scattering sound field of underwater stiffened double cylindrical shell

A fast prediction method is presented for the full-space bistatic scattering sound field of the underwater stiffened double cylindrical shell. The scattering sound field is represented as the product of the acoustic scattering transfer function and the sound source density function. The target surface grid information and a small amount of simulation or experimentation multistatic scattering sound pressure data are used as known information to forecast other bistatic scattering sound fields with the help of numerical integration, matrix theory, and least squares method. The scattered sound pressure data from simulation of the finite element method(FEM) and experimental tests are used as input to calculate the multistatic scattered sound field of the underwater stiffened double cylindrical shell, respectively. The calculated results are compared with those calculated exclusively by the FEM, and the effects of different input data and calculation frequencies on the calculation results are discussed. The results show that the proposed method can predict the full-space bistatic scattered sound field of the target when the surface structure and part of the scattered sound field data are known. The greater amount of known scattered sound pressure data and lower computational frequency lead to higher predicted accuracy.

Effects of core position of locally resonant scatterers on low-frequency acoustic absorption in viscoelastic panel

Locally resonant sonic materials, due to their ability to control the propagation of low-frequency elastic waves, have become a promising option for underwater sound absorption materials. In this paper, the finite element method is used to investigate the absorption characteristics of a viscoelastic panel periodically embedded with a type of infinite-long noncoaxially cylindrical locally resonant scatterers(LRSs). The effect of the core position in the coating layer of the LRS on the low-frequency(500 Hz–3000 Hz) sound absorption property is investigated. With increasing the longitudinal core eccentricity e, there occur few changes in the absorptance at the frequencies below 1500 Hz, however, the absorptance above 1500 Hz becomes gradually better and the valid absorption(with absorptance above 0.8) frequency band(VAFB)of the viscoelastic panel becomes accordingly broader. The absorption mechanism is revealed by using the displacement field maps of the viscoelastic panel and the steel slab. The results show two typical resonance modes. One is the overall resonance mode(ORM) caused by steel backing, and the other is the core resonance mode(CRM) caused by LRS. The absorptance of the viscoelastic panel by ORM is induced mainly by the vibration of the steel slab and affected little by core position. On the contrary, with increasing the core eccentricity, the CRM shifts toward high frequency band and decouples with the ORM, leading to two separate absorption peaks and the broadened VAFB of the panel.

ESTIMATION OF SOUNDING ABILITY OF A BRILLOUIN LIDAR IN THE EAST CHINA SEA

Vertical profiles of sound speed in the sea can be measured by using laser excited Brillouin scattering. In this paper the dependence of the accuracy of sound speed measurement on the accuracy of the Brillouin shift measurement is analyzed. We calculated the maximum detecting depths of sound speed to an accuracy of 1 m/s by lidar with different laser pulse energy, platform altitude, telescope aperture and lidar effective attenuation coefficient. The estimation of sounding ability in the East China Sea is made in some stations. These data can be used in the design of Brillouin Lidar for the China Sea.

Improvement of Low-Frequency Sound Field Obtained by an Optimized Boundary

An approach based on the finite element analysis was introduced to improve low-frequency sound field. The optimized scatters on the wall redistribute the modes of the room and provide effective diffusion of sound field. The obtained through a 1：5 scaled set up. The results show that the optimized treatment has a positive effect on sound field and the improvement is obvious.

INVERSE MEDIUM SCATTERING PROBLEMS IN NEAR-FIELD OPTICS

A regularized recursive linearization method is developed for a two-dimensional in-verse medium scattering problem that arises in near-field optics, which reconstructs the scatterer of an inhomogeneous medium deposited on a homogeneous substrate from data accessible through photon scanning tunneling microscopy experiments. In addition to the ill-posedness of the inverse scattering problems, two difficulties arise from the layered back-ground medium and limited aperture data. Based on multiple frequency scattering data, the method starts from the Born approximation corresponding to the weak scattering at a low frequency, each update is obtained via recursive linearization with respect to the wavenumber by solving one forward problem and one adjoint problem of the Helmholtz equation. Numerical experiments are included to illustrate the feasibility of the proposed method.

Design of the sample cell in near-field surface-enhanced Raman scattering by finite difference time domain method

The rational design of the sample cell may improve the sensitivity of surface-enhanced Raman scattering （SERS） detection in a high degree. Finite difference time domain （FDTD） simulations of the configuration of Ag film-Ag particles illuminated by plane wave and evanescent wave are performed to provide physical insight for design of the sample cell. Numerical solutions indicate that the sample cell can provide more ＂hot spots＂ and the massive field intensity enhancement occurs in these ＂hot spots＂. More information on the nanometer character of the sample can be got because of gradient-field Raman （GFR） of evanescent wave. OCIS codes： 290.5860, 240.0310, 240.6680, 999.9999 （surface-enhanced Raman scattering）.

基于有限数据的水下球类目标多基地低频散射声场预报方法

针对水下球类目标多基地声散射声场预报,提出了一种基于有限散射声压信息数据的预报方法.该方法将散射声场表示为声散射传递函数与声源密度函数的乘积形式,通过数值积分以模型表面网格信息作为输入得到声散射传递函数,以已知的少量散射声压数据作为输入,综合运用声学互易性、最小二乘法和矩阵变换得到声源密度函数.针对双层球壳以及带铺板球壳,分别利用Rayleigh简正级数解和有限元计算方法对该预报方法进行了验证.对带铺板球壳进行了目标强度试验,对比了测试结果和有限元计算结果,分别以几个测试数据和有限元数据作为输入预报了带铺板球壳多基地散射声场并与有限元结果对比.仿真和试验结果均吻合较好,验证了该预报方法的可行性.

Sound scattering in dense granular media

The sound propagation in a dense granular medium is basically characterized by the ratio of wavelength to the grain size. Two types of wave transport are distinguished: one corresponds to coherent waves in the long wavelength limit, the other to short-wavelength scattered waves by the inhomogeneous contact force networks. These multiply scattered elastic waves are shown to exhibit a diffusive characteristics of transport over long distances of propagation. Determination of the transport mean free path l * and the inelastic absorption (Q-1) allows the inference of the structural properties of the material such as the heterogeneity and internal dissipation. The relevance of our experiments for seismological applications is discussed. Moreover, we apply the correlation technique of the configuration-specific sound scattering to monitoring the dynamic behaviour of the granular medium (irreversible rearrangements) under strong vibration, shearing and thermal cycling, respectively.

基于等效参数反演的结构覆盖层声学性能预报

文章基于等效参数反演的方法研究了结构覆盖层对弹性平板的声散射特性影响。根据结构覆盖层声特性的实验测量结果,基于遗传算法进行反演得到具有相同声学性能的结构覆盖层声学参数;再利用有限元耦合边界元方法分别计算了弹性平板和有限长圆柱壳敷设覆盖层前后的散射声场,获得敷设覆盖层前后的声目标强度;最后,通过消声水池试验测量单、双层平板敷设覆盖层前后的散射声场,与理论仿真结果进行对比。采用覆盖层等效参数计算得到的单、双层平板敷设覆盖层前后的散射声场中目标回波强度差值与试验测量结果的误差在3 dB以内。结果表明根据遗传算法建立的结构覆盖层等效参数反演模型可以用于预报复杂结构覆盖层的声学特性。

Modification to first-order Born approximation for improved prediction of scattered sound from weakly scattering objects

When deriving the Fourier diffraction theorem based on the first-order Born approximation,the difference between wave number of the scattering object and that of the surrounding medium is ignored,causing substantial errors in sound scattering prediction.This paper modifies the Born approximation by taking into account the amplitude and phase changes between the scattering object and the water due to the wave number difference.By changing the radius and center position of the sampling circle in the Fourier domain,accuracy of the predicted sound scattering is improved.With the modified Born approximation,the computed far-field directional pattern of the scattered sound from a circular cylinder is in good agreement with the rigorous solution.Numerical calculations for several objects with different shapes are used to show applicability and effectiveness of the proposed method.

Theoretical analysis for sound wave scattering by parallel cylindrical tubes in boilers

Although the sonic soot cleaning techniques have been applied in boilers in power plants, petrochemical works and general industries world wide, most of the correlated basic problems have not been well solved yet. By using Helmholtz integral equation, sound wave scattered by heat-exchanger tubes is numerically calculated. Sound field distribution characteristics on the tube surfaces and around the tube group is obtained. The results can be applied to the development of sonic soot cleaning techniques in boilers.

水下圆柱体声学隐身斗篷性能研究

水下环境下声学隐身斗篷的发展对潜艇隐身能力的提升具有重要意义,基于水的密度、声速和体积模量为出发点设计了圆柱体水下声学隐身斗篷及其分层模型,研究其在500~3500 Hz范围内圆柱体外周声场特征和隐身性能.研究发现随着隐身层厚度和频率的增加,隐身层内部区域靠近刚性圆柱体的部分出现了零声压区域,导致有效隐身厚度变小.通过增加隐身层厚度来实现高隐身性能的设想在高频率下并不一定成立,但可以延迟零声压区域的出现,巩固隐身层的有效厚度,高频区间则应增加隐身层层数.在3500 Hz频率时,随着声学隐身斗篷层数的增加,实际是减小其散射声压幅值,周期性也更加明显,从而导致总声压偏离背景声压的区域变得更小,隐身能力得到增强.通过对水下圆柱体隐身性能的研究,有效给出了较大频率范围内声学斗篷隐身能力提升的方向.

基于小波散射变换的煤矿瓦斯和煤尘爆炸声音识别方法

为解决煤矿瓦斯与煤尘爆炸灾害报警方法误报率和漏报率高等问题,提高煤矿瓦斯和煤尘爆炸感知准确率,提出了基于小波散射变换的煤矿瓦斯和煤尘爆炸声音识别方法:在煤矿井下重点监测区域安装矿用拾音设备,实时采集设备工作声音和环境音;将采集到的声音通过小波散射变换得到小波散射系数,构建声音信号的小波散射系数图,通过计算小波散射系数图的图像灰度梯度共生矩阵得到由小梯度优势、大梯度优势、能量、灰度平均、梯度平均、灰度均方差、梯度均方差、相关性、灰度熵、梯度熵、混合熵等构成的十一维特征参数,构成表征该声音信号的特征向量,输入到支持向量机(SVM)中训练得到煤矿瓦斯和煤尘爆炸声音识别模型;对待测声音信号同样提取其小波散射系数图的灰度梯度共生矩阵得到十一维特征向量,输入到训练好的煤矿瓦斯和煤尘爆炸声音识别模型中进行声音识别分类,并进行试验验证。采取声音信号的特征提取试验,分析了不同声音的小波散射图及其特征参数分布特点,瓦斯和煤尘爆炸声音的小波散射系数图及其十一维特征向量与煤矿井下其他声音差异明显,证明了所提特征提取方法的可行性;通过贝叶斯优化完成支持向量机超参数优化试验,选取更符合训练模型的超参数,识别试验结果表明,所提方法的识别率为95.77%,明显优于其他对比算法,能够满足煤矿瓦斯和煤尘爆炸识别的需求。

Sound scattering from underwater elastic spherical shell covered with multilayered medium approximated acoustic cloak

The anechoic performance and mechanism of underwater elastic spherical shell covered with coating are studied at low frequencies.The acoustic cloak is anisotropic material,which can be designed with homogeneous isotropic materials on the basis of effective medium approximation theory.The analytic expression of scattering acoustic field from the shell covered with multilayered medium is formulated and the scattering form function,resonance mode,acoustic field distribution are computed,the scattering characteristics and mechanism of transmission are analyzed.The results show that the direction of sound transmission inside the multilayered medium is changed,the acoustic field is deflected gradually,and the acoustic energy flux is guided around the target,which reduces the scattering intensity at low frequencies,the acoustic intensity of target＇s surface is very weak.Excepting the first resonance peak in spectrum produced by the zero order partial wave,the other resonance modes of elastic spherical shell are not excitated and the multilayered medium can suppress the resonance of the spherical shell effectively.