Design of Compliant Straight-line Mechanisms Using Flexural Joints

Straight-line compliant mechanisms are important building blocks to design a linear-motion stage, which is very useful in precision applications. However, only a few configurations of straight-line compliant mechanisms are applicable. To construct more kinds of them, an approach to design large-displacement straight-line flexural mechanisms with rotational flexural joints is proposed, which is based on a viewpoint that the straight-line motion is regarded as a compromise of rigid and compliant parasitic motion of a rotational flexural joint. An analytical design method based on the Taylor series expansion is proposed to quickly obtain an approximate solution. To illustrate and verify the proposed method, two kinds of flexural joints, cross-axis hinge and leaf-type isosceles-trapezoidal flexural（LITF） pivot are used to reconstruct straight-line flexural mechanisms. Their performances are obtained by analytic and FEA method respectively. The comparisons of the results show the accuracy of the approach. Both examples show that the proposed approach can convert a large-deflection flexural joint into approximate straight-line mechanism with a high linearity that is higher than 5 000 within 5 man displacement. This can lead to a new way to design, analyze or optimize straight-line flexure mechanisms.

Study on Numerical Comparison Method of Four-bar Straight-line Guidance Mechanism

In order to solve four-bar straight-line guidance mechanism synthesis problem for the arbitrarily given straight-line’s"angle requirement"and"point-position requirement",a numerical comparison synthesis method for single and double straight-line guidance mechanism is presented,which is convenient to realize by computer program.The basic idea of this method is:to select a four-bar linkage whose relative bar length of crank is 1 as a basic four-bar linkage.Then the other three relative bars’length is changed,and a lot of basic four-bar linkage can be obtained.There are many single and double ball-points of each basic four-bar linkage.With the motion of a basic four-bar linkage,there is straight-line segment of each Ball-point’s path.The data of these basic four-bar linkages is saved to a database.When designing a four-bar straight-line guidance mechanism,the design data is compared with the data in database and a satisfactory four-bar linkage can be obtained.The method effectively solves the straight-line guidance mechanism synthesis problem.

Revisit of Dynamical Mechanisms of Transporting Asteroids in the 3:1 Resonance to the Near-Earth Space

It is well-known that the asteroids in the main belt trapped in the 3：1 Mean Motion Resonance （MMR） with Jupiter （at semi-major axes -2.5 AU） are few in number, forming one of the so-called Kirkwood Gaps. Wisdom pointed out that chaotic motion of such aster- oids can increase their eccentricities and make them approach and cross the orbit of Mars （or even the Earth）. We numerically investigated the orbital evolution of the asteroids involved in 3：1 MMR （NEOs） over millions of years and revisited the dynamical mechanisms of trasporitng such asteroids into the NEO region. The results show that the dynamical evolution of the asteroids around 2.5 AU is mainly dominated by the 3：1 resonance, the v5 and v6 secular resonances and the Kozai resonance, and these bodies can evolve into NEOs through several of the dynamical mechanisms, so indicating possible dynamical origin of the NEOs.

A Study on Dimension Synthesis for the Peaucellier Mechanism

Straight-line motion, albeit simple, manifests itself in numerous applications, from running steam engines and oil wells to manufacturing parts with straight edges and sides. The drive to maximize production creates a need for continuously running assembly-line manufacturing comprised of precise, individually optimized components. While there are many so-called straight-line generating mechanisms, few actually produces a true straight-line, most generate only approximate straight-line. Featured an eight-link rhomboidal system with length constraints,, the Peaucellier mechanism is one that actually produces a true straight line intrinsically. This paper presents a study on the dimension synthesis of the Peaucellier mechanism, namely by identifying the correct ratio of linkage lengths to produce the longest straight line stroke. In addition to designing for stroke, another objective of interest is to attain a desired velocity profile along the path. Kinematic analysis of the velocity profile on the mechanism will render the creation of input angular velocity standards based on desired stroke speed. Given the stroke and velocity specifications, specific steps to size the dimensions of the mechanism developed as result of this study will be presented.

Decomposition Behavior and Decomposition Products of Epoxy Resin Cured with MeHHPA in Near-critical Water

A kind of chemical method that used water as the liquid reaction medium to decompose epoxy resin was studied. The thermosetting epoxy resin was decomposed successfully under the condition of near-critical water. The decomposition rate of epoxy resin raised rapidly as the reaction time and reaction temperature increased. The decomposition reaction products were characterized by infra-red spectra and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The phenol, isopropylphenol, 4, 4＇-（1-methylethylidene） bis-phenol were found as the main compounds in liquid products, which were common monomers from epoxy resin. When reaction was carried out at the temperature of 260℃ -300 ℃, the decomposition mechanism of epoxy resin was envisaged as the ether and ester bonds cracking.

NEAR RAPID DIRECTIONAL SOLIDIFICATION AND ITS SUPERFINE MICROSTRUCTURE

This paper briefly reviews the recent research on the near rapid directional solidification and microstructure superfining. The morphology transitions and the corresponding mechanical properties are presented. The critical velocities relevant to the morphology transitions are comprehensively given. Meanwhile the solidification characteristics near absolute stability limit are studied.It can be clearly seen that the superfine microstructures possess extremely better properties compared with the conventional microstructures.

The 2018 M_S 5.9 Mojiang Earthquake:Source model and intensity based on near-field seismic recordings

On September 8, 2018, an M_S 5.9 earthquake struck Mojiang, a county in Yunnan Province, China. We collect near-field seismic recordings(epicentral distances less than 200 km) to relocate the mainshock and the aftershocks within the first 60 hours to determine the focal mechanism solutions of the mainshock and some of the aftershocks and to invert for the finite-fault model of the mainshock.The focal mechanism solution of the mainshock and the relocation results of the aftershocks constrain the mainshock on a nearly vertical fault plane striking northeast and dipping to the southeast. The inversion of the finite-fault model reveals only a single slip asperity on the fault plane. The major slip is distributed above the initiation point, ～14 km wide along the down-dip direction and ～14 km long along the strike direction, with a maximal slip of ～22 cm at a depth of ～6 km. The focal mechanism solutions of the aftershocks show that most of the aftershocks are of the strike-slip type, a number of them are of the normal-slip type, and only a few of them are of the thrust-slip type.On average, strike-slip is dominant on the fault plane of the mainshock, as the focal mechanism solution of the mainshock suggests, but when examined in detail, slight thrust-slip appears on the southwest of the fault plane while an obvious part of normal-slip appears on the northeast, which is consistent with what the focal mechanism solutions of the aftershocks display. The multiple types of aftershock focal mechanism solutions and the slip details of the mainshock both suggest a complex tectonic setting, stress setting, or both. The intensity contours predicted exhibit a longer axis trending from northeast to southwest and a maximal intensity of Ⅷ around the epicenter and in the northwest.

An Investigation of Near-Equatorial Geomagnetic Pi2 Pulsations

There is understanding to date that Pi2 pulsations have two sources. One source is a high-latitude one and is due to fluctuations of electro jet parameters. The other source is a mid-latitude one and is driven by a global mode excited in the Earths plasmasphere. There is experimental evidence that in the nearequatorial regions the character of Pi2 excitation is different from high and mid-latitudes. In this connection,we investigated the amplitude-spectral-polarization characteristics of Pi2 pulsations using the date from nearequatorial Chinese stations. The detected regularities in the excitation of near-equatorial Pi2 pulsations are used in the discussion of the possible physical mechanism that is responsible for the generation of these pulsations.

深部煤层近井激光热裂机理及工艺参数优化

中国深部煤层气资源丰富,是煤层气进一步开发的重要领域,但深部煤层气地质条件复杂,具有低孔、超低渗特征。在钻井过程中,钻井液进入储层易造成近井污染,常规水力压裂技术趋于在最大水平主应力方向造缝,全井眼的解堵困难。激光热裂技术具有短时间破裂岩石、同时通过机械设备调控能自由改变激光照射角度,形成径向裂缝、解决近井污染等优势。使用ABAQUS有限元软件,建立激光热裂煤层模型,探讨激光热裂机理及激光工艺参数的影响。分析裂缝长度与数量的变化规律,优选出解决现场近井污染区域的最佳激光参数。结果表明:(1)激光照射热裂煤层是使煤层表面存在温差而产生热应力导致煤层破裂。(2)裂缝数量与激光功率、激光照射煤层的时间呈正相关,激光功率由400 W增大到1000 W时,裂缝数量由10条增加到37条;激光功率600 W时,照射时间由1 s增至15 s,裂缝数量由24条增至36条;裂缝数量与激光频率呈负相关,随着激光照射煤层距离增大先增大后减小,照射距离为10 cm时产生裂缝数量最多。(3)裂缝长度与激光功率、照射煤层时间以及激光频率呈正相关,与照射煤层距离呈负相关,其中激光照射时间影响最明显,照射时间1 s时裂缝长度为1.52 mm,照射时间增加到5 s时裂缝长度激增为57.6 mm。以陕西韩城深部取心样品为例,激光热裂深部煤层2 m范围内的近井污染最佳激光功率为20 kW,最佳激光照射时间为2280 s。相较于水力压裂,激光热裂煤层能形成更加复杂的裂缝,但形成的裂缝长度较小,实际应用中,建议将水力压裂技术与激光热裂技术相结合,以实现解堵和增渗的目的。

近疲劳强度循环荷载下粉砂岩强度变化机制

通过开展不同循环次数的循环加卸载转单调加载试验,结合声发射和CT扫描技术,揭示了近疲劳强度循环荷载作用下泥质石英粉砂岩的细观破裂演化规律、裂隙扩展特征与强度变化机制.结果表明:(1)泥质石英粉砂岩的损伤应力小于疲劳强度,可称损伤应力与疲劳强度之间的应力水平为近疲劳强度.(2)随着循环次数增加,粉砂岩峰值强度先小幅下降后持续增加最终趋于稳定,当一次循环后轴向(体积)变形从压缩(膨胀)转为几乎不变时,可认为粉砂岩的强度从劣化转为强化.(3)单调加载阶段应力接近峰值强度时,粉砂岩中、低频区的声发射信号大幅增加,可将其视为岩石受压破坏的先兆.(4)当循环次数较低时,循环过程中粉砂岩的弱胶结结构断裂,有效承载面积减小,转单调加载后岩石破裂尺度增大、内部裂纹局部集中,发生劣化,呈单斜面剪切破坏.(5)当循环次数较高时,循环过程中粉砂岩胶结强度增加、细观结构更为致密与均匀,有效承载面积增大,岩石内部在泊松效应的影响下持续产生横向拉应力,转单调加载后岩石裂隙尺寸、裂隙密度和破碎程度降低,发生强化,呈张拉–剪切的复合裂隙网络.

基于注意力机制残差神经网络的近红外芒果种类定性建模方法

现代光谱检测技术的飞速发展与深度学习紧密相关,作为一种端到端的模型,深度神经网络可以从光谱中得到更多信息,从而提升模型鲁棒性。为探究近红外光谱结合深度学习对芒果种类定性预测的可行性,提出一种基于卷积注意力机制(CBAM)的一维残差神经网络(1D-AD-ResNet-18)模型。为降低光谱中冗余信息的干扰,在传统一维残差神经网络(1D-ResNet-18)中嵌入CBAM卷积注意力模块,该模块可重点关注光谱局部有用信息;为避免梯度消失、过拟合情况发生,使用解决网络“退化”问题的ResNet-18。对于186个芒果样本,采用70%的样本进行训练,30%的样本进行测试,采用准确度(Accuracy)、精确率(Precision)、召回率(Recall)、F1值(F1-score)、宏观平均值(Macro-average)以及加权平均值(Weighted-average)作为模型评价指标。建立传统1D-ResNet-18、SNV-SVM和PCA-KNN三种对比模型,与上述三种方法作对比,所建立的1D-AD-ResNet-18模型取得最优预测结果,四种定性分析模型的准确率分别为96.42%,80.35%,76.78%和67.85%。结果表明,1D-AD-ResNet-18模型实现了对芒果种类的准确识别与分类,为近红外光谱定性分析芒果种类提供了新思路。

小当量近场爆炸冲击下CFRP层合板失效机理及吸能特性

为研究碳纤维增强环氧树脂基复合材料(Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer,CFRP)在小当量近场爆炸冲击下的失效机理及吸能特性,对CFRP层合板分别开展了自由场爆炸试验和扫描电镜试验。同时,建立采用3D Hashin失效准则的复合材料层合板损伤模型,针对近场爆炸冲击下CFRP层合板的动响应行为进行了数值模拟,结合试验结果分析了CFRP层合板在近场爆炸冲击下的失效机理及吸能特性。结果表明:CFRP层合板迎爆面与背爆面失效模式存在差异,层合板迎爆面受到冲击波直接作用,出现基体开裂、纤维断裂或中心穿孔失效,分层出现在纤维⁃基体界面;背爆面由于反射拉伸波的作用,出现大面积的分层失效与裂片飞出,分层出现在基体内部。在层合板动响应过程中,高应力区域集中在穿孔区域边界,沿纤维方向分布,0°与90°铺层的应力水平高于±45°铺层。与迎爆面相比,背爆面处的层合板吸收转化大部分能量,约占总吸能的52%~56%。

环氧树脂基近红外吸收涂层的近红外光谱、力学及耐盐水性能研究

以环氧树脂为粘合剂,Sm2O3为功能颜料,硅烷偶联剂和石墨烯为改性剂,制备得到了一种同时具有突出力学性能和耐盐水性能的近红外低反射率涂层。系统研究了Sm2O3添加量、硅烷偶联剂种类、硅烷偶联剂添加量和石墨烯添加量对涂层性能的影响。结果表明:Sm2O3添加量的增加可明显降低涂层对1.06μm近红外光的反射率,当Sm2O3添加量为50%,涂层对1.06μm近红外光的反射率可低至31.2%。此时,涂层的附着力和耐冲击强度分别可达到1级和50 kg·cm。用硅烷偶联剂改性涂层,偶联剂上的强极性基团分别可与涂层中的树脂基体和颜料形成共价键结合,从而可发挥桥连作用,进而可明显改善涂层的柔韧性,其中KH560的改性效果最佳。当KH560添加量为5%,涂层的柔韧性可从改性前的9 mm显著改善为改性后的4 mm。石墨烯具有特殊的共平面结构和超长共轭结构特征,使其对入射光的吸收可延伸到近红外区域。石墨烯特殊的片层结构使其具有很高的耐冲击强度和柔韧性,在涂层中添加石墨烯可明显改善涂层的力学性能。研究发现石墨烯的添加可在进一步改善涂层力学性能的前提下显著降低涂层对1.06μm近红外光的反射率。当石墨烯添加量为8%,涂层对1.06μm近红外光的反射率可低至12.6%,此时涂层可具备突出的激光隐身效能。同时,涂层的附着力、柔韧性和耐冲击强度分别可达到1级、2 mm和50 kg·cm,可很好地满足实际工程应用要求。在环氧树脂、硅烷偶联剂和石墨烯的协同界面优化作用下,最佳配方(Sm2O3添加量为50%、KH560添加量为5%、石墨烯添加量为8%)的涂层经盐水腐蚀21 d后,涂层的微结构、近红外低反射率性能和力学性能可保持稳定。此时,涂层对1.06μm近红外光的反射率为12.47%,涂层的附着力、柔韧性和耐冲击强度分别可保持在1级、2 mm和45 kg·cm,表明制备的涂层具有良好的耐盐水性能。

功能性近红外光谱应用于脑认知领域的可视化分析

目的:对功能性近红外光谱技术应用于脑认知相关研究的现状、热点及前沿行可视化分析。方法:检索Web of Science(WOS)数据库2012年1月1日~2022年12月31日功能性近红外光谱技术应用于脑认知研究的文献,使用CiteSpace 5.7软件进行可视化分析。结果:最终纳入文献1685篇,文献年发表量呈增长趋势。Ann-Christine Ehlis是发文最多的作者(36篇),美国是发文量最多的国家(480篇),德国图宾根大学是发文量最多的机构(47篇),发文机构间合作较密切。研究热点集中于认知障碍及儿童脑发育障碍等认知疾病的神经机制研究、认知水平测量及认知疾病治疗评价等方面。结论:功能性近红外光谱技术在脑认知领域的应用处于发展阶段,国内机构应继续强化合作,近年研究开始结合多模态检测数据,研究者可进一步将多模态大数据结合人工智能建立各类认知疾病的认知评估、疗效评价等模型,实现脑认知疾病的客观化精准医疗。

近α型高温钛合金起燃机理

采用激光氧浓度实验方法,研究激光功率和氧浓度对近α型高温钛合金(TA19合金)燃烧状态的影响,发现合金的起燃温度随激光功率和氧浓度的增加而降低,在200—325 W的激光功率以及21%—60%的氧体积浓度条件下,TA19合金的起燃温度为W27—1595℃,低于合金熔点.通过组织表征揭示保护性氧化层的失效形式,并结合氧化层应力失效模型分析起燃机理:1520℃以上TiO的高蒸气压特性导致表层TiO_(2)下方形成孔隙缺陷,加速TiO_(2)层的热应力失效;且起燃时需要同时满足临界温度条件和瞬时温度变化率条件.在此基础上,将保护性氧化层失效机理与能量方程结合以构建起燃模型;根据实验数据拟合计算得到TA19合金在起燃阶段的反应激活能约为280 kJ/mol,并得出起燃温度随激光功率和氧浓度变化的函数关系为1.2×10^(10)exp(-280000/RT_(ig))c^(1/2)+0.52R_(L)-315=0.该结果对航空发动机复杂气流条件下的阻燃性能研究及其他类型钛合金的起燃温度预测提供理论参考.

基于波长注意力的多特征融合卷积神经网络的近红外光谱定量方法

深度学习技术越来越多地应用在近红外光谱的定量分析中,由于近红外光谱数据存在光谱数据量少、数据质量不足等问题,将传统卷积神经网络应用在光谱的定量分析中会出现过拟合,为提升卷积神经网络提取光谱信息的能力,增强网络的泛化性,提出了基于波长注意力的多特征融合卷积神经网络模型(MWA-CNN),对芒果近红外光谱进行干物质含量定量分析。MWA-CNN在传统卷积神经网络的基础上加入了注意力机制以及多特征融合机制,网络可以在训练过程中学习到不同光谱特征以及不同波段的权重信息,从而提取到高质量的光谱信息,缓解传统卷积神经网络中的过拟合问题,提升回归分析的精度。研究中采用11691个芒果样本的近红外光谱数据,采用随机法将80%的样本作为训练集,20%的样本作为测试集,通过测试集均方根误差(RMSEP)、训练集均方根误差(RMSEC)、决定系数(R2)、平均绝对误差(MAE)进行模型评价。先对光谱数据进行标准化预处理,然后通过与偏最小二乘回归(PLS)、极限学习机回归(ELM)、支持向量机回归(SVR)和传统的卷积神经网络(CNN)四种传统模型在原始光谱条件下的预测结果进行对比。预测结果表明MWA-CNN网络在五种方法中表现最佳,MWA-CNN在测试集中的RMSE为0.6699,传统的CNN效果仅次于MWA-CNN,RMSE为0.7408,且MWA-CNN的过拟合程度相较传统CNN下降明显,MWA-CNN中测试集相较于训练集的RMSE增加了15.69%,而CNN中测试集相较于训练集的RMSE增加了151.45%。通过对光谱加入不同信噪比的噪声,再对加噪之后的光谱分别用五种模型进行预测,实验结果表明,在多种信噪比条件下,MWA-CNN模型均能取得五种模型中最优的效果,从实验结果表明,MWA-CNN在近红外光谱定量回归中具有较高的预测精度和泛化能力,同时具有一定的抗噪能力。

基于CAM-YOLOX的大场景SAR图像近岸场景舰船目标检测

针对大场景SAR图像近岸场景舰船目标检测中遇到的陆地目标虚警和岸边目标漏检等问题,基于YOLOX设计了一种轻量化的改进模型CAM-YOLOX。首先,在骨干部分嵌入CAM,增强舰船特征提取以保持较高的检测性能;其次,在特征金字塔网络结构中增加一个浅层分支,以增强对小目标特征的提取能力;最后,在特征融合网络中用Shuffle unit替换CSPLayer中的CBS和堆叠的Bottleneck结构,实现了模型压缩。在LS-SSDD-v1.0遥感数据集上进行实验,实验结果表明,本文改进算法相较于原始算法在近岸场景舰船检测的精确率P提高了5.51%,召回率R提高了3.68%,模型参数量减小了16.33%。本文算法能在不增加模型参数量的情况下,有效抑制近岸场景中陆地上的虚警和减少岸边舰船漏检率。

近红外驱动光催化全分解水:进展与展望

实现高效、低成本的太阳能光催化全分解水制氢是解决当前环境污染和化石能源过度使用等问题的理想方案.然而,目前光催化分解水的转化效率(低于10%)普遍较低,这成为其实际应用的主要障碍.从太阳光谱的响应范围来看,现有的光催化剂大多局限于紫外光或可见光区域,而近红外光区的光催化剂开发仍然非常有限.尽管近红外光在太阳光谱中占比超过一半,蕴含着巨大的能源潜力,但遗憾的是,目前大部分光催化剂无法在该波段实现高效的光催化反应.根据理论预测,光分解水的转化效率有望随着催化剂响应太阳光波长范围的扩大而显著提高.因此,如何最大限度地利用太阳能,特别是近红外光区域的光能,开发高效的近红外光响应光催化全解水制氢催化剂,已成为当前能源、环境、化学工程领域研究的热点.本文综述了近红外光驱动全分解水光催化剂在材料设计和调控方面的最新进展,涉及窄带隙半导体、带隙工程、上转换效应、局域表面等离子体效应和光敏化作用等策略.首先,从热力学和动力学的角度分析了近红外光驱动全分解水的难点:对于大多数半导体而言,要实现近红外驱动全分解水不仅要求理论带隙窄于1.77 eV,而且必须超过水氧化还原分解电位(1.23 eV),同时由于存在电位损失和动力学过电位,实际的带隙结构应在1.6–2.4 eV,这对半导体的能带结构提出了较为苛刻的要求.此外,全分解水反应的可逆性、溶解氧的影响以及材料的光稳定性问题也是实现近红外光驱动全分解水的挑战.其次,总结了各方法制备的催化剂全分解水制氢的性能,分析了其近红外光子捕获方法的优缺点,特别指出了如何在每种方法的基础上进一步促进光生载流子的分离以及近红外光子的捕获能力(比如:负载贵金属单原子助催化剂、多种方法结合构筑多元复合体系以及光催化剂表面优化等).同时,强调了在近红外驱动全分解水过程中材料特征、催化性质与功能机理三者之间的关系.尤其是利用等离子体效应和光敏化作用来实现近红外光驱动全分解水的机理,目前尚不明确,需要结合理论计算以及先进的时空分辨仪器进一步研究电荷转移机制.另外,总结了全光谱响应的全分解水制氢光催化剂在材料设计和调控方面的最新进展,包括:光敏化作用的应用、带隙调控的策略、局域表面等离子体效应的研究,以及乌尔巴赫带尾吸收捕获技术的探索.最后,归纳并展望了未来近红外驱动全分解水光催化剂所面临的挑战与机遇.尽管近年来国内外学者们围绕着近红外驱动全分解水制氢光催化剂开展了系列研究工作,取得了一些突破性进展,但近红外驱动全分解水制氢效率仍然较低以及对于近红外响应光催化剂的设计和调控方面仍然面临着许多挑战.如何设计和开发廉价、稳定且高效的近红外驱动全分解水制氢光催化剂仍需进一步探索.因此,未来需要结合不同构筑方法的优势来加强近红外区的光捕获能力、实现多元复合材料界面间的精准调控、通过高端原位时空分辨仪器以及理论计算剖析近红外驱动全分解水的过程等方面对近红外响应光催化材料进行深入研究.

基于稀疏自注意力和可见-近红外光谱的土壤氮含量预测

氮是影响作物生长的关键因素,精准获取土壤氮含量是实施各类农田水肥管理技术的基础。利用可见-近红外光谱技术可以快速检测土壤氮含量,预测模型精度和泛化能力是制约将光谱技术应用于土壤氮含量检测的瓶颈。为此,提出了一种基于稀疏自注意力和可见-近红外光谱的土壤氮含量预测模型(Visible-near-infrared reflection spectrum and sparse transformer,VNIRSformer)用于提升预测精度和泛化能力。模型由输入层、嵌入层、编码器、解码器、预测层和输出层组成。采用大型公开数据集(Land use/cover area frame statistical survey,LUCAS)训练模型以提升模型泛化能力。实验测试VNIRSformer模型在15种不同光谱波长间隔下的性能,发现:随着波长间隔增加,预测精度先升后降,模型规模不断变小。波长间隔为1 nm时模型预测精度最低,RMSE为0.47 g/kg,R^(2)为0.78。波长间隔为5 nm时模型预测精度最高,RMSE为0.35 g/kg,R^(2)为0.89。当波长间隔从0.5 nm增加至1 nm时,模型规模下降最快,下降比例约为72%。当增加至5 nm后,模型规模匀速下降,下降比例约为5%。综合考虑模型规模及性能,最佳波长间隔设为5 nm。与6种不同预测模型(2种卷积神经网络、传统自注意力模型、偏最小二乘回归、支持向量机回归和K近邻回归)进行对比实验,发现:VNIRSformer模型性能最佳,RMSE为0.35 g/kg,R^(2)为0.89,RPD为2.95。测试VNIRSformer对不同等级的土壤氮含量预测能力,发现:VNIRSformer模型能够较好预测小于5 g/kg的土壤氮含量。将VNIRSformer模型直接应用于自采数据集,发现:R^(2)下降约0.17,表明模型具有一定泛化能力。研究表明,选取波长间隔为5 nm的光谱数据作为VNIRSformer模型输入,预测性能最佳,规模适中;稀疏注意力机制有助于提升模型预测精度,降低模型训练时间;预测模型具有一定泛化能力。研究结果可为基于可见-近红外光谱的土壤氮含量预测技术田间实际应用提供理论支持。

基于PVDF的装药水下爆炸能量近场测试技术与实现

为了提高水中兵器爆炸毁伤能力评估的准确性,解决现有技术方法无法准确反映近场爆炸能量的问题,开展基于聚偏氟乙烯(Polyvinylidene Fluoride,PVDF)的爆炸能量近场测试技术研究;利用PVDF薄膜优异的压电性能设计近场压力传感器,并开展水下爆炸试验验证了冲击波压力采集系统的可行性。结果表明,所设计的传感器具有优良的绝缘防护和隔热效果,实现了亚吉帕级压力测量,适用于装药水下爆炸能量的近场测量;压力测量系统能在3.4倍装药半径位置处采集到峰值达500 MPa的完整压力时程曲线,测量结果与Josef Henrych经验公式计算结果的最大偏差为7.3%,最小偏差为0.3%;基于试验测量的近场压力时程曲线,得到TNT炸药在3.4倍装药半径处的平均比冲击波能为0.991 MJ/kg,验证了设计的PVDF压电薄膜传感器适用于精确测量装药的近场水下爆炸能量。研究成果可为装药水下爆炸能量精确测量提供重要方法。