Negative Temperature Coefficient of Resistivity in Bulk Nanostructured Ag

The change of the temperature coefficient of resistivity (a) with the particle size, dp, and the grain size, dc, in the nanostructured Ag bulk samples was investigated. dp and dc were controlled by heating the nano-Ag powders over the temperature range from 393 to 453 K. The electrical resistance measurements of the nanostructured Ag bulk samples obtained by compacting the Ag powders after heat treatments showed a change in the sign of a with dP and dc. When dp and dc are smaller or equal to 18 and 11 nm below room temperature or 20 and 12 nm above room temperature, respectively, the sign of the temperature coefficient of resistivity changes from positive to negative. The negative a arises mainly from the high resistivity induced by the particle interfaces with very lowly ordered or even disordered structure, a large volume fraction of interfaces and impurities existing in the interfaces, and the quantum size effect appearing in the nano-Ag grains.

Enhanced thermal constant B of diamond films for ultrahigh sensitivity negative temperature coefficient thermistors

Negative temperature coefficient(NTC)thermistor plays a crucial role in science research and engineering applications for precise temperature monitoring.Although great progress has been achieved in NTC materials,enhancing sensitivity and maintaining this high sensitivity along with linearity across extensive temperature ranges remain a significant challenge.In this study,we introduce a diamondbased thermistor(DT)characterized by its outstanding sensitivity,swift response time,and broad temperature monitoring capabilities.The temperature constant B for this DT,measured from 30 to 300°C(B30/300),achieves an exceptional value of 8012 K,which notably exceeds the temperature sensing capabilities of previously reported NTC thermistors within this extensive range.Moreover,diamond’s unique thermal conductivity and stability significantly boost the response speed and durability of the DT,offering substantial advantages over traditional ceramic thermistors.The enhanced temperature-sensitive properties of the DT are attributed to the presence of impurity elements in polycrystalline diamond.Impedance analysis indicates a hopping conduction mechanism,likely involving C-H or C-N dipoles at the diamond grain boundaries.This study marks a significant leap forward in diamond thermistor technology and sheds light on the mechanisms of thermal active conduction in diamond materials.

A novel(Sm_(0.2)Eu_(0.2)Gd_(0.2)Ho_(0.2)Yb_(0.2))CrO_(3)high-entropy ceramic nanofiber as a negative temperature coefficient thermistor

The electrical properties of high-entropy ceramics(HECs)have been extensively studied in recent years due to their unique structural characteristics and fascinating functional properties induced by entropy engineering.Novel high-entropy(Sm_(0.2)Eu_(0.2)Gd_(0.2)Ho_(0.2)Yb_(0.2))CrO_(3)(HE-RECrO_(3))nanofibers were prepared by electro spinning.This work demonstrates that HE-RECrO_(3)nanofibe rs were successfully synthesized at a low temperature(800℃),which is approximately 400℃lower than the temperatures at which chromate ceramics were synthesized via the sol-gel method and the solid-state reaction method.The resistivity of HE-RECrO_(3)nanofibers decreases exponentially with increasing temperature from 25 to600℃.The logarithm of the resistivity is linearly related to the inverse of the temperature,confirming the negative temperature coefficient property of HE-RECrO_(3)nanofibers.The B_(25/50)value of the HERECrO_(3)nanofibers reaches 4072 K.In conclusion,HE-RECrO_(3)nanofibers are expected to be potential candidates for negative-temperature-coefficient(NTC)thermistors.

Positive temperature coefficient of resistivity effects of semiconducting (Bi(1/2)Na(1/2)) TiO_3-CaTiO_3-BaTiO_3 ceramics sintered in air atmosphere

Y^3＋-doped （Bi 1/2 Na 1/2） TiO 3-CaTiO 3-BaTiO 3 （BNCBT） positive temperature coefficient of resistivity （PTCR） ceramics sintered in air atmosphere were investigated in this study. （Bi 1/2 Na 1/2） TiO 3 （BNT） component can remarkably increase the onset temperature T c of PTCR ceramics with the expense of the resistivity R 25 increase. CaTiO 3 （9–27 mol%） component can decrease the resistivity, and adjust the effects of BNT phase on the T c point. For the sample containing 3 mol% CaTiO 3 , T c raises from 122 ℃ to 153 ℃ when only 0.6 mol% BNT added, while for the ones with higher CaTiO 3 content （9–27 mol%）, T c is only increased by a rate of 8–9℃/1.0 mol% BNT. The effects of BNT and CaTiO 3 components on R25/Rmin （negative temperature coefficient effect） are also discussed.

Resistivity-Temperature Behavior of CB-Filled HDPE Foaming Composites

High-density polyethylene/carbon black foaming conductive composites were prepared from acetylene black（ACEY） and super conductive carbon black（HG-1P） as conductive filler, low-density polyethylene（LDPE） as the second component, ethylene-vinyl acetate（EVA） and ethylene propylene rubber（EPR） as the third component, azobisformamide（AC） as foamer, and dicumyl peroxide（DCP） as cross-linker. The structure and resistivity-temperature behavior of high-density polyethylene（HDPE）/CB foaming conductive composites were investigated. Influences of carbon black, LDPE, EVA, EPR, AC, and DCP on the foaming performance and resistivity-temperature behavior of HDPE/CB foaming conductive composites were also studied. The results reveal that HDPE/CB foaming conductive composite exhibits better switching characteristic; ACET-filled HDPE foaming conductive composite displays better positive temperature coefficient（PYC） effect; whereas super conductive carbon black（HG-1P）-filled HDPE foaming conductive composite shows better negative temperature coefficient（NTC） effect.

Exploring the Low-Temperature Oxidation Chemistry of Cyclohexane in a Jet-Stirred Reactor:an Experimental and Kinetic Modeling Study

We report the investigation on the low-temperature oxidation of cyclohexane in a jet-stirred reactor over 500-742 K. Synchrotron vacuum ultraviolet photoionization mass spectrometry （SVUV-PIMS） was used for identifying and quantifying the oxidation species. Major products, cyclic olefins, and oxygenated products including reactive hydroperoxides and high oxygen compounds were detected. Compared with n-alkanes, a narrow low-temperature window （-80 K） was observed in the low-temperature oxidation of cyclohexane. Besides, a kinetic model for cyclohexane oxidation was developed based on the CNRS model [Combust. Flame 160, 2319 （2013）], which can better capture the experimental results than previous models. Based on the modeling analysis, the 1,5-H shift dominates the crucial isomerization steps of the first and second O2 addition products in the low-temperature chain branching process of cyclohexane. The negative temperature coefficient behavior of cyclohexane oxidation results from the reduced chain branching due to the competition from chain inhibition and propagation reactions, i.e. the reaction between cyclohexyl radical and O2 and the de- composition of cyclohexylperoxy radical, both producing cyclohexene and HO2 radical, as well as the decomposition of cyclohexylhydroperoxy radical producing hex-5-en-l-al and OH radical.

Fabrication of nano-grained negative temperature coefficient thermistors with high electrical stability

Dense nano-grained Ni_(0.7)Mn_(2.3O4) negative temperature coefficient(NTC) thermistors were fabricated by a novel two-step sintering approach that combines rapid sintering and principle of conventional two-step sintering technique.Samples were sintered at 1042℃ for 30 s in the first rapid step and then at 850-950℃ for 20 h in the second soaking step.Crystal phase,microstructure and electrical properties of sintered samples were studied by X-ray diffraction(XRD),scanning electron microscopy(SEM),resistance temperature relationship and aging performance.Sintered samples show a single-phase cubic spinel structure and indicate a high relative density ranging from 84% to 91% of the theoretical density.Moreover,average grain sizes of sintered samples under SEM are distributed between 254 and 570 nm.Meanwhile,the resistivity and the aging coefficient significantly decrease when soaking sintering temperature rises.In addition,the obtained material constant(B) ranges from 3931 to 3981 K.Ni_(0.7)Mn_(2.3)O_(4)-3(soaking at 900℃) and Ni_(0.7)Mn_(2.3O4)-4(soaking at 950℃) present little aging behavior,implying great electrical stability.

A Chemical Kinetics Perspective on the High-Temperature Oxidation of Methane and Propane through Experiments and Kinetic Analysis

In the conversion of methane and propane under high temperature and pressure,the ignition delay time(IDT)is a key parameter to consider for designing an inherently safe process.In this study,the IDT characteristics of methane and propane(700–1000 K,10–20 bar)were studied experimentally and using kinetic modeling tools at stoichiometric fuel-tooxygen ratios.All the experiments were conducted through insentropic compression.The reliable experimental data were obtained by using the adiabatic core hypothesis,which can be used to generate and validate the detailed chemical kinetics model.The IDTs of methane and propane were recorded by a rapid compression machine(RCM)and compared to the predicted values obtained by the NUIGMech 3.0 mechanism.To test the applicability of NUIGMech 3.0 under different reaction conditions,the influence of temperature in the range of 700–1000 K(and the influence of pressure in the range of 10–20 bar)on the IDT was studied.The results showed that NUIGMech 3.0 could reasonably reproduce the experimentally determined IDT under the wide range of conditions studied.The constant volume chemical kinetics model was used to reveal the effect of temperature on the elementary reaction,and the negative temperature coefficient(NTC)behavior of propane was also observed at 20 bar.The experimental data can serve as a reference for the correction and application of kinetic data,as well as provide a theoretical basis for the safe conversion of low-carbon hydrocarbon chemicals.

Preparation of Homogeneous Mn-Co-Ni-O Negative Temperature Coefficient Ceramic by Improved Oxalate Coprecipitation

High-quality Mn-Co-Ni oxalate powder was prepared in a mixed solvent of water and ethanol by an improved oxalate coprecipitation approach.The as-prepared oxalate powder appears a controlled homogeneous morphology and narrower particle size distribution by conveniently adjusing the ratio of water to ethanol.The ceramic,moulded with the high quality oxalate precursor,could be densified at a lower temperature of 1150 ℃;and also exhibits a higher density and the more homogeneous microstructurc with smaller grain sizes of 2-5 urn.Accordingly,the NTC thermistors fabricated from the ceramic have a better yield as compared to the traditional method.

SnO_2基NTC热敏陶瓷性能及结构的研究

以 Sn O2 为主要原料 ,外加 Sb2 O3、陶瓷熔块等 ,成功地研制出了室温至 2 0 0℃范围内使用的多元系统负温度系数 NTC热敏电阻陶瓷 ,并通过 XRD及电性能测定等分析手段 ,对其电学性能。

不同炭黑填充的PVC/EPDM复合NTC材料电性能的研究

首先研究了特导炭黑(HG-1P)和乙炔炭黑(ACET)填充聚氯乙烯(PVC)单组分复合材料的逾渗行为和阻温特性:特导炭黑导电性较好,较少的填充量就能达到较低的室温电阻率,在升温过程中表现出稳定的NTC效应;乙炔炭黑导电性能偏差,达到相同的导电性需要更多填充量,在升温过程中先是出现弱的PTC效应,继而出现NTC效应。然后,引入三元乙丙橡胶(EPDM)、乙丙橡胶(EPR)作为第二组分,EVA作为第三组分,发现多组分复合材料电阻降低,阻温曲线表现出一些新的特征。

Epoxy Resin/Nano Ni@C Composites Exhibiting NTC Effect with Tunable Resistivity

Epoxy resin/Ni@C nanoparticle composites with aligned microstructure were prepared by using a procedure of magnetic field assisted curing. The results show that the resistivity of composites exhibits negative temperature coefficient （NTC） effect above room temperature, and can be adjusted by varying the content filler and the magnitude of magnetic field applied. Hill＇s quantum tunneling model was modified to understand the electrical conduction mechanism in the composites. It shows that the NTC effect ascribes to the dominant thermal activated tunneling transport of electron across adjacent nanoparticles, as well as the low thermal expansivity of epoxy resin matrix.

NTC热敏电阻温度特性研究

通过实验研究了NTC热敏电阻随温度的变化情况,得到电阻～温度曲线。根据NTC热敏电阻值的自然对数与其绝对温度之间的线性关系,利用最小二乘法确定了热敏指数B,从而求得在测量温度范围内的温度系数αT。

IGBT模块集成NTC的应用研究

IGBT模块中集成负温度系数(NTC)温度电阻可较为准确地反映IGBT硅芯片温度。该文以IGBT模块中NTC的设计及应用为核心,对集成NTC在IGBT内部的安装形式、安全规范应用、热传导原理及工程应用中有关NTC温度的获取方法及机理进行深入研究,最后在30kW逆变器实验平台上对集成NTC的应用进行实验验证。实验结果表明,有关IGBT内部集成NTC的工程应用解决方案及相应的推算方法科学、有效。

工艺参数对SnO_2基NTC热敏陶瓷电性能影响的研究

采用ＳnO2、Ｓb2O3、陶瓷熔块等物质，成功地研制出了室温至２００℃范围内使用的一系列不同温度系数及电阻率的ＮＩＴ热敏电阻陶瓷，并研究了各种化学组分、烧成制度、老化处理等工艺条件对其电学性能的影响规律。

应用NTC实现电源浪涌保护技术研究

研究应用NTC实现半导体设备电源浪涌保护技术,对电源浪涌的成因、NTC的特点及电源浪涌保护的原理进行了分析,设计了NTC电源浪涌保护电路,并通过实验展示了NTC抑制浪涌的能力与效果。

Mn掺杂对SrBiFeO陶瓷NTC特性的影响

以Bi2O3,Fe2O3,MnO2和SrCO3为主要原料,采用传统固相法制备出具有负温度系数(NTC)特性的SrBiFeMnO陶瓷。研究了该陶瓷的物相结构、断面形貌及电性能。结果表明:试样的室温电阻率ρ25和热敏电阻特性常数B25/85随着x(Mn)的增加均呈现先增大后减小的趋势。在25～200℃的测试温区内,x(Mn)为0.1时,掺杂的SrBiFeO陶瓷材料的电阻率-温度特性呈现良好的线性关系;x(Mn)为0.5时,掺杂SrBiFeO陶瓷材料具有较好的NTC特性,其ρ25为145Ω.cm,B25/85为2950K。

NTC热敏电阻的线性化及其应用

介绍了负温度系数 (NTC)热敏电阻的特性 ,阐述了NTC热敏电阻线性化的原理。

IGBT模块集成NTC的应用研究

IGBT模块中集成负温度系数温度电阻NTC可较为准确反映IGBT硅芯片温度。以IGBT模块中NTC的设计及应用为核心,对集成NTC在IGBT内部的安装形式、安全规范应用、热传导原理及工程应用中有关NTC温度的获取方法及机理进行深入研究,最后在30kW逆变器实验平台上对集成NTC的应用进行实验验证。实验结果表明,有关IGBT内部集成NTC的工程应用解决方案及相应的推算方法科学、有效。

退火温度对Mn-Co-Ni-O系NTC薄膜阻温特性的影响

采用传统陶瓷工艺制作溅射靶材,通过射频磁控溅射法在Al2O3基片上制备了Mn-Co-Ni-O系NTC薄膜。利用X射线衍射仪(XRD)、原子力显微镜(AFM)对不同退火温度下制备的NTC薄膜的结构和形貌进行表征。经过蒸发电极、内电极图形化、淀积二氧化硅钝化层等工艺,将薄膜制成0805规格NTC热敏电阻器。利用高低温试验箱等测试系统对其性能进行测试,研究了退火温度对薄膜阻温特性的影响。结果表明,随着退火温度的升高,晶粒逐渐长大,当退火温度为950℃时,晶粒大小均匀,成相平整致密;材料常数B随着退火温度的升高而增大。